MATHEMATICS-XI BY M.

KASHIF CH#1: COMPLEX NUMBERS

COMPLEX NUMBERS
1
NUMBER SYSTEM

1. Natural Numbers: ℕ = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … } S.Q#1: Define Rational Numbers.

2. Whole Numbers: 𝕎 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … } Answer:
3. Prime Numbers: 𝕡 = {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, … } Rational Numbers:
4. Integers: ℤ = {±𝟏, ±𝟐, ±𝟑, … } The numbers which can be
5. Negative Integers: ℤ = {−𝟏, −𝟐, −𝟑, … } written in form where 𝑞 ≠ 0
6. Positive Integers: ℤ = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … } and 𝑝, 𝑞 are also belonges to
7. Non-negative integers is {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … } integers (𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ 𝑍) are called
8. 𝕆 = {±𝟏, ±𝟑, ±𝟓, … } ( Set of odd integers ) Rational Numbers.
It is represented by ℚ.
9. 𝔼 = {𝟎, ±𝟐, ±𝟒, ±𝟔, … } ( Set of even integers )
𝒑
Examples:
10. Rational Number: ℚ = 𝒙⁄𝒙 = 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒑, 𝒒 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝒒 ≠ 𝟎 √
𝒒 3, , , , , 0.25,0. 3, 0.555 …
𝒑
11. Irrational Number: ℚ = 𝒙⁄𝒙 ≠ 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒑, 𝒒 ∈ ℤ ∧ 𝒒 ≠ 𝟎 etc.
𝒒
12. Real Numbers: ℝ = ℚ ∪ ℚ = (−∞, +∞) S.Q#2: Define Irrational Numbers.
Answer:
1.1.2 DECIMAL REPRESENTATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS Irrational Numbers:
1. Terminating Decimal Numbers: A decimal which has only a finite Irrational numbers are those
number of digits in the decimal part, is called terminating decimal. numbers which cannot be written
Examples: in form.
1 8 3 4
= 0.25, = 0.32, = 0.375, = 0.8, 202.04,0.0000415 Examples:
4 25 8 5 7 5
 Since, a terminating decimal can be converted into a common 𝜋, , √2, √3, , etc.
√5 16
fraction, so every terminating decimal represent a Rational
Number.
Remember!
2. Recurring Decimal Numbers: The recurring or periodic decimal is
(i) Rational no.+ Irrational no.=
a decimal in which one or more digits repeated indefinitely.
Irrational no.
Examples: = 0.333 … = 0. 3 ; = 0.1666 … = 0.16 (ii) Rational no.(≠ 0) × Irrational
no. = Irrational number
 Since, a recurring decimal can be converted into a common
fraction. So every recurring decimal represent the rational
number.
3. Non-Terminating and Recurring Decimal Numbers: S.Q#3: Define Real Number.
The decimal numbers with an infinitely repeating pattern of digits Answer:
after the decimal point are called non-terminating and recurring Real Numbers:
decimal numbers. The union of Rational numbers
Examples: 0.333 … , 0.1666 … , 0. 4 and Irrational numbers is called
 Non-terminating and recurring decimal numbers are also rational Real numbers.
numbers. It is represented by ℝ.

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MATHEMATICS-XI BY M.KASHIF CH#1: COMPLEX NUMBERS

1.1.3 DECIMAL REPRESENTATION OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS S.Q#4: Under what condition √𝒏 is an

irrational number?
4. Non-terminating and Non-recurring decimal Numbers:
Answer:
The decimal numbers that do not repeat a pattern of digits after the
decimal point continue indefinitely without terminating. √𝑛 is an irrational number. If 𝑛 is
Examples: a prime number.
 𝜋 = 3.1415926535897932 … Example:
 𝑒 = 2.71828182845904 … 𝑒 = 2.7182 … is called (i) √7
Euler’s Number (ii) √3 + √5
 √2 = 1.41421356237309 …
DO YOU KNOW?
 Every non-terminating and non-recurring decimal numbers are
(i) If 𝑛 is not a perfect square, then
known as irrational numbers.
√𝑛 is an irrational number.
(ii) If √𝑛 is real number, then 𝑛 must
be a whole number.

1.1 COMPLEX NUMBERS

In fact, the art of invention was needed at least three times in constructing the system we have discussed so far:
1. The first invented system: The set of all integers as constructed from the counting numbers.
In this system of all integers, we can solve all equations of the form 𝒙 + 𝒂 = 𝟎 where 𝑎 can be any
integer.
𝒑
2. The second invented system: The set of rational numbers 𝒒 as constructed from the integers.
In this system of all rational numbers, we can solve all equations of the form 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 = 𝟎 provided 𝒂
and 𝒃 are rational numbers and 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
3. The third invented system: The set of all real numbers 𝒙 as constructed from the rational numbers.
In this system of all real numbers, we can solve all equations 𝒙 + 𝒂 = 𝟎 and 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 = 𝟎 and, in
addition, all quadratic equations
𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 having 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 and 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 ≥ 𝟎.
𝒃± 𝒃𝟐 𝟒𝒂𝒄
For the solution of quadratic equation we use the quadratic formula 𝒙 =
𝟐𝒂
If discriminant, 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄, is negative then solution of quadratic formula do not belong to any of the systems
discussed above. In fact the very simple quadratic equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 is impossible to solve if the only
number systems that can be used are the three invented systems mentioned so far.
Thus we come to the fourth invented system, The set of all complex numbers 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃.
Define Complex Numbers. 1.1.1 Recognition of Real and Imaginary Parts. Note:
The number of the form 𝒛 = 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 Let us start with considering the following Everty real number
where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ and 𝒊 = √−𝟏 , are equation: is a complex number
called complex numbers and the set 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟏 ⇒ 𝒙 = ±√−𝟏 with 0 as its
of all complex numbers is denoted √−𝟏 does not belong to the set of real imaginary part.
by ℂ. numbers, We, therefore, for convenience call it Do you know?
Example: imaginary number and denote it by 𝒊 (iota). The product of a
3 + 4𝑖 , 2 − 𝑖 , −7 − 2𝑖 etc. In complex number 𝒛 = 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 non-zero real
Note: 𝒛 = 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃 ⇔ (𝒂, 𝒃) Re 𝒛 = 𝒂 (Real Part of 𝑧) number and 𝒊 is also
Im 𝒛 = 𝒃 (Imaginary Part of 𝑧) an imaginary
 The complex numbers
consist of all order pairs of number.
real numbers (𝑎, 𝑏). Example:
(It is essential to keep the order straight) 2𝑖 , −3𝑖 , √5𝑖 , − 𝑖

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MATHEMATICS-XI BY M.KASHIF CH#1: COMPLEX NUMBERS
Conjugate Complex Numbers:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 be a complex number. Then 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 is called the complex conjugate of 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏. It is denoted by 𝑧̅
Note: A real number is self conjugate.

1.1.2 OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS 1.1.3 COMPLEX NUMBERS AS ORDERED PAIRS

The symbols 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑘 ∈ ℝ Let C be the set of ordered pair belong to ℛ × ℛ
Addition: Addition:
∀ (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑) ∈ ℂ
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) + (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑) = (𝑎 + 𝑐) + 𝑖(𝑏 + 𝑑) ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑏) + (𝑐, 𝑑) = (𝑎 + 𝑐, 𝑏 + 𝑑)
Scalar Multiplication: Scalar Multiplication:
𝑘(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) = 𝑘𝑎 + 𝑖𝑘𝑏 If 𝑘 is any real number, then 𝑘(𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑘𝑎, 𝑘𝑏)
Subtraction: Subtraction:
∀ (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑) ∈ ℂ
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏) − (𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑) = (𝑎 − 𝑐) + 𝑖(𝑏 − 𝑑) ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑏) − (𝑐, 𝑑) = (𝑎 − 𝑐, 𝑏 − 𝑑)
Multiplication: Multiplication:
∀ (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑) ∈ ℂ
(𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑) = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑖(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐) ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑏). (𝑐, 𝑑) = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑, 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑)
Equality: Equality:
𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑐 + 𝑖𝑑 ⇔ 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑏 = 𝑑 ∀ (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑) ∈ ℂ
⇒ (𝑎, 𝑏) = (𝑐, 𝑑) ⇔ 𝑎 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 𝑑
Example 1: Find the sum, difference and product of the complex numbers (𝟖, 𝟗) and (𝟓, −𝟔)
Solution:
SUM DIFFERENCE PRODUCT
(8,9) + (5, −6) (8,9) − (5, −6) (8,9)(5, −6)
= (8 + 9𝑖) + (5 − 6𝑖) = (8 + 9𝑖) − (5 − 6𝑖) = (8 + 9𝑖)(5 − 6𝑖)
= (8 + 5) + (9 − 6)𝑖 = (8 − 5) + (9 + 6)𝑖 = 8(5 − 6𝑖) + 9𝑖(5 − 6𝑖)
= 13 + 3𝑖 = 3 + 15𝑖 = 40 − 48𝑖 + 45𝑖 − 54𝑖
⇒ (13,3) ⇒ (3,15) = 40 − 48𝑖 + 45𝑖 − 54(−1)
= 40 − 48𝑖 + 45𝑖 + 54
= 94 − 3𝑖
⇒ (94, −3)
1.1.4 PROPERTIES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS

 ADDITION PROPERTIES:
∀ 𝒁𝟏 = (𝒂, 𝒃), 𝒁𝟐 = (𝒄, 𝒅), 𝒁𝟑 = (𝒆, 𝒇) ∈ ℂ Note:
Closure: ∀ 𝒛 𝟏 , 𝒛 𝟐 ∈ ℂ ⇒ 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛 𝟐 ∈ ℂ The set of complex
Associative: (𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 ) + 𝒛𝟑 = 𝒛𝟏 + (𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛𝟑 ) numbers C has satisfied
Identity: ⇒ The additive identity in complex numbers is (0,0). all the field axioms.
∀ (𝒂, 𝒃) ∈ ℂ ∃(𝟎, 𝟎) ∈ ℂ ⇒ (𝒂, 𝒃) + (𝟎, 𝟎) = (𝒂, 𝒃)
Inverse: ⇒ Every complex number (𝑎, 𝑏) has the additive inverse (−𝑎, −𝑏).
∀ (𝒂, 𝒃) ∈ ℂ∃(−𝒂, −𝒃) ∈ ℂ ⇒ (𝒂, 𝒃) + (−𝒂, −𝒃) = (𝟎, 𝟎)
Commutative: ∀ 𝒛 𝟏 , 𝒛 𝟐 ∈ ℂ ⇒ 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛 𝟐 = 𝒛 𝟐 + 𝒛 𝟏

 MULTIPLICATION PROPERTIES:
∀ 𝒁𝟏 = (𝒂, 𝒃), 𝒁𝟐 = (𝒄, 𝒅), 𝒁𝟑 = (𝒆, 𝒇) ∈ ℂ
Closure: ∀ 𝒛 𝟏 , 𝒛 𝟐 ∈ ℂ ⇒ 𝒛𝟏 . 𝒛 𝟐 ∈ ℂ
Associative: (𝒛𝟏 . 𝒛𝟐 ). 𝒛𝟑 = 𝒛𝟏 . (𝒛𝟐 . 𝒛𝟑 )

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Identity: ⇒ The multiplicative identity in complex numbers is (1,0).
∀ (𝒂, 𝒃) ∈ ℂ∃(𝟏, 𝟎) ∈ ℂ ⇒ (𝒂, 𝒃). (𝟏, 𝟎) = (𝒂, 𝒃)
Inverse: ⇒ Every non-zero complex number {numbers not eqal to (0,0)}
has a multiplicative invese.
Note:
The multiplicative inverse of (𝑎, 𝑏) is:
𝒂 𝒃 The set C of complex numbers does not
∀ (𝒂, 𝒃) ∈ ℂ∃( 𝟐 𝟐 , 𝟐 𝟐 ) satisfy the order axioms (properties). In
𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃
Commutative: ∀ 𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 ∈ ℂ ⇒ 𝒛𝟏 . 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛𝟐 . 𝒛𝟏 fact, there is no sense in saying that one
complex number is greater or less than
the other.

𝒛𝟏
Example 2: If𝒛𝟏 = (𝟒, 𝟐) and 𝒛𝟐 = (𝟑, −𝟏) , then find .
𝒛𝟐
Solution:
Given 𝒛𝟏 = (𝟒, 𝟐) , 𝒛𝟐 = (𝟑, −𝟏)
𝒛 ( , )
Now, 𝟏 = =
𝒛𝟐 ( , )
Multiply the numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate of 𝒛𝟐 = 3 − 𝑖
𝒛𝟏
= ×
𝒛𝟐
( ) ( )
=
= ∵ 𝑖 = −1
( )
( )
=
=
( )
= =
𝒛𝟏
Thus, = 1+𝑖
𝒛𝟐

1.1.5 ARGAND DIAGRAM

Every complex number will be represented by one

and only one point of the coordinate plane and every
point of the plane will represent one and only one
complex number. The components of the compolex
number will be the coordinates of the point
representing it. In this representation the 𝑥 −axis is
called real axis and the 𝑦 −axis is called the
imaginary axis. The coordinate plane itself I s called
the complex plane or 𝑧 −plane. The figure
representing one or more complex numbers on the
complex plane. Points on the 𝑥 −axis represent real
numbers whereas the points on the 𝑦 −axis represent
imaginary numbers.
In an Argand diagram, the complex number 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is
uniquely represented by the order pair (𝑥, 𝑦). In
figure , the complex nubers (3,2), (−2,2), (−3, −2)
and (2, −2) respectively have been represented
geometrically by the points A,B,C and D.

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MATHEMATICS-XI BY M.KASHIF CH#1: COMPLEX NUMBERS
(𝟏 𝟐𝒊)𝟐
Example 3: If 𝒛 = then evaluate |𝒛|.
𝟐 𝒊
Solution:
(𝟏 𝟐𝒊)𝟐 ( )
𝒛= = = = =
𝟐 𝒊
( ) ( ) ( )
= × = = =
( )
( )
= = = = −2 + 𝑖
Taking conjugate
𝑧̅ = −2 + 𝚤 = −2 + 𝑖
And |𝑧̅| = |−2 + 𝑖| = (−2) + (1) = √4 + 1
⇒ |𝑧̅| = √5
EXERCISE 1.1

Question 1: Simplify the following:

(i) 𝑖 (ii) 𝑖 (iii) (−𝑖) (iv) (−1)
Solution:
(i) 𝑖 =𝑖 (ii) 𝑖 =𝑖 (iii) (−1) = {(−1) }
= 𝑖 . 𝑖 ∵ 𝒙𝒎 . 𝒙𝒏 ⟺ 𝒙𝒎 𝒏
= 𝑖 .𝑖 (−𝑖) = −𝑖
= (𝑖 ) . 𝑖 = (−1) . 𝑖 = (𝑖 ) . 𝑖 = (−1) . 𝑖 = 𝑖 .𝑖 = √−1 =𝑖
= (1). 𝑖 = 𝑖 = (1). 𝑖 = 𝑖 = (𝑖 ) . 𝑖 = (−1) . 𝑖 =𝑖 = 𝑖 .𝑖
= (−1). 𝑖 = −𝑖 = (𝑖 ) . 𝑖 = (−1) .𝑖
= (−1). 𝑖 = −𝑖
Question 2: Prove that 𝒛 = 𝒛 iff 𝒛 is real.
Solution:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 → (𝑖) , 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ
Suppose that Conversely, suppose that 𝑧 is real
𝑧̅ = 𝑧 We shall prove that 𝑧̅ = 𝑧
We shall prove that 𝑧 is real ∵ 𝑧 is real
∵ 𝑧̅ = 𝑧 ⇒ imaginary part of 𝑧 = 0
𝑎 + 𝚤𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 ⇒𝑏=0
𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 Equation (i) become
𝑎 − 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 + 𝑖𝑏 = 0 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖(0) = 𝑎 + 0 = 𝑎 ∈ ℝ
2𝑏𝑖 = 0 ∵ 2𝑖 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑎 → (𝑖𝑖)
⇒𝑏=0 Taking conjugate on both sides
Equation (i) become ⇒ 𝑧̅ = 𝑎
𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖(0) = 𝑎 + 0 = 𝑎 ∈ ℝ ⇒ 𝑧̅ = 𝑎 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
So, 𝑧 is real. By equations (ii) and (iii)
⇒ 𝑧̅ = 𝑧
Hence Proved
Question 3: For 𝒛 ∈ 𝑪 , show that:
𝒛 𝒛 𝒛 𝒛
(i) = Re (𝑧) (ii) = Im (𝑧) (iii) |𝒛|𝟐 = 𝒛. 𝒛 (iv)
𝟏 𝒛
= |𝒛|𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝒛
Solution:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 , ∀ 𝑧 ∈ 𝐶
⇒ Re (𝑧) = 𝑎 ; ⇒ Im (𝑧) = 𝑏
𝒛 𝒛 𝒛 𝒛
(i) = Re (𝑧) (ii) = Im (𝑧)
𝟐 𝟐𝒊
𝒛 𝒛 (𝒂 𝒊𝒃) (𝒂 𝒃) 𝒛 𝒛 (𝒂 𝒊𝒃) (𝒂 𝒃)
L.H.S = = L.H.S = =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒊 𝟐𝒊
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MATHEMATICS-XI BY M.KASHIF CH#1: COMPLEX NUMBERS
( ) ( )
= = = = =
= 𝑎 = Re (𝑧) = R.H.S = 𝑏 = Im (𝑧) = R.H.S
|𝒛|𝟐 = 𝒛. 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛
(iii) (iv) = |𝒛|𝟐
𝒛
Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
Let 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏
L.H.S = |𝒛|𝟐 = |𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃|𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒂 𝒊𝒃
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
L.H.S = = = ×
= √𝒂𝟐
+ 𝒃𝟐
= 𝒂 + 𝒃 →I 𝒛 𝒂 𝒊𝒃 𝒂 𝒊𝒃 𝒂 𝒊𝒃

R.H.S = 𝒛. 𝒛 = (𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃)(𝒂 + 𝒃) = = = = →I
( ) ( ) ( )
= (𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏) = (𝑎) − (𝑖𝑏) R.H.S
𝒛
= |𝒛|𝟐 = |𝒂
𝒂 𝒃
=
𝒂 𝒊𝒃
=
𝒂 𝒊𝒃
→ II
𝟐
= 𝑎 − 𝑖 𝑏 = 𝑎 − (−1)𝑏 𝒊𝒃|𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
= 𝑎 + 𝑏 → II
By comparing equations I & II By comparing equations I & II
L.H.S = R.H.S L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence Proved Hence Proved
Question 4: Find multiplicative inverse of each of the following numbers:
(i) (−4,7) (ii) √2, −√5 (iii) (1,0)
Solution:
(i) (−4,7) (ii) √2, −√5 (iii) (1,0)
∵ Multiplicative Inverse of ∵ Multiplicative Inverse of ∵ Multiplicative Inverse of
(𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝟐 𝟐 , 𝟐 𝟐 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝟐 𝟐 , 𝟐 𝟐 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝟐 𝟐 , 𝟐 𝟐
𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃
M.I of (−4,7) = M.I of √2, −√5 = M.I of (1,0) =
,( ) √ ( √ ) ,
( ) , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
√ ( √ ) √ ( √ )
= , = ,
√ √
= , = (1,0)
= ,
√ √
= ,
Question 5: Separate into real and imaginary parts (write as a simple complex number):
𝟐 𝟕𝒊 ( 𝟐 𝟑𝒊)𝟐 𝒊 (𝟒 𝟑𝒊)𝟐
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
𝟒 𝟓𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟒 𝟑𝒊
Solution:
𝟐 𝟕𝒊 𝟒 𝟓𝒊 𝟐(𝟒 𝟓𝒊) 𝟕𝒊(𝟒 𝟓𝒊) ( 𝟐 𝟑𝒊)𝟐 ( 𝟐)𝟐 (𝟑𝒊)𝟐 𝟐( 𝟐)(𝟑𝒊)
(i) × = (ii) =
𝟒 𝟓𝒊 𝟒 𝟓𝒊 (𝟒 𝟓𝒊)(𝟒 𝟓𝒊) 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏 𝒊
( ) 𝟒 𝟗𝒊𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝒊 𝟒 𝟗 𝟏𝟐𝒊 𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝒊
= = = = =
( ) ( ) 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏 𝒊
𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟓 𝟓𝒊 𝟏𝟐𝒊 𝟏𝟐𝒊𝟐
= = = = × =
( ) 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏𝟐 𝒊𝟐
𝟓 𝟓𝒊 𝟏𝟐𝒊 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟕 𝟕𝒊 𝟏𝟕 𝟕
=− − 𝑖 = = =− − 𝒊
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒊 (𝟒 𝟑𝒊)𝟐 (𝟒)𝟐 (𝟑𝒊)𝟐 𝟐(𝟒)(𝟑𝒊)
(iii) (iv) =
𝟏 𝒊 𝟒 𝟑𝒊 𝟒 𝟑𝒊
𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟏𝟔 𝟗𝒊𝟐 𝟐𝟒𝒊 𝟏𝟔 𝟗 𝟐𝟒𝒊 𝟕 𝟐𝟒𝒊
= × = = =
𝟏 𝒊 𝟏 𝒊 𝟒 𝟑𝒊 𝟒 𝟑𝒊 𝟒 𝟑𝒊
𝒊 𝒊𝟐 𝟕 𝟐𝟒𝒊 𝟒 𝟑𝒊 𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟏𝒊 𝟗𝟔𝒊 𝟕𝟐𝒊𝟐
= = × =
𝟏𝟐 𝒊𝟐 𝟒 𝟑𝒊 𝟒 𝟑𝒊 (𝟒)𝟐 (𝟑𝒊)𝟐
𝒊 ( 𝟏) 𝒊 𝟏
= = =
𝟐𝟖 𝟐𝟏𝒊 𝟗𝟔𝒊 𝟕𝟐
=
𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝒊 𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝒊
=
𝟏 ( 𝟏) 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝒊 𝟏𝟔 𝟗𝒊𝟐 𝟏𝟔 𝟗 𝟐𝟓
= = + 𝑖 = − 𝑖
𝟐
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟑
Question 6: If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝒊 , 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊 , 𝒛𝟑 = 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒊 then express in the form of 𝒂 + 𝒊𝒃.
𝒛𝟐
Solution:

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MATHEMATICS-XI BY M.KASHIF CH#1: COMPLEX NUMBERS
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟑 ( )( ) ( )( )
= = =
𝒛𝟐
( ) ( )
= =
( )
= =
= = ×
( ) ( ) ( )
= = =
( ) ( )
= = = − 𝑖
Question 7: If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝟕𝒊 , 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟓 + 𝟑𝒊 the evaluate the following:
(i) |2𝑧 − 4𝑧 | (ii) |3𝑧 + 2𝑧 | (iii) |−7𝑧 + 2𝑧 | (iv) |(𝑧 + 𝑧 ) |
Solution:
(i) |2𝑧 − 4𝑧 | = |2(2 + 7𝑖) − 4(−5 + 3𝑖)| (ii) |3𝑧 + 2𝑧 | = 3(2 + 7𝑖) + 2(2 + 7𝚤)
= |4 + 14𝑖 + 20 − 12𝑖| = |24 + 2𝑖| = + 21𝑖 + 2(2 − 7𝑖)| = |16 + 21𝑖 + 4 −
|6
= (24) + (2) = √576 + 4 14𝑖|
= √580 = |20 + 35𝑖| = (20) + (35)
= √400 + 1225 = √1625
(iii) |−7𝑧 + 2𝑧 | (iv) |(𝑧 + 𝑧 ) |
= −7(−5 + 3𝑖) + 2(−5 + 3𝚤) = |(2 + 7𝑖 − 5 + 3𝑖) |
= |35 − 21𝑖 + 2(−5 − 3𝑖)| = |(−3 + 10𝑖) |
= |35 − 21𝑖 − 10 − 6𝑖| = |(−3) + 3(−3)(10𝑖)(−3 + 10𝑖) + (10𝑖) |
= |25 − 15𝑖| = (25) + (−15) = |−27 − 90𝑖(−3 + 10𝑖) + 1000𝑖 |
= |−27 + 270𝑖 − 900𝑖 + 1000𝑖. 𝑖 |
= √625 + 225 = √850
= |−27 + 270𝑖 − 900(−1) + 1000𝑖(−1)|
= |−27 + 270𝑖 + 900 − 1000𝑖|
= |873 − 730𝑖| = (873) + (−730)
= √762129 + 532900 = √1295029
EXERCISE 1.2

Question 1: Find the values of 𝒙 and 𝒚 in each of the following:

(i) 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 2 − 3𝑖 = 𝑖(5 − 𝑖)(3 + 4𝑖)
(ii) (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(1 − 𝑖) = (2 − 3𝑖)(−5 + 5𝑖)( 𝑖)
(iii) + = 4 + 5𝑖
Solution:
(i) 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 2 − 3𝑖 = 𝑖(5 − 𝑖)(3 + 4𝑖) (ii) (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(1 − 𝑖) = (2 − 3𝑖)(−5 + 5𝑖)( 𝑖)
(𝑥 + 2) + (𝑦 − 3)𝑖 = 𝑖{5(3 + 4𝑖) − 𝑖((3 + 4𝑖)}
𝑥(1 − 𝑖) + 𝑖𝑦(1 − 𝑖) = {2(−5 + 5𝑖) − 3𝑖(−5 + 5𝑖)} 𝑖
= 𝑖(15 + 20𝑖 − 3𝑖 − 4𝑖 )
= 𝑖(15 + 20𝑖 − 3𝑖 − 4(−1)) 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑖 𝑦 = {−10 + 10𝑖 + 15𝑖 − 15𝑖 } 𝑖
= 𝑖(15 + 20𝑖 − 3𝑖 + 4) 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑖𝑦 − (−1)𝑦 = {−10 + 10𝑖 + 15𝑖 − 15(−1)} 𝑖
= 𝑖(19 + 17𝑖) = 19𝑖 + 17𝑖
= 19𝑖 + 17(−1) = 19𝑖 − 17 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑦 = {−10 + 10𝑖 + 15𝑖 + 15} 𝑖
(𝑥 + 2) + (𝑦 − 3)𝑖 = −17 + 19𝑖 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑖 = (5 + 25𝑖) 𝑖
By comparing real and imaginary parts
(𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑖 = (1 + 5𝑖)5. 𝑖
𝑥 + 2 = −17 𝑦 − 3 = 19
⇒ 𝑥 = −17 − 2 ⇒ 𝑦 = 19 + 3 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑖 = (1 + 5𝑖)(−3𝑖)
⇒ 𝑥 = −19 ⇒ 𝑦 = 22 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑖 = −3𝑖 − 15𝑖
(𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑖 = −3𝑖 − 15(−1)
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MATHEMATICS-XI BY M.KASHIF CH#1: COMPLEX NUMBERS
(𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑖 = −3𝑖 + 15
(𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑖 = 15 − 3𝑖
By comparing real and imaginary parts
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 15 → I 𝑦 − 𝑥 = −3 → II
−𝑥 + 𝑦 = −3
By adding equations I and II, we get
2𝑦 = 12 ⇒ 𝑦 = 6
Put 𝑦 = 6 in equation → I
𝑥 + 6 = 15 ⇒ 𝑥 = 15 − 6
𝑥=9

(iii) + = 4 + 5𝑖 Question 2: If 𝒛𝟏 = −𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟒𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒊 , find

Solution: the values of 𝒙 and 𝒚 such that 𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟐𝟕 + 𝟏𝟓𝒊
( ) ( )
= 4 + 5𝑖 Solution:
( )( )
𝑥 =? And 𝑦 =?
( )
= 4 + 5𝑖 𝒛𝟏 = −𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟒𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒊
( )
( ) ( ) According to given condition
= 4 + 5𝑖
𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟐𝟕 + 𝟏𝟓𝒊
( ) ( )
= 4 + 5𝑖 (−13 + 24𝑖) − (𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖) = −27 + 15𝑖
( )
( ) ( ) −13 + 24𝑖 − 𝑥 − 𝑦𝑖 = −27 + 15𝑖
= 4 + 5𝑖 (−𝑥 − 13) + (24 − 𝑦)𝑖 = −27 + 15𝑖
( ) ( )
= 4 + 5𝑖 By comparing real and imaginary parts
(3𝑥 + 2𝑦) + (𝑦 − 3)𝑖 = (4 + 5𝑖)(7 + 𝑖) −𝑥 − 13 = −27
(3𝑥 + 2𝑦) + (𝑦 − 3)𝑖 = 4(7 + 𝑖) + 5𝑖(7 + 𝑖) ⇒ −𝑥 = −27 + 13
(3𝑥 + 2𝑦) + (𝑦 − 3)𝑖 = 28 + 4𝑖 + 35𝑖 + 𝑖 −𝑥 = −14
(3𝑥 + 2𝑦) + (𝑦 − 3)𝑖 = 28 + 4𝑖 + 35𝑖 + (−1) ⇒ 𝑥 = 14
(3𝑥 + 2𝑦) + (𝑦 − 3)𝑖 = 28 + 4𝑖 + 35𝑖 − 1 24 − 𝑦 = 15
(3𝑥 + 2𝑦) + (𝑦 − 3)𝑖 = 27 + 39𝑖 ⇒ −𝑦 = 15 − 24
By comparing real and imaginary parts −𝑦 = −9
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 27 → I & 𝑦 − 3 = 39 → II ⇒ 𝑦=9
From equation → II ⇒ 𝑦 − 3 = 39
𝑦 = 39 + 3 ⇒ 𝑦 = 42
Put 𝑦 = 42 in equation → I
3𝑥 + 2(42) = 27 ⇒ 3𝑥 + 84 = 27
3𝑥 = 27 − 84 ⇒ 3𝑥 = −57
−57
𝑥= ⇒ 𝑥 = 19
3
Question 3: Find the values of 𝒙 and 𝒚 if:
(i) (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 25 + 60𝑖 (ii) (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 64 + 48𝑖 (iii) 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
( )

Solution:
(i) (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 25 + 60𝑖 (ii) (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 64 + 48𝑖 (i) 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 =
( )
Taking square root on both sides Taking square root on both sides
(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = √25 + 60𝑖 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = √64 + 48𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = ( )
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = √25 + 60𝑖 → I 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = √64 + 48𝑖 → I = ( )( )( )
Let 𝑧 = 25 + 60𝑖 Let, 𝑧 = 64 + 48𝑖
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MATHEMATICS-XI BY M.KASHIF CH#1: COMPLEX NUMBERS
⇒ 𝑥 = 25 & 𝑦 = 60 ⇒ 𝑥 = 64 & 𝑦 = 48 =
.
|𝑧| = √25 + 60 |𝑧| = √64 + 48
=
= √625 + 3600 = √4225 = √4096 + 2304 = √6400 ( ) ( )
|𝑧| = 65 |𝑧| = 80 = =
Applying the square root formula Applying the square root formula
= ×
for complex numbers, we get for complex numbers, we get
| | | | | | | | =
∵ √𝑧 = ± +| |
∵ √𝑧 = ± +| |
( ) ( )
( )
=
√𝑧 = √25 + 60𝑖 √𝑧 = √64 + 48𝑖
( ) ( )
= ( )
=± + | |
=± + | |
=
=± +𝑖 =± +𝑖 =

= ± √45 + 𝑖√20 = ± √72 + 𝑖√8 = + 𝑖

= ± √9 × 5 + 𝑖√4 × 5 = ± √36 × 2 + 𝑖√4 × 2 = + 𝑖
= ± 3√5 + 𝑖2√5 = ± 6√2 + 2√2𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = + 𝑖
√25 + 60𝑖 = ± 3√5 + 𝑖2√5 ⇒ √25 + 60𝑖 = ± 6√2 + 2√2𝑖 By comparing real and imaginary parts
By equation → I By equation → I 𝑥 = and 𝑦 =
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = ± 3√5 + 𝑖2√5 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = ± 6√2 + 2√2𝑖
𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 3√5 + 𝑖2√5 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 6√2 + 2√2𝑖
and 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = −3√5 − 𝑖2√5 and 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = −6√2 − 2√2𝑖
By comparing real and imaginary parts By comparing real and imaginary parts
𝑥 = 3√5 and 𝑦 = 2√5 𝑥 = 6√2 and 𝑦 = 2√2
𝑥 = −3√5 and 𝑦 = −2√5 𝑥 = −6√2 and 𝑦 = −2√2

Question 4: If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝜶 , Question 5: If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 ,find the

Find the value of 𝜶 such that Im(𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝟕. values of 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒂 and 𝒃 such that 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟒𝒊
Solution: and 𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟔 + 𝟐𝒊 .
𝜶 =? Solution:
Given: 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝟑𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝜶 Find: 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎 and 𝑏
𝑧 𝑧 = (2 + 3𝑖)( 1 − 𝛼) Given: 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊
= 2(1 − 𝛼) + 3𝑖(1 − 𝛼) ⇒ 𝑧 + 𝑧 = 10 + 4𝑖 ⇒ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = 10 + 4𝑖
= 2 − 2𝛼 + 3𝑖 − 3𝛼𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = 10 + 4𝑖
𝑧 𝑧 = (2 − 2𝛼) + (3 − 3𝛼)𝑖 (𝑥 + 𝑎) + (𝑦 + 𝑏)𝑖 = 10 + 4𝑖
Re(𝑧 𝑧 ) = 2 − 2𝛼 and By comparing real and imaginary parts
Im(𝑧 𝑧 ) = 3 − 3𝛼 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 10 → I and 𝑦 + 𝑏 = 4 → II
According to given condition ⇒ 𝑧 − 𝑧 = 6 + 2𝑖 ⇒ (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) − (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = 6 + 2𝑖
Im(𝑧 𝑧 ) = 7 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 − 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖 = 6 + 2𝑖 ⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 𝑏)𝑖 = 6 + 2𝑖
3 − 3𝛼 = 7 ⇒ −3𝛼 = 7 − 3 By comparing real and imaginary parts
−3𝛼 = 4 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 6 → III and 𝑦 − 𝑏 = 2 → IV
⇒𝛼=− By adding equations I and III, we get 2𝑥 = 16 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8
Put 𝑥 = 8 in equation → I
8 + 𝑎 = 10 ⇒ 𝑎 = 10 − 8 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2
By adding equations II and IV, we get 2𝑦 = 6 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3
Put 𝑦 = 3 in equation → II
3+𝑏 = 4⇒𝑏 = 4−3⇒𝑏 =1
𝑥 = 8 , 𝑦 = 3 , 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑏 = 1
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MATHEMATICS-XI BY M.KASHIF CH#1: COMPLEX NUMBERS
Question 6: Show that ∀𝒛𝟏 , 𝒛𝟐 ∈ 𝑪, 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐
Solution:
Let 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊
According to given condition
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝚤)(𝑐 + 𝑑𝚤) = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝚤 𝑐 + 𝑑𝚤
𝑎(𝑐 + 𝑑𝚤) + 𝑏𝚤(𝑐 + 𝑑𝚤) = (𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖)(𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖)
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑𝚤 + 𝑏𝑐𝚤 + 𝑏𝑑𝚤 = 𝑎(𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖) − 𝑏𝑖(𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖)
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑𝚤 + 𝑏𝑐𝚤 + 𝑏𝑑(−1) = 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑𝑖 − 𝑏𝑐𝑖 + 𝑏𝑑𝑖
𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑𝚤 + 𝑏𝑐𝚤 − 𝑏𝑑 = 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑𝑖 − 𝑏𝑐𝑖 + 𝑏𝑑(−1) ∵ 𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏
(𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) + (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑑)𝚤 = 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑𝑖 − 𝑏𝑐𝑖 − 𝑏𝑑
(𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) − (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑑)𝑖 = (𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑑) − (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑑)𝑖
Hence Proved
Question 7: Find the square root of the following complex numbers:
(i) −7 − 24𝑖 (ii) 8 + 6𝑖 (iii)−15 − 36𝑖 (iv) 119 + 120𝑖
Solution:
(i) −7 − 24𝑖 (ii) 8 − 6𝑖
Let 𝑧 = −7 − 24𝑖 Let 𝑧 = 8 − 6𝑖
⇒ 𝑥 = −7 & 𝑦 = 24 ⇒ 𝑥 = 8 & 𝑦 = −6
|𝑧| = (−7) + (24) = √49 + 576 = √625 = 25 |𝑧| = (8) + (−6) = √64 + 36 = √100 = 10
Applying the square root formula for complex Applying the square root formula for complex
numbers, we get numbers, we get
| | | | | | | |
∵ √𝑧 = ± +| |
∵ √𝑧 = ± +| |

( ) ( )
√𝑧 = √−7 − 24𝑖 = ± + | |
√𝑧 = √8 + 6𝑖 = ± + | |

( )
=± − =± −𝑖 =± −𝑖

= ± √9 − 𝑖√16 = ±(3 − 4𝑖) = ± √9 − 𝑖√1 = ±(3 − 𝑖)

√−7 − 24𝑖 = ±(3 − 4𝑖) √−7 − 24𝑖 = ±(3 − 𝑖)
Thus, Thus,
The square root of −7 − 24𝑖 are 3 − 4𝑖 and −3 + 4𝑖 The square root of 8 − 6𝑖 are 3 − 𝑖 and −3 + 𝑖
(iii) −15 − 36𝑖 (iv) 119 + 120𝑖
Let 𝑧 = −15 − 36𝑖 Let 𝑧 = 119 + 120𝑖
⇒ 𝑥 = −15 & 𝑦 = −36 ⇒ 𝑥 = 119 & 𝑦 = 120
|𝑧| = (−15) + (−36) = √225 + 1296 |𝑧| = (119) + (120) = √14161 + 14400
|𝑧| = √1521 = 39 |𝑧| = √28561 = 169
Applying the square root formula for complex Applying the square root formula for complex
numbers, we get numbers, we get
| | | | | | | |
∵ √𝑧 = ± +| |
∵ √𝑧 = ± +| |

( ) ( )
√𝑧 = √−15 − 36𝑖 = ± + √𝑧 = √119 + 120𝑖 = ± + | |
| |

( )
=± − = ± √12 − 𝑖√27 =± +𝑖

= ± √4 × 3 + 𝑖√9 × 3 = ± 2√3 + 𝑖3√3 = ± √144 − 𝑖√25 = ±(12 + 5𝑖)

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MATHEMATICS-XI BY M.KASHIF CH#1: COMPLEX NUMBERS
√−15 − 36𝑖 = ± 2√3 + 𝑖3√3 √119 + 120𝑖 = ±(12 + 5𝑖)
Thus, The square root of −15 − 36𝑖 are Thus, The square root of 119 + 120𝑖 are
2√3 + 𝑖3√3 and −2√3 − 𝑖3√3 12 + 5𝑖 and −12 − 5𝑖

Question 8: Find the square root of 𝟏𝟑 − 𝟐𝟎√𝟑𝒊 and represent them on an argand diagram.
Solution:
Let 𝑧 = 𝟏𝟑 − 𝟐𝟎√𝟑𝒊
⇒ 𝑥 = 13 & 𝑦 = −𝟐𝟎√𝟑

|𝑧| = (13) + −𝟐𝟎√𝟑 = √169 + 1200

= √1369 = 37
Applying the square root formula for complex
numbers, we get
| | | |
∵ √𝑧 = ± +| |

√𝑧 = 13 − 20√3𝑖
( 𝟐𝟎√𝟑 )
=± +
𝟐𝟎√𝟑

=± − = ± √25 − 𝑖√12

= ± 5 − √4 × 3𝑖 = ± 5 − 2√3𝑖
13 − 20√3𝑖 = ± 5 − 2√3𝑖
Thus, The square root of 𝟏𝟑 − 𝟐𝟎√𝟑𝒊 are
5 − 2√3𝑖 and −5 + 2√3𝑖

Question 9: Find the values of 𝒙 and 𝒚 if Question 10: Find the values of 𝒙 and 𝒚 if
(−𝟕 + 𝒊)(𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚) + (−𝟏 − 𝟓𝒊) = 𝒊(𝟏𝟏 − 𝒊) (𝟓 − 𝟐𝒊)(𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚) + 𝟑 = 𝒊(𝟏𝟏 − 𝒊) − 𝟒𝒊
Solution: Solution:
(−7 + 𝑖)(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + (−1 − 5𝑖) = 𝑖(11 − 𝑖) (5 − 2𝑖)(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + 3 = 𝑖(11 − 𝑖) − 4𝑖
−7(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + 𝑖((𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + (−1 − 5𝑖) = 11𝑖 − 𝑖 5(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) − 2𝑖(𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) + 3 = 11𝑖 − 𝑖 − 4𝑖
−7𝑥 − 7𝑦𝑖 + 𝑖𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑦 − 1 − 5𝑖 = 11𝑖 − (−1) 5𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦𝑖 + 3 = 11𝑖 − 𝑖 − 4𝑖
−7𝑥 − 7𝑦𝑖 + 𝑖𝑥 + (−1)𝑦 − 1 − 5𝑖 = 11𝑖 + 1 5𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑖 − 2𝑦(−1) + 3 = 11𝑖 − (−1) − 4𝑖
−7𝑥 − 7𝑦𝑖 + 𝑖𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 − 5𝑖 = 11𝑖 + 1 5𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑖 − 2𝑥𝑖 + 2𝑦 + 3 = 11𝑖 + 1 − 4𝑖
(−7𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1) + (𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 5)𝑖 = 1 + 11𝑖 (5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3) + (5𝑦 − 2𝑥)𝑖 = 1 + 7𝑖
By comparing real and imaginary parts By comparing real and imaginary parts
−7𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 1 𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 5 = 11 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3 = 1 5𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 7
−7𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1 + 1 𝑥 − 7𝑦 = 11 + 5 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 1 − 3 −2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 7 → II
−7𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 → I 𝑥 − 7𝑦 = 16 → II 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −2 → I
By 7(I)−(II) , we get By 2(I) +5(II), we get
−49𝑥 − 7𝑦 = 14 10𝑥 + 4𝑦 = −4
±𝑥 ∓ 7𝑦 = ±16 −10𝑥 + 25𝑦 = 35
−50𝑥 = −2 29𝑦 = 31
2 1 ⇒𝑦= =
⇒𝑥= =
50 25
Put 𝑦 = in equation → I
Put 𝑥 = in equation → I
5𝑥 + 2 = −2 ⇒ 5𝑥 + = −2
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MATHEMATICS-XI BY M.KASHIF CH#1: COMPLEX NUMBERS
−7 −𝑦 =2⇒ −𝑦 =2 5𝑥 = −2 − = =
−𝑦 = 2 + = = 𝑥= =
×
⇒𝑦=−
Question 11: Find the values of 𝒖 and 𝒗 if:
(i) (𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) = 20 + 21𝑖 (ii) (𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) = 48 − 10𝑖
Solution:
(i) (𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) = 20 + 21𝑖 (ii) (𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) = 48 − 10𝑖
taking square root on both sides taking square root on both sides
(𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) = √20 + 21𝑖 (𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣) = √48 − 10𝑖
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = √20 + 21𝑖 → I 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = √48 − 10𝑖 → I
Let, 𝑧 = 20 + 21𝑖 Let, 𝑧 = 48 − 10𝑖
⇒ 𝑢 = 20 & 𝑣 = 21 ⇒ 𝑢 = 48 & 𝑣 = −10
|𝑧| = (20) + (21) = √400 + 441 = √841 |𝑧| = (48) + (−10) = √2304 + 100
|𝑧| = 29 |𝑧| = √2404
Applying the square root formula for complex Applying the square root formula for complex
numbers, we get numbers, we get
| | | | | | | |
∵ √𝑧 = ± +| | ∵ √𝑧 = ± +| |

√𝑧 = √20 + 21𝑖 = ± +
( ) √𝑧 = √48 − 10𝑖
| |
√ ( ) √
=± + | |
=± +𝑖 = ± +𝑖
√ √
√ √
=± −𝑖
√20 + 21𝑖 = ± √ + 𝑖 √
By equation → I √ √
√48 − 10𝑖 = ± −𝑖
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = ± +𝑖
√ √
By equation → I
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = +𝑖 and 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = − − 𝑖
√ √ √ √
By comparing real and imaginary parts √2404 + 48 √2404 − 48
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = ± −𝑖
𝑢= and 𝑣 = 𝑢=− and 𝑣 = − 2 2
√ √ √ √
√ √
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = −𝑖 and
√ √
𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣 = − +𝑖
By comparing real and imaginary parts
√ √
𝑢= and 𝑣 = −
√ √
𝑢=− and 𝑣 =

Question 12: If 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟒 + 𝟓𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝜶 − 𝟐𝒊 , find the value of 𝜶 such that Re(𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝟐𝟎.
Solution:
Find: 𝜶
Given: 𝒛𝟏 = 4 + 𝟓𝒊 and 𝒛𝟐 = 𝛼 − 2𝑖
𝑧 𝑧 = (4 + 𝟓𝒊)( 𝛼 − 2𝑖 )
= 4(𝛼 − 2𝑖 ) + 𝟓𝒊(𝛼 − 2𝑖 )
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MATHEMATICS-XI BY M.KASHIF CH#1: COMPLEX NUMBERS
𝟐
= 4𝜶 − 𝟖𝒊 + 𝟓𝜶𝒊 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊
= 4𝜶 − 𝟖𝒊 + 𝟓𝜶𝒊 − 𝟏𝟎(−𝟏)
= 4𝜶 − 𝟖𝒊 + 𝟓𝜶𝒊 + 𝟏𝟎
= (4𝜶 + 𝟏𝟎) + (𝟓𝜶 − 𝟖)𝒊
Re(𝑧 𝑧 ) = 4𝜶 + 𝟏𝟎 and Im(𝑧 𝑧 ) = 𝟓𝜶 − 𝟖
According to given condition
Re(𝑧 𝑧 ) = 20
4𝜶 + 𝟏𝟎 = 20 ⇒ 4𝛼 = 20 − 10
4𝛼 = 10 ⇒ 𝛼 = =

13