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DSP-2M & Ans - Unit 2

The document outlines key concepts and questions related to Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters in Digital Signal Processing, including design steps, advantages and disadvantages of various filter realizations, and methods for digitizing analog filters. It covers topics such as bilinear transformation, Butterworth and Chebyshev filters, prewarping, and properties of different filter types. Additionally, it provides specific problems and solutions related to filter design and transformation techniques.

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harirevsiva15
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11 views6 pages

DSP-2M & Ans - Unit 2

The document outlines key concepts and questions related to Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters in Digital Signal Processing, including design steps, advantages and disadvantages of various filter realizations, and methods for digitizing analog filters. It covers topics such as bilinear transformation, Butterworth and Chebyshev filters, prewarping, and properties of different filter types. Additionally, it provides specific problems and solutions related to filter design and transformation techniques.

Uploaded by

harirevsiva15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BHARATHIDASAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

NATTARAMPALLI – 635854
Two mark with Answers
UNIT 2- INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTERS
Degree / Branch : B.E / ECE Sem / Year : 4th / 3rd
Sub Name : Digital Signal Processing Sub Code : EC3492

Part – A
1. Give the steps in the design of a digital filter from analog filters using Bilinear
Transformation. (Nov 2013)
i. From the given specifications, find prewarping analog frequencies using
2 ω
Ω= tan
T 2
ii. Using the analog freqnencies, find H(s) of the analog filter.
iii. Select the sampling rate of the digial filter T.
−1
2 1−z
iv. Substitute s= into the transfer function of H(s) to find digital filter H(z)
T 1+ z−1
2. What are the disadvantages of direct form realization? (Nov 2013)
i. Direct form realization require more memory.
ii. Direct form realization require more computational time.
iii. It has less efficiency.
3. Mention the advantages of cascade realization. (May 2013)
Quantization errors can be minimized if we realize an LTI system in cascade form.

4. Draw the response curve for Butterworth and Chebyshev filter. (May 2014)

Response Butterworth filter


Response of Chebyshev filter
5. What is bilinear transformation? What are the main advantages and disadvantages of
this technique? (May 2014)
The bilinear transformation is a mapping that transforms the left half of S-plane into
the unit circle in the Z-plane only once, thus avoiding aliasing of frequency components.
The mapping from the S-plane to Z-plane in bilinear transformation is
s =
Advantages
1. Bilinear transformation is one to one mapping.
2. There is no aliasing.
Disadvantages
1. The mapping is highly non-linear producing frequency compression at high
frequencies.
2.Impulse response and phase response of the analog filter is not preserved during
bilinear mapping.
6. Distinguish between Butterworth and Chebyshev filter. (Nov 2014)
i. The magnitude response of Butterworth filter decreases monotonically as the frequency
 increases from 0 to infinity, whereas the magnitude response of the Chebyshev filter
exhibits ripple in the passband and monotonically decreasing in the stopband.
ii. The transition band is more in Butterworth filter compared to Chebyshev filter.
7. What is prewarping? (Nov 2014) (May 2016)(Nov 2016)(April 2017) )(Nov/Dec 2022)
The relation between the analog and digital frequencies in bilinear transformation is
given by
 = tan
For smaller values of , there exist linear relationship between  and . But for large
values of , the relationship is non-linear. This non-linearity introduces distortion in the
frequency axis. This is known as warping effect.

8. Define pass band. (Nov 2015)


A frequency band within which signals are transmitted by a filter without attenuation.
A pass band is the range of frequencies of wavelengths that can pass through a filter. For
example, a radio receiver contain a band pass filter to select the frequency of the desired
radio signal out of all the radio waves picked up by its antenna.
9. What are the requirements for the analog filter to be stable and causal? (April 2017)
1. The analog filter transfer function Ha (s) should be a rational function of s and
coefficient of s should be real.
2. The poles should lie on left half of s-plane.
3. The number of zeros should be less than or equal to number of poles.
10. List the different types of filters based on frequency response. (Nov 2017)
The filters can be classified into four types based on frequency response. They are:
1. Low pass filters
2. High pass filters
3. Band pass filters
4. Band stop filters
11. What are the methods used for digitizing the analog filter into a digital filter? (April
2018)
1. Bilinear transformation 2. Impulse invariant transformation
12. Determine the order of the analog Butterworth filter that has a – 2 dB pass band
attenuation at a frequency of 20 rad/sec and atleast –10 dB stop band attenuation at 30
rad/sec.
 Solution:
Given: Pass band attenuation = – 2 dB
Pass band frequency = 20 rad/sec
Stop band attenuation = – 10 dB
Stop band frequency = 30 rad/sec
A P = 20 dB P = 20 rad/sec
A S = 10 dB S = 30 rad/sec
N  
N  3.37
N = 4

13. Give any two properties of Butterworth low pass filters.


1. The magnitude response of the Butterworth filter decreases while the frequency
 increases from 0 to ∞.
2. The poles of the Butterworth filter lie on a circle.

14. What are the properties of Chebyshev filter?


1. The magnitude response of the Chebyshev filter exhibits ripple either in pass
band or in stop band according to type.
2. The poles of the Chebyshev filter lie on an ellipse.
15. Realize y(n) + y(n – 1) + y(n – 2) = x(n) in cascade form network.
Given: y(n) + y(n – 1) + y(n – 2) = x(n)
Taking Z-transform on both sides
Y(z) + Y(z) z –1 + Y(z) z –2 = X(z)
Y(z) = X(z)
H(z) = =
=
= H1(z)  H2(z)
where H1(z) = H2(z) =

16. Draw the direct form I for a typical second order digital IIR filter.

17. What is the need for prewarping in the design of IIR filter?
The effort of the non-linear compression at high frequencies can be compensated.
When the desired magnitude response is piece-wise constant over frequency, this
compression can be compensated by introducing a suitable prescaling or prewarping the
critical frequencies by using the formula
 = tan

18. Convert the analog filter with system function H(s) into a digital IIR filter by means of
impulse invariant method.
H(s) =
 Solution: H(s) =
= + = –
H(z) = – [T = 1]
19. What are the limitations of impulse invariant method of designing digital filters?
 In impulse invariant method, the mapping from S-plane to Z-plane is many to one.
 Thus, there is an infinite number of poles that map to the same location in the Z-
plane. It produces aliasing effect.
 Due to spectrum aliasing, the impulse invariance method is inappropriate for
designing high pass filters.

20. Given the low pass transfer function Ha (s) = . Find the high pass transfer function
having a cutoff frequency 10 rad/sec.
Given: Ha (s) =
C = 10 rad/sec
Then replace s by .
Ha (s) = =
Ha (s) =

21. Find digital filter equivalent for H(s) = by bilinear transformation.


Given: H(s) =
H(z) = H(s)
T = 1 sec
H(z) =
=
=
=
=
H(z) =

22. By impulse invariance method obtain the digital filter transfer function and the
differential equation of analog filter H(s) = .
Given: H(s) = = =
H(z) =
Here Pk = – 1 and T = 1 sec
H(z) =
23. Find the digital transfer function H(z) by using impulse invariant method for the
analog transfer function H(s) = if T = 0.5 sec.
Given: H(s) = = =
H(z) = =
H(z) =

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