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Data Mining Notes

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3 views3 pages

Data Mining Notes

Uploaded by

manishpal2003
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data Mining Concepts and Techniques Study

Guide
1. Classification
Classification is a supervised learning technique that assigns items in a dataset to predefined
categories or classes. Think of it as sorting emails into “spam” or “not spam” based on
their characteristics.

Definition and Core Concepts


Classification starts with a training dataset where we know the correct categories (labels)
for each item. The algorithm learns patterns from this data to predict categories for new,
unseen items. For example, a bank might use classification to predict whether a loan
applicant is “high risk” or “low risk” based on their financial history.

Data Generalization
Data generalization involves reducing the complexity of data while maintaining its essential
patterns. This process helps in: - Converting raw data into meaningful concepts (like age
ranges instead of exact ages) - Creating concept hierarchies (e.g., city → state → country)
- Reducing noise and handling missing values

Analytical Characterization
This involves analyzing data to understand its key characteristics: - Data distribution and
central tendencies - Data quality assessment - Feature correlation analysis - Pattern
identification in different classes

Analysis of Attribute Relevance


Not all attributes (features) are equally important for classification. We analyze relevance
through: - Information gain calculation - Correlation analysis - Feature selection techniques
- Dimensionality reduction methods

Mining Class Comparisons


This involves analyzing differences between classes by: - Comparing feature distributions
across classes - Identifying discriminating attributes - Understanding class boundaries -
Analyzing misclassification patterns

2. Statistical Measures in Large Databases


Key Statistical Concepts
Central Tendency: Mean, median, mode
Dispersion: Variance, standard deviation
Correlation: Pearson’s coefficient
Sampling techniques for large datasets

Statistical-Based Algorithms
These algorithms use probability theory and statistical inference: - Naive Bayes Classifier -
Bayesian Networks - Maximum Likelihood Estimation - Statistical hypothesis testing
Distance-Based Algorithms
These algorithms use distance metrics to classify items: - k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) -
Distance-weighted classification - Metric learning approaches Common distance measures
include Euclidean, Manhattan, and Cosine similarity.

Decision Tree-Based Algorithms


Decision trees create a flowchart-like structure for classification: - ID3 Algorithm - C4.5
Algorithm - CART (Classification and Regression Trees) - Random Forests

3. Clustering
Introduction to Clustering
Clustering is an unsupervised learning technique that groups similar items together. Unlike
classification, it doesn’t require pre-labeled data.

Similarity and Distance Measures


Key measures include: - Euclidean distance - Manhattan distance - Cosine similarity -
Jaccard coefficient - Correlation-based similarity

Hierarchical and Partitional Algorithms

Hierarchical Clustering

Creates a tree of clusters: - Agglomerative (bottom-up) approach - Divisive (top-down)


approach - Linkage criteria (single, complete, average)

CURE (Clustering Using Representatives)

Handles non-spherical clusters


Uses multiple representative points
More robust to outliers than traditional methods

Chameleon

Dynamic modeling of clusters


Two-phase algorithm: initial partitioning and merging
Adapts to cluster characteristics

Density-Based Methods

DBSCAN

Discovers clusters of arbitrary shape


Based on point density in space
Parameters: eps (radius) and minPts (minimum points)

OPTICS

Extension of DBSCAN
Creates reachability plot
Handles varying density clusters

Grid-Based Methods
STING (Statistical Information Grid)

Divides space into rectangular cells


Hierarchical structure
Statistical information at different levels

CLIQUE

Subspace clustering algorithm


Identifies dense units in lower dimensions
Combines grid and density approaches

Model-Based Methods
Statistical approaches include: - Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm - Gaussian
Mixture Models - Hidden Markov Models

4. Association Rules
Introduction
Association rule mining finds interesting relationships in large datasets, like “customers
who buy bread often buy butter.”

Large Itemsets
Frequent itemset mining
Support and confidence metrics
Minimum support thresholds
Closure properties

Basic Algorithms
Apriori algorithm
FP-growth algorithm
Eclat algorithm
Performance considerations

Parallel and Distributed Algorithms


Data partitioning strategies
Count distribution
Data distribution
Candidate distribution

Neural Network Approach


Neural networks for association rule mining
Deep learning applications
Advantages and limitations
Hybrid approaches

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