Ultrasound “Backend”

PC Terminology and
Fundamentals
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 Computer Terminology

• ATX Power Supply • VGA

• ROM (BIOS) • DVI
• RAM • USB
• CPU • Firewire
• Data Bus • OS
• PCI
• AGP

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 Typical Motherboard

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 Motherboard

Let’s identify the main

parts of this
motherboard

Example: portion of the iU22/iE33 Motherboard

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 ATX Power Supply (PS)

• ATX Refers to the case

(form factor) of the power supply
• Switching PS
– Draws only the power it needs
from the AC line
• Standardized, keyed connectors
– Color-coded wires
– Industry standard connectors
• All voltages are there or the PS
does not come on

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 Color codes for typical ATX Power Supply

Voltage Color Descriptions

3.3V Orange +3.3 VDC

5V Red +5 VDC

Power Ok signal (Logic High Voltage

when power is Ok) [generated by the PS
PWR_OK Gray
to notify PC that DC operating voltages
are within the ranges required

5VSB Purple +5 VDC Standby Voltage

12V Yellow +12 VDC

-12V Blue -12 VDC

COM Black Ground

Power Supply On (active low). Short this

/PS_ON Green
pin to GND to switch power supply ON

-5V White -5 VDC (optional)

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 ATX Power Up

Other
computer
Output Voltages
devices

5VSB
PS_ON Motherboard
AC ATX PS
PS_OK

On/Standby
Bottom
“On”

PS_ON is the green wire

PS_OK is a gray wire
5VSB is a purple wire
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 Read Only Memory (ROM)

• Programmed with a permanent

collection of instructions

• Most computers contain some

amount of ROM

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 Computer CMOS

• Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor

• Also known as
NVRAM or CMOS RAM

• CMOS is an on-board semiconductor

chip powered by a battery

• Stores information such as the

system time, date and other settings
for your computer

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 What are the functions of the BIOS?

• Checks the CMOS Setup for custom settings

• Loads the interrupt handlers and basic device drivers

• Perform the power-on self-test (POST)

• Displays system settings

• Determines which devices are bootable

• Initiate the booting sequence

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 Random Access Memory (RAM)

• Read from or written to by • Different types

the CPU
• Empty without power applied
Unless the computer is in standby
• Used as temporary storage then the 5VSB can hold the OS in
of instructions RAM

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 Central Processing Unit (CPU – Microprocessor)

• Complete computation engine that is

fabricated on a single chip

• Performs mathematical and extremely

sophisticated operations

• Moves data from one memory location to

another

• Makes decisions and jumps to a new set

of instructions based on those decisions

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 Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)
• Semiconductor device that can be configured or programmed after
manufacturing
• Ability to update the functionality after final product is in the market
• Contain programmable logic
• Can be configured to perform complex functions
• Can be programmed by PC software

FPGA used on a CX50 Channel Board

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 Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)
• Integrated circuit customized for a particular use
• May include processors, memory blocks, ROM, RAM, and more blocks
• Designed to specs and can run faster
• Can’t be programmed in the field.

ASIC used on a iU22 Channel Board

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 Data Bus

• Needs a controller

• Needs a clock

• Needs power

• Power and Clock are always on the same pins

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 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)

• The PCI bus is a path

used to deliver
information from PCBs
to the CPU

• PCBs include audio,

video, network, and so
on…
– This makes it a very
busy bus
– 32 or 64 bits wide

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 PCI Express
• PCI Express connection contains two pairs of wires -- one to send and one to
receive
• Packets of data move across the lane at a rate of one bit per cycle.
• A x1 connection, has one lane made-up of four wires
• A x2 link contains eight wires and transmits two bits at once
• A x4 link transmits four bits
• Other configurations are x12, x16 and x32

x4

x16
PCI
Express x1

x16

32-bit PCI

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 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
• Efficient way to deliver streaming video and real-time rendered 3-D
graphics

• Provides a dedicated point-to-point connection from the graphics card to

the CPU
– Off the busy PCI Bus

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 Video Graphics Adaptor (VGA)

• Analog interface from the computer to the monitor

• Carries Red, Green, Blue Horizontal and Vertical signals
• Connector: 15-pin

VGA Connector

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 Digital Video Interface (DVI)
• Digital interface between the computer and the monitor
• DVI-I Digital and Analog outputs
• DVI-D Digital output only No Analog
• Single link supports up to 1920 x1080 one transmitter on the adaptor
• Dual link supports up to 2048 x 1536 two transmitters on the adaptor

DVI Connector

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 DVI Styles

2 Extra pin rows carry

4 Extra pins carry the the dual signal
analog signal

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 Universal Serial Bus (USB)

• Low-to-medium bandwidth peripheral connection

• USB can be connected to a computer with minimal hardware and
software setup
• USB cables cannot be over 16 feet (5 meters) in length
• USB allows devices to be either self-powered or bus-powered
– Self-powered devices draw the power they use to function from
their own power supply
– Bus-powered devices are powered through the host device (the
computer)

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 USB
USB 1.0
 USB 1.0: Released in January 1996.
 Specified data rates of 1.5 Mbit/s (Low-Speed) and 12 Mbit/s (Full-Speed). Does not allow for extension cables or pass-
through monitors (due to timing and power limitations). Few such devices actually made it to market.
 USB 1.1: Released in September 1998.
 Fixed problems identified in 1.0, mostly relating to hubs. Earliest revision to be widely adopted.

USB 2.0
 Released in April 2000.
 Added higher maximum speed of 480 Mbit/s
(now called Hi-Speed).
 Mini-B Connector ECN: Released in October 2000.

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 Firewire (IEEE 1394)
• Firewire is capable of much higher data transfer rates than USB
• Developed for Audio / Video to computer connections
• Does not require the computer to be rebooted in order to recognize
newly connected devices
• Firewire devices are addressed dynamically and instantly when
connected or disconnected
• Can be used as a networking device

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 Operating System

• Operating systems allow easier

access to common commands
• Automatically manages hardware
and software interaction
• Provides a graphical user
interface (GUI) for operator
interaction

Other operating systems used in ultrasound:

VxWorks, Linux, Unix, Windows 2000, Windows NT

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 Dynamic Link Library (DLL)

• A library of executable functions or data that can be used by an

application
• DLLs provide one or more particular functions
• Programs can access the functions by creating either a static or
dynamic link
• Static links remain constant (open) during program execution
• Dynamic links are opened and closed by the program as needed
• Can be used by several applications at the same time
• Are loaded by different application for certain repetitive functions

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 Typical size
CD 700 MB
Reliability of CD and DVD
DVD 4.5 GB

• Manufacturers expect that data on CD and DVD will last more the 100
years
• CD is considered to be a more reliable storage media
• The time that data in “guaranteed” to be stored
– CD 15 years
– DVD 10 years
• This in under ideal storage conditions (temperature, humidity, light
exposure, mechanical stress, chemical exposure and air quality)

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 Reliability of CD and DVD multi session

• When burning data on a CD or DVD this can be multi session or single

session

• Multi session keeps the possibility to add data at a later time

• Every time data is added a data file table on the media is overwritten.
– This file can become corrupt after approximately 100 times of been
overwritten

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