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LAB 3 (Line Coding)

The document outlines an experiment on line coding in data communication, focusing on converting binary sequences into various line codes. It details the objectives, required equipment, theoretical background, and procedures for conducting the experiment using specific modules. Various line codes such as NRZ, RZ, and Manchester are explained, along with their characteristics and applications.

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2 views3 pages

LAB 3 (Line Coding)

The document outlines an experiment on line coding in data communication, focusing on converting binary sequences into various line codes. It details the objectives, required equipment, theoretical background, and procedures for conducting the experiment using specific modules. Various line codes such as NRZ, RZ, and Manchester are explained, along with their characteristics and applications.

Uploaded by

forduap
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Data Communication

Institute of Engineering EXPERIMENT 3


(Central Campus, Pulchowk)
Line Coding
!
1) Objective

To convert a given Binary Sequence into various forms of Line Codes

2) Equipment Required

1) ED – 2970 A: Data Source Module (1 piece)


2) ED – 2970 B: Data Format Module (1 piece)
3) ED – 2970 M: Power Supply Module (1 piece)
4) Oscilloscope

3) Theory

Information sources that provide digital data deliver numbers that are not suitable for
transmission. The data must be formatted in a proper way to make them suitable for
transmission through a communication channel. Line coding is the process of
converting binary data (a sequence of bits) into voltage pulses that represent the
information. When a pulse is used to represent each bit it is called binary
communication. If a pulse is used to represent multiple bits it is called m-ary
communication.

Desirable properties of a line code:

(a) Error detection capability: The receiver needs to be able to distinguish the
waveform associated with a “high” from the waveform associated with a “low”,
even if there is a considerable amount of noise and distortion in the channel.

(b) DC content: Many telecom channels are AC coupled (DC blocking), so it is


desirable to have zero DC in the waveform produced by a given line code. If a
signal with significant DC content is used in AC coupled lines, it will cause DC
wander (received signal baseline will vary with time). Furthermore, it is not
possible to pass DC through transformers and DC blocking capacitors.

(c) Power Spectrum & Bandwidth: The power spectrum and bandwidth of the
transmitted signal should be matched to the frequency response of the channel to
avoid significant distortion. The bandwidth should be minimized as much as
possible to improve efficiency.

(d) Self-synchronization: The waveform produced by the line code should contain
enough timing information such that the receiver can synchronize with the
transmitter and decode the received signal properly. This can be achieved if there
are transitions in the signal that alert the receiver to the beginning, middle, or end
of the pulse.

Prepared by: Dinesh Baniya Kshatri 1


Lecturer, IoE, Central Campus, Pulchowk!
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Data Communication
Institute of Engineering EXPERIMENT 3
(Central Campus, Pulchowk)
Line Coding
!
The following line codes are provided in the Data Format (ED – 2970 B) module:

(1) Non Return to Zero (NRZ)

Bit 1 = Positive voltage for the whole bit interval

Bit 0 = Zero voltage for the whole bit interval

(2) Return to Zero (RZ)

Bit 1 = Positive voltage for 1st half of bit interval, then returns to zero voltage for
2nd half of bit interval

Bit 0 = Zero voltage

(3) Bi-phase (Manchester) – (According to G.E. Thomas)

Bit 1 = High to low transition in the middle of the bit interval

Bit 0 = Low to high transition in the middle of the bit interval

(4) Bipolar NRZ – (As per ED – 2970 B Module)

Bit 1 = Positive voltage for the whole bit interval

Bit 0 = Negative voltage for the whole bit interval

(5) Bipolar RZ – (As per ED – 2970 B Module)

Bit 1 = Positive voltage for 1st half of bit interval, then returns to zero voltage for
2nd half of bit interval

Bit 0 = Negative voltage for 1st half of bit interval, then returns to zero voltage for
2nd half of bit interval

(6) Ternary – (As per ED – 2970 B Module)

Bit 1 = Consecutive ones are represented by an alternating positive and negative


voltage for 1st half of bit interval, then returns to zero voltage for 2nd half of bit
interval

Bit 0 = Zero voltage

Prepared by: Dinesh Baniya Kshatri 2


Lecturer, IoE, Central Campus, Pulchowk!
Department of Electronics & Computer Engineering Data Communication
Institute of Engineering EXPERIMENT 3
(Central Campus, Pulchowk)
Line Coding
!
4) Procedure

(1) Provide power supply to all modules

(2) On the Data Source Module (ED – 2970 A) make the following connections:

(2.1) Connect the 160 KHz output to the “Clock In” socket
(2.2) Place the switch on the “Data Source” position
(2.3) Provide a “Ground” connection

(a) Observe and sketch the bit clock pattern on the oscilloscope. Calculate the bit
interval (Tb) and the transmission rate (Rb) in bits per second (bps). Calculate
the frequency of the bit clock pattern.

(b) Observe and sketch the word clock pattern on the oscilloscope. Calculate the
frequency of the word clock pattern. How is the word clock pattern related to
the bit clock pattern?

(3) Connect the Data Source Module (ED – 2970 A) and the Data Format Module
(ED – 2970 B) together as follows:

(3.1) Connect the “Bit Clock” of ED – 2970A to the “Bit Clock” of ED –


2970B
(3.2) Connect the “Word Clock” of ED – 2970A to the “Word Clock” of ED –
2970B
(3.3) Connect the “NRZ Data” of ED – 2970A to the “NRZ Data” of ED –
2970B
(3.4) Connect the “Ground” of ED – 2970A to the “Ground” of ED – 2970B

(4) Provide the following binary sequence from the Data Source Module (ED – 2970
A) and observe the output of the Bit Clock and the following Line Codes on the
oscilloscope.

Make sketches in your notebook for each case.

Binary Bit NRZ RZ Bi-phase Bipolar Bipolar Ternary


Sequence Clock NRZ RZ
10011001
11100111
10101010
10000001
11111111

Prepared by: Dinesh Baniya Kshatri 3


Lecturer, IoE, Central Campus, Pulchowk!

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