Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Data Communication

Institute of Engineering EXPERIMENT 1

(Central Campus, Pulchowk)
Signal Analysis using MATLAB

1) Introduction

MATLAB is a numerical computing environment developed by MathWorks.

MATLAB stands for “MATRIX LABORATORY”, and is a powerful computing
environment for numerical calculations and multidimensional visualization.

MATLAB is popular for developing engineering applications because:

a) It reduces programming to data processing abstraction. Instead of focusing on

intricate programming, it allows the user to focus on the theoretical concepts.
b) Developing code in MATLAB takes less time as compared to other programming
languages.
c) It has a rich collection of library functions, called toolboxes, in almost every field
of engineering. Users can access the library functions to build required
applications.
d) It supports multidimensional visualization that allows experimental data to be
rendered graphically in a comprehensible format.
e) MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data and
implementation of algorithms.

2) Getting Help in MATLAB

MATLAB provides a user built-in help facility.

A user can access help either from the command line or by clicking on the graphical
“Help” menu.

On the command line, the format for obtaining help on a particular MATLAB
function is to type “help” followed by the name of the function.

Example: To learn more about the plot function, type the following instruction in the
MATLAB command window:

>> help plot

If the name of the function is not known beforehand, you can use the “lookfor”
command followed by a keyword that identifies the function being searched, to enlist
the available MATLAB functions with the specified keyword.

Example: All MATLAB functions with the keyword “Fourier” can be listed by typing
the following command:

>> lookfor Fourier

Prepared by: Dinesh Baniya Kshatri !"

Lecturer, IoE, Central Campus, Pulchowk
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Data Communication
Institute of Engineering EXPERIMENT 1
(Central Campus, Pulchowk)
Signal Analysis using MATLAB

3) M-files in MATLAB

M-files are macros of MATLAB commands that are stored as ordinary text files with
the extension “.m” and can be executed over and over again. An M-file can be either
a function with input and output variables or a list of commands. MATLAB requires
that the M-file be stored either in the working directory or in a directory that is
specified in the MATLAB path list.

Example: Consider using MATLAB on a PC with a user-defined M-file stored in a

directory called “\MATLAB\MFiles”. Then to access that M-file, either change the
working directory by typing cd\matlab\mfiles from within the MATLAB command
window, or by adding the directory to the path. Permanent addition to the path is
accomplished by editing the \MATLAB\matlabrc.m file, while temporary
modification to the path is accomplished by typing path(path,’\matlab\mfiles’) from
within MATLAB.

Note: MATLAB M-files are most efficient when written in a way that utilizes
matrix or vector operations. Loops and “if” statements should not be used,
because they are computationally inefficient.

4) Entering Data into MATLAB

Data can be inputted in MATLAB either in an M-file or directly in the command

window. Data can be entered in MATLAB as a scalar quantity, a row or column
vector, and a multidimensional array. In each case, both real and complex numbers
can be entered. There is no need to declare the type of a variable before assigning
data to it.

Example: Variable (a) can be assigned the value (6 + j8) by typing the following
command:
a = 6 + 8j;

Example: Vector (d) containing the values 1 through 9 can be entered by typing the
following command:

d = [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9];

Example: Vector (g) containing values 0 to 10 in increments of 2 can be entered by

typing the following command:

g = 0:2:10;

Example: A 3 x 3 matrix (A) can be entered by typing the following command:

A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];

Prepared by: Dinesh Baniya Kshatri #"

Lecturer, IoE, Central Campus, Pulchowk
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Data Communication
Institute of Engineering EXPERIMENT 1
(Central Campus, Pulchowk)
Signal Analysis using MATLAB

5) Control Statements

MATLAB supports several loop statement (for, while, switch, etc.) as well as the if-
else statement. Functionally, these statements are similar to their counterparts in C but
the syntax is slightly different.

A) Consider the following set of instructions in C:

int x[2][2] = {{2, 5},{4, 6}};

int y[2] [2] = {{1, 5},{6, -2}};
int z[2] [2];

for (m = 1; m <= 2; m++)

{
for (n = 1; n<= 2; n++)
{
z[m] [n] = x[m] [n] + y[m] [n];
}
}

a) Write down the equivalent MATLAB code for the above instructions using
“for” loop and print the output.

b) Write down the equivalent MATLAB code for the above instructions using
“while” loop and print the output.

c) Write down a MATLAB code without using loops by performing a direct sum
of matrices X and Y and print the output.

B) Consider the following set of instructions in C:

int a = 15;
int x;
if (a > 0)
{
x = 5;
}
else
{
x = 100;
}

a) Write down the equivalent MATLAB code and print the output.

"

Prepared by: Dinesh Baniya Kshatri $"

Lecturer, IoE, Central Campus, Pulchowk
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Data Communication
Institute of Engineering EXPERIMENT 1
(Central Campus, Pulchowk)
Signal Analysis using MATLAB

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A) Consider the following function:

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Note: K can only be an integer value

Write down MATLAB code and print the result for the following operations:

a) Calculate the maximum value in (f)

b) Calculate the minimum value in (f)
c) Sum all the entries in (f)
d) Find the product of all the entries in (f)
e) Find the mean of all the entries in (f)
f) Find the variance of all the entries in (f)
g) Find the dimension of (f)
h) Find the length of (f)

B) Consider two matrices X and Y as given below:

! !
!!
! !

! !
!!
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Write down MATLAB code and print the result for the following operations:

(a) Find the sum of X and Y

(b) Find the difference between X and Y
(c) Find the product between X and Y
(d) Calculate the transpose of X
(e) Calculate the inverse of X
(f) Perform an element by element multiplication between X and Y
(g) Perform an element by element division between X and Y
(h) Square each element of X.
(i) Raise each element in X to the power by its corresponding element in Y.

Prepared by: Dinesh Baniya Kshatri %"

Lecturer, IoE, Central Campus, Pulchowk
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Data Communication
Institute of Engineering EXPERIMENT 1
(Central Campus, Pulchowk)
Signal Analysis using MATLAB

C) Consider the two row vectors:

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! ! !!!! !! ! !!!! !! !!

Write down MATLAB code to perform the following mathematical operations on

vectors (f) and (g) and print the output.

a) Addition r1 = f + g
b) Dot product r2 = f g .
! !
c) Mean r3 =
! !!! !!!!
! ! !
d) Average energy r4 = ! !!! !!!!

7) Plotting Figures in MATLAB

A) Generate and plot the following Continuous Time (CT) signals, using MATLAB.
Do not use any loops in your code. The horizontal axis should extend only for
the range over which the signal is defined. Label your figures with the appropriate
title, x-axis units, and y-axis units.

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! ! ! !! !!!!! !"#!!!"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"# ! !" ! ! ! !"

B) Generate and plot the following Discrete Time (DT) signals, using MATLAB. Do
not use any loops in your code. The horizontal axis should extend only for the
range over which the signal is defined. Label your figure with the appropriate
title, x-axis units, and y-axis units. (Note: K can only be an integer value)

!!
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!
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Use the command “stem” to plot the DT functions.

Prepared by: Dinesh Baniya Kshatri &"

Lecturer, IoE, Central Campus, Pulchowk
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Data Communication
Institute of Engineering EXPERIMENT 1
(Central Campus, Pulchowk)
Signal Analysis using MATLAB

8) Solving Differential Equations using MATLAB

A) Compute the graphical solution for the following differential equation using
MATLAB and the “ode23” function found in MATLAB. Label your figure with
the appropriate title, x-axis units, and y-axis units.

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The initial condition y (0) = 2 and the time interval is 0 ! t ! 15 seconds.

Compare your answer with analytical solution (i.e. solution performed by hand).
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9) Fourier Series using MATLAB
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A) Write MATLAB code to generate and plot a square wave g (t) having the
following characteristics:

Frequency = 1 Hz
Amplitude = 5 Volts
DC-bias = -3 Volts
Time Interval = -3 ! t ! 3 Seconds

Label your figure with the appropriate title, x-axis units, and y-axis units.

Now, write MATLAB code to approximate the square wave as a Fourier series
and plot it using m = 1, 5, 10, and 20.
!
!!
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!
!!!

The Fourier coefficients are given by:

!
!
!! ! ! !!!! !"
!
!

!
!
!! ! ! !!!! !"#!!!!"#!!"
!
!

!
!
!! ! ! !!!! !"#!!!!"#!!"
!
!
Label your figure with the appropriate title, x-axis units, and y-axis units.

Prepared by: Dinesh Baniya Kshatri '"

Lecturer, IoE, Central Campus, Pulchowk
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Data Communication
Institute of Engineering EXPERIMENT 1
(Central Campus, Pulchowk)
Signal Analysis using MATLAB

B) Write MATLAB code to generate and plot the following function in the time
interval -L ! t ! L seconds, where L = 5.

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Label your figure with the appropriate title, x-axis units, and y-axis units.

Now, write MATLAB code to approximate the above function as a Fourier series
and plot it using m = 1, 5, 10, and 20.
!
!! !"# !"#
! ! !! ! !! !"#! ! !! !"#!
! ! !
!!!

The Fourier coefficients are given by:

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!
!!

!
! !"#
!! ! ! !!!! !"# !"
! !
!!

!
! !"#
!! ! ! !!!! !"# !"
! !
!!

Label your figure with the appropriate title, x-axis units, and y-axis units.
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10) Fourier Transform and Inverse Fourier Transform using MATLAB
"
A) Write MATLAB code to generate and plot a Cosine wave g (t) having the
following characteristics:

Frequency = 5 Hz
Amplitude = 19 Volts
Time Interval = 0 ! t ! 3 Seconds
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Label your figure with the appropriate title, x-axis units, and y-axis units.
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Prepared by: Dinesh Baniya Kshatri ("

Lecturer, IoE, Central Campus, Pulchowk
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Data Communication
Institute of Engineering EXPERIMENT 1
(Central Campus, Pulchowk)
Signal Analysis using MATLAB

Label your figure with the appropriate title, x-axis units, and y-axis units.
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Label your figure with the appropriate title, x-axis units, and y-axis units.
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B) Write MATLAB code to generate and plot a Square wave g (t) having the
following characteristics:

Frequency = 5 Hz
Amplitude = 19 Volts
Time Interval = 0 ! t ! 3 Seconds
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Label your figure with the appropriate title, x-axis units, and y-axis units.
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Label your figure with the appropriate title, x-axis units, and y-axis units.
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Label your figure with the appropriate title, x-axis units, and y-axis units.
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Prepared by: Dinesh Baniya Kshatri D"

Lecturer, IoE, Central Campus, Pulchowk