W uglier

To Beam As A Beacon of Knowledge

Layout
Calculations

November 2019
INDIAN RAILWAYS INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PUNE -411001
Published By,
Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engg.
11-A, South Main Road, Koregaon Park, Pune - 411001.

FIRST EDITION : MAR. 2007

SECOND EDITION : OCT. 2016
THIRD EDITION : NOV. 2019

Price ? 100/-

Printed By,
Kiran Printers
615, Vyankatesh Apartment, Mutheshwar Chowk,
Shaniwar Peth, Pune - 411030.
 §naT uePlfci
To Beam As A Beacon of Knowledge

Layout
Calculations

November 2019
Indian Railways Institute of Civil Engineering,
Pune - 411001.
 Foreword to Third Edition

Layout Calculations, as the name indicates, are the set of calculations

for the various layouts so that the same can be correctly laid in the field.
Deficiencies can be nipped in the bud if adequate care is taken by laying
turnouts accurately after carrying out correct layout calculations. In
this edition emphasis has been given on PSC layout as most of the
layouts have already been converted to PSC layout and all future
layouts will be only with PSC layout. One new chapter has been added
for laying typical connections and special type of layout on PSC such as
WYE connection, Diamond connection, Triangle connection for
bypass, double junction, and gathering or ladder lines. Graphical
method for laying turn out between any two undefined alignments has
also been added which may be of good help to field Engineers.

The book has been revised and updated by Shri. R K Bajpai, Sr.
Professor, Track-2 incorporating latest information and corrected
formulas related to layout/tumout calculations.

I hope that the book on layout calculations will go a long way in

fulfilling the need of railway Engineers for better designing of yards by
correct laying of layouts.

The suggestions for improvement are welcome.

Pune Ajay Goyal

November 2019. Director / IRICEN

iii
 Foreword to Second Edition

The knowledge of turnout geometry and layout is an essential

prerequisite for laying of new turnout, or improvement of existing
layout geometry. A good layout results in improved riding quality as
well as reduction in maintenance efforts. The calculations for Layout is
not very complex provided necessary information/data, and
methodology are available beforehand. This publication on layout
calculation also includes layout calculation for improved turnout
structure like PSC layout on 60kg/ 52kg PSC curved switches with
elaborated and improved and legible diagrams. While laying out a turn
out relevant provisions of IRPWM and Schedule of Dimensions to be
always kept in mind which are incorporated in the book for ready
reference.

The software Programme developed by Shri M.S. Ekbote, ex. AM

(Civil) Railway Board could be of immense help for calculations for
various yard layouts connections, cross over etc. available at IRICEN
web site.

I hope this book will extremely useful for field engineer for
understanding in layout calculation and apply it for improving
reliability of assets, reduction in maintenance requirements as well as
improved riding quality.

October - 2016 N. C. Sharda

Director
IRICEN

iv
 Preface to Second Edition

The maintainability and riding quality over a turnout depends largely on

how accurately it is laid and maintained. It is a known fact that yard may
require various combinations of turnouts (i.e. switches, leads &
crossings), with curves and straights, to transfer trains from one track to
another or enable trains to cross other tracks. For satisfying the various
geometrical features of the layouts, one has to perform variety of
trigonometric calculations .Understanding of Layout Calculations is
necessary, all possible problems and proposed solutions are greatly
covered in existing layout calculation book published by IRICEN.

This revised publication on layout calculation includes layout

calculation for improved turnout structure like PSC layout on 60kg/
52kg PSC curved switches with elaborated and improved and legible
diagrams by removing old 901bs layouts. Further for laying out a turn
out relevant provisions of IRPWM and Schedule of Dimensions to be
always kept in mind, are incorporated in the book for ready reference.

I am grateful to Shri N. C. Sharda, Director, IRICEN for giving me the

opportunity for revising the contents and also for his encouragement
and guidance from time to time for bringing out this publication.
Thanks are also due to Shri Suresh Pakhare Professor (Track) IRICEN,
now for checking the drafts and for giving his valuable suggestions. I
am thankful to faculty and staff of IRICEN who have contributed
immensely for this publication. Efforts taken by Shri Pravin Kotkar SI/
T in correcting the draft and scrutinizing the manuscript are also
appreciated.

Suggestions from readers to improve the contents are welcome and can
be sent to [email protected] which will be taken into account while
bringing future editions.

October - 2016 N. K. Mishra

Associate Professor/Track
IRICEN

v
 Foreword to First Edition

The maintainability and riding quality over a turnout depend largely on

how accurately it is laid and maintained. Deficiencies can be nipped in
the bud if adequate care is taken by laying turnouts accurately after
carrying out layout calculations.

Layout calculations, as the name indicates, are the set of calculations for
the various yard layouts so that the same can be correctly laid in the
field. Layout calculations become more important in case of yard
remodelling or designing a new yard. These calculations are intricate in
nature and require considerable efforts on the part of field engineers
which often get neglected due to other engagements in the field and
therefore, this item of work does not get proper attention.

Railway Engineers had been expressing the need for bringing out a
book on "Layout Calculations" which was out of print since long.
Special efforts have been taken to make this book more effective by
incorporating colored drawings of the layouts developed by using Auto
Cad software. Worked out examples on practical situations commonly
met with, have also been given for better understanding of this subject.

Another special feature of the book is the inclusion of a software on

Layout Calculations, which had been developed by Shri M. S. Ekbote,
Ex. AM(Civil Engineering), Railway Board, using Visual Basic with
interactive and user friendly interface.

I hope that this book on Layout Calculations will go a long way in

fulfilling the need of railway engineers for better designing and correct
laying of layouts.

Shiv Kumar
Director
IRICEN

vi
 Acknowledgment to First Edition

Subject of “Layout Calculations’’ is being covered in various courses

being held at IRICEN. In every course at IRICEN, trainee officers have
expressed the need of a book on Layout Calculations as the earlier
publication had become out of print. Besides, several developments had
taken place in the field of turnout such as PSC layouts. Considering the
requirement of the field engineers, the entire book has been rewritten.
Apart from the theory and illustrations the book contains several new
features such as coloured drawings, interpretations of trigonometric
formulae and a software on Layout Calculations

We are very much grateful to Shri Abhay Kumar Gupta, Professor/

Track -1 for the proof checking of the entire book.

We are also very much grateful to Shri M.S. Ekbote, Ex. AM(Civil
Engineering), Railway Board, for his active support for rewriting the
chapter on Scissors Cross-over and developing a Software Program on
Layout Calculations which is available on a CD attached with this book.

Above all, the authors are very much grateful to Shri Shiv Kumar,
Director, IRICEN for his encouragement and guidance.

Abhai Kumar Rai Praveen Kumar

Professor/Works Professor/Computers
IRICEN IRICEN

vii
viii
 Common Abbreviations used in the Book

SJ/SRJ Stock joint/stock rail joint

TTS Theoretical toe of switch

ATS Actual toe of switch

P Switch angle

L Lead

SL Actual switch length

TSL Theoretical switch length

t Designed thickness of the switch at toe

d Heel divergence

ANC Actual nose of crossing

TNC Theoretical nose of crossing

HOC Heel of crossing

w Length of straight leg of crossing ahead of TNC

upto the tangent point of lead curve

F Crossing angle

G Gauge of the track

D Distance between the track

Rm Radius of the outer rail of curved main line

Rc Radius of the outer rail of the turn in curve/

connecting curve

R Radius of the outer rail of the lead curve

ix
OL Over all length of the layout

S Length of straight portion outside the turnout

A Distance from 'SJ' to the point of intersection in a

turnout measured along the straight

B Distance from the point of intersection to the heel of

crossing measured along the straight

K Distance from TNC of the crossing to the heel of

crossing measured along the straight

c Distance from SRJ to ATS

B(modified) Distance from point of intersection of two center lines of

turnout side & main line side to end of last common long
sleeper beyond HOC

K(modified) Distance from TNC to end of last common long sleeper

beyond HOC

x
 CONTENTS

Chapter - 1
Turnouts 1-19

Chapter - 2
Lead and Radius of IRS Turnout 20-27

Chapter - 3
Connections to Diverging Tracks 28-38

Chapter - 4
Connections to Straight Parallel Tracks 39-55

Chapter - 5
Crossover Connection between Straight Parallel Tracks 56-81

Chapter - 6
Scissors Cross-Over between Straight Parallel Tracks 82-86

Chapter - 7
Crossovers between Non Parallel Straight Tracks 87-91

Chapter - 8
Connection between Curved Track to Parallel
Curved Track or Divergent Straight Track 92-119

Chapter - 9
Crossover Connection between two
Curved Parallel Tracks 120-127

xi
Chapter - 10
Special Layout Cases with PSC Sleepers 128-159

Chapter - 11
Software on Layout Calculations 160-169

Annexures
Table of Detailed Dimensions 170-173

Bibliography 174-174

xii
 Chapter 1
Turnouts
1.0 Introduction
1.0 (a) - Turnout is an assembly of track components which provide the
means by which a train may be transferred from one track to another
track. To be more specific, as per ORE report on Q. No. D.72, the term
"Turnout" means a layout permitting the passage of rolling stock on two
or more routes from one common route. In its simplest form, i.e. where
only two routes are involved, it consists of a pair of switches (one right
hand and the other left hand) and a common crossing assembly
(composed of a common crossing, two wing rails and two check rails),
together with lead rails connecting the two routes. As desired, the
crossing ensures unobstructed flange way clearances for the wheels at
the intersection between the left hand rail of one route and the right hand
rail of the other.

Turnouts are, therefore, the most sophisticated component of railway

track structure. To design and permit different types of turnouts to meet
the varied requirements of operations has always been a challenging
task for the permanent way engineer. Turnouts may take off from a
straight track or a curved track.

A turnout has, therefore, three distinct portions (Fig 1. 1);

• Switch Assembly
• LeadAssembly
• CrossingAssembly

Figure 1.1: Turnout

1
Main features of a turnout are as shown in Fig 1.2.

Figure 1.2: Main features of a turnout

The switch assemblies in use on Indian Railways are classified purely

based on their geometry as shown below:

• IRS- Straight Switches (Fig 1 .3)

Figure 1.3: Straight switches

2
• IRS- Partly Curved Switches (Fig 1.4)

Figure 1.4: Partly curved switches

IRS-Curved Switches

The curved switches are further classified into the following

types:

Non - Intersecting type (Fig 1.5a)

Figure 1.5a : Non-Intersecting type

3
Intersecting type (Fig 1.5b)

Tangential type (Fig 1 .5c)

Figure 1.5c: Tangential type

4
Crossing may either be of the 'Straight' type or of the 'Curved' type as
shown in Fig 1.6.

Straight crossing

Curved crossing

Figure 1.6: Type of crossing

5
In the latter case, one of the legs of the crossing is curved to the same
radius as the lead curve, or in other words, the lead curve continues
through the crossing. This naturally results in a flatter lead curve than in
the case of a straight crossing for a given crossing angle. However, on
Indian Railways only straight crossings are in use. Crossing can be of
two types on the basis of material i.e. either Built Up (BU) or Cast
Manganese Steel Crossing (CMS) crossing.

Lead curve has to be tangential to the switch at its heel and to the
crossing at its toe so as to avoid kinks in the geometry. Subject to these
two constraints, the lead curve may take one of the following forms;

•Simple Circular Curve

•Partly Curved, having a straight length near the crossing
•Transition Curve

By combining different types of switches and crossings with different

forms of lead curves, a large variety of geometrical layouts can be
obtained, each with its own characteristics of lead length and lead
radius. The standard practice in India has so far been to use one
particular switch with a particular crossing.

The standard Layouts of various Turnouts in use on Indian Railways are

shown in Table 1.1

Table 1.1

Types of Switches
S.No Crossing
Angle B.G. M.G.
1. 1 in 8.5 Straight Curved Straight Curved
2. linl2 Straight Curved - Partly Curved
3. 1 in 16 - Curved - Curved
4. 1 in 20 - Curved - -
5. lin24* - Curved - -

* Under Standardisation

6
1.0 (b) - Provisions of Indian Railway Permanent Way Manual
(IRPWM)

Layout Calculations should be performed keeping in view the relevant

provisions as contained in para 410(2)&410(3) and 412 of IRPWM.
The same has been reproduced for ready reference.

Para 410(2) of IRPWM

Turnouts on running line with passenger traffic Turouts in running

lines over which passenger trains are received or despatched should be
laid with crossing, not sharper than 1 in 12 for straight switch. However,
1 in 8.5 turnout with curved switches may be laid in exceptional
circumstances, where due to limitation of room, it is not possible to
provide 1 in 12 turnouts. Sharper crossings may also be used when the
turnouts is taken off from outside of a curve, keeping the radius of lead
curve within the following limits:

Gauge Minimum Radius of Lead Curve

BG 350m
MG 220 m
NG 165 m

Where it is not practicable to achieve the radius of curvature of turn in

curves as specified above on account of existing track centres for
turnout taking off from curves, the turn in curves may be allowed upto a
minimum radius of 220m for BG and 120m for MG subject to the
following:

a) Such turn in curves should be provided on PSC or steel trough

sleepers only, with sleeper spacing same as that for the main
line.

b) Full ballast profile should be provided as for track for main

line.

Emergency crossovers between double or multiple lines whch are laid

only in the trailing direction may be laidwith 1 in8.5 crossings.

7
In the case of 1 in 8.5 turnouts with straight switches laid on passenger
running line, the speed shall be restricted to 10 Kmph. However, on 1 in
8.5 turnouts on non passenger running lines, speed of 15 Kmph may be
permitted.

Para410(3)ofIRPWM

-
Speed over interlocked turnouts : Speed in excess of 15 kmph may
be permitted for main line side of interlocked turnouts only under
approved special instructions in terms of GR4.10. In the case of 1 in 8.5,
1 in 12 and flatter turn-outs provided with curved switches, higher
speeds as permitted under approved special instructions may be
allowed on the turnout side, provided the tum-in curve is of a standard
suitable for such higher speeds. While permitting speed beyond 15
kmph, provisions of Para 410 (4) may be kept in view. The permissible
speed on turnouts taking off on the inside of the curve should be
determined by taking into consideration the resultant radius of lead
curve which will be sharper than the lead curve for turnouts taking off
from the straight. 1 in8.5 turnouts shouldnotbe laid on inside of curves.

Para412ofIRPWM

No change of superelevation over turn-outs : -

There should be no change of cant between points 20 metres on B. G.15

meters on M.G., and 12 metres on N. G. outside the toe of the switch and
the nose of the crossing respectively, except in cases where points and
crossings have to be taken off from the transitioned portion of a curve.

Normally, turn-outs should not be taken off the transitioned portion of a

main line curve. However, in exceptional cases, when such a course is
Unavoidable a specific relaxation may be given by the Chief Engineer
of the Railway. In such cases change of cant and/or curvature may be
permitted at the rates specified in para 407 of IRPWM or such lesser
rates as may be prescribed.

1.0 (c) - Provisions of schedule of dimension 2004 (Revised)

Points and crossings:
Maximum clearance of check rail
opposite nose of crossing 48mm

8
Note :
(a) In case of turnouts laid with 1673mm gauge, the clearance
shall be 45mm instead of 48mm

(b) In the obtuse crossing of diamond crossings, the clearances

at the throat of the obtuse crossing shall be 41mm

Minimum clearance of check rail

opposite nose of crossing 44mm

Note :
(a) In case of turnouts laid with 1673mm gauge, the clearance
shall be 41mm instead of 44mm

(b)In the obtuse crossing of diamond crossings the clearance at

the throat of the obtuse crossing shall be 41mm

Maximum clearance of wing rail at nose of crossing 48mm

Note :
In case of turnouts laid with 1673mm gauge, the clearance shall
be 45mm instead of 48mm.

Minimum clearance of wing rail at nose of crossing 44mm

Note :
In case of turn outs laid with 1673mm gauge, the clearance
shall be 41mm instead of 44mm.

Minimum clearance between toe of open switch and stock rail

(i) For existing works 95mm

(ii) For new works or alteration to existing works 115 + 3mm
(iii) For thick web switches 160mm

Note :
The clearance can be increased upto 160mm in curved switches
in order to obtain adequate clearance between gauge face of
stock rail and back face of tongue rail.

9
Minimum radius of curvature for slip points, turnouts of
crossover roads 218 metres (8 degree)

Note :
In special cases mentioned below this may be reduced to not less
than the minimum of
(i) 213m radius in case of 1 in 8.5 BG turnouts with 6.4m
over riding switch, and
(ii) 175m radius in case of 1 in 8.5 scissors crossing to
allow for sufficient straight over the diamond crossing
between crossovers.

Minimum angles of crossing (ordinary) 1 in 16

Note :
Crossings as flat as 1 in 20 will usually be sanctioned if
recommended by the Commissioner of Railway Safety.

Diamond crossings not to be flatter than lin 8.5

Note:
Diamond Crossings as flat as 1 in 10 will usually be sanctioned if
recommended by the Commissioner of Railway Safety.

Minimum length of tongue rail 3660mm

Note :
There must be no change of superelevation (of outer over inner
rail) between points 18m outside toe of switch rail and nose of
crossing respectively, except in the case of special crossings
leading to snag dead-ends or under circumstances as approved by
Chief Engineer.

10
1.1 Layout Calculations

A yard may require various combinations of turnouts (i.e. switches,

leads & crossings), with curves and straights, to transfer trains from one
track to another or enable trains to cross other tracks. Depending upon
the requirements, these combinations are known as layouts. For
satisfying the various geometrical features of the layouts, one has to
perform variety of trigonometric calculations and hence the name
'Layout Calculations'.

Understanding of Layout Calculations is necessary for fixing the

correct position of turnouts with respect to the existing tracks in case of
remodelling of an yard or for designing an altogether new layouts.
Turnouts can be fixed either by locating Stock Rail Joint(SRJ) or by
locating Theoretical Nose of Crossing (TNC). SRJ/TNC can be located
by 'Centre Line', 'Outer Rail' or 'Graphical' method .

In 'Centre Line' method, the turnout is represented by center lines of

straight and turnout side. This method is primarily used for locating SRJ
for the cases when turnouts are taking off from Straight tracks.

In 'Outer Rail' method, the turnout is represented fully by drawing the

left rail and right rail of the turnout. This method is primarily used for
locating TNC for the cases when turnouts are taking off from the curved
tracks. However, this method is more versatile but cumbersome and can
also be used for the cases when turnouts are taking off from straight
tracks.

In 'Graphical' method, the entire drawing will be made on computer by

use of relevant drafting software like AutoCAD. After replicating the
layout on the computer, all the calculations can be performed
graphically. Now a days various advanced softwares are available. MX-
Rail is one of the specialized software developed for the railway
industry. Yard calculations are one of the powerful feature of this
software.

Turn in Curve means the connecting curve starting after the heel of the
crossing. This connecting curve may either be simple circular curve,
compound curve or reverse curve.(Fig 1.7)

11
Lead Curve or Turnout Curve (Fig 1.7) means the curve starting from
heel or toe of switches (Straight or curved) and extended upto toe of
crossing. This value of Lead Curve Radius will become sharper if the
turnout is taking off from inside of the main line and will become flatter
if the turnout is taking off from outside of the main line.

Turnouts Taking off from Curved Tracks

Turnouts can take off from the main line track either in the similar
flexure or contrary flexure.

Dm is the degree of main line curve

Ds is the degree of turnout curve (Lead Curve) when taking off from
straight (Fig 1.8a)

Figure 1.8a : Turnout taking off from a straight track

12
Dr is the resultant degree of turnout curve (Lead Curve) when taking off
from a curved main line

Exact calculations for lead radius of lead curves for turnouts taking off
from the curved main line are complicated in nature and time
consuming. The difference in exact calculations and the formulae
normally adopted for such layouts is very small and can be ignored for
all the practical purposes. But resultant degree of curvatures of lead
curves of turnouts taking off from curved main lines depends on
whether turnout is taking off from inside or outside of a curved main
line.

When Ds and DM deflect in the same direction, it is known as a Similar

Flexure layout. In this type of layout, crossing lie on the inner rail of the
curved main line (Fig 1.8b). Resultant degree of curvature of such leads
can be calculated by DR=DS+DM

Figure 1.8b : Similar flexure

And if Dm deflects in a direction opposite to Ds, then it is known as

Contrary Flexure. In this type of layout, crossing lies on the outer rail
of the curved main line. (Fig 1.8c). Resultant degree of curvature of
such leads can be calculated by DR=DS-DM

13
When Ds and Dm are equal in a contrary flexure, then it is known as
Symmetrical Split. (Fig 1.8d)

Sometimes it may so happen that crossing lie on the outer rail of the
curved main line and even then deflecting in the same direction as that in
the similar flexure.(Fig 1.8e) but actually this is a case of contrary
flexure Resultant degree of curvature of such leads can be calculated by
Dr=Dm-Ds. This can be better explained if we take RH curve as plus and
LH curve as minus degree of curvature & similarly RH turnout as plus
and LH as with minus degree of curvature, than there will not be any
confusion in calculating the resultant degree of curvature. As is figure
1.8e main line curve is a RH curve so degree of curvature for main line is
+ Dm, turnout is LH so it becomes with - Ds. The resultant degree of
curvature will be = Dm - Ds.

14
 Figure 1.8e : Contrary flexure

From these formulae, resultant radii of lead curves can easily be

calculated. Para 410(2) of IRPWM limits the value of the resultant radii
of lead curves which can be calculated from the above formulae. It is
from this limitation that 1 in 8.5 turnouts can not be laid on inside of the
curved main line because in such layout, resultant radii of curvature of
the lead curves will not satisfy the limits as given in the Para 410(2).
Sharper crossings i.e. more than 1 in 12 can be laid when turnouts taking
off from outside of the main line because of the fact that resultant radii
of such leads will become flatter and may satisfy the limits as given in
Para 4 10(2)

Radius of the connecting curve or Turn in Curve will be calculated

from the various trignometrical formulae derived in the subsequent
chapters of this book.

15
1.2 Representation of a Turnout on Centre Line (Ref. Fig. 1.9)

Draw the centre line of the straight main track and on it drop NNi
perpendicular from N, the TNC of the Xing. Draw the centre line of the
turnout track over the crossing length and extend it to meet the centre
line of the straight track at P. Drop NN2 perpendicular from N on this
centre line. (Fig 1.9)

On the centre line the turnout is represented by two lines OPNiW and
PN2Z. In this OW represents the overall length of turnout from SJ to the
heel of crossing along the gauge line on which the crossing lies. To
locate the turnouts on centre line method, it will be necessary to know
the different components of centre line representation.

OP=A

PNi=PN2=M

NiW=N2Z=K

PW=PZ=B=M+K

Where A, M & K are known as turnout parameters.

Now, let us discuss the characteristics of these turnout parameters:

'M' is the distance from 'P' to the TNC and can be found out as explained
below:

APN, N,

M = G/2 cot F/2

For a particular gauge of track ‘G’ & angle of crossing ‘F’, ‘M’ will
become fixed.

16
line
ceonntre
turnot
of
a

Reprsntaio
:

1.9
Figure
'K' is the length of the back leg of crossing from theoretical nose of
crossing to heel of crossing (HOC) and will be dependent upon type of
crossing i.e. Builtup (BU) or CMS crossing. Therefore for a particular
type of crossing chosen for a yard, value of 'K' will be fixed. Likewise,
B=M+K will also become fixed.

'A' is the distance between 'SJ' to 'Point of intersection 'P* of center line
of mainline and turnout side which is basically dependent upon angle of
crossing and not on type of switches or else whole yard will have to be
redesigned in case of adopting new design of switches. As discussed
earlier that value of 'M' is fixed for a particular gauge of track & angle
of crossing and hence distance between SJ to P i.e 'A' will also be fixed.

In view of the above, it is therefore obvious that for a given gauge,

crossing angle and crossing type (BU or CMS), value of these turnout
parameters i.e. 'A', 'M' & 'K' are fixed. This can be conveniently
understood as a Black Box (see Fig 1.9) containing a geometrical figure
the dimensions of which are fixed. Then the rest is to fix this Black Box
with respect to the existing yard geometry so as to satisfy all the
geometrical conditions of the yard.

Details of A, B, M, K etc. turnout parameters for different types of

turnout with CMS Xing and with Builtup Xing are given in table at
annexure II, III & IV. In tables of annexures 'c' is distance from SRJ to
ATS. In case of PSC layout, due to fixity of inserts of long common
sleepers, a small straight length further extends beyond HOC hence it
will not be possible to start the curve immediately after HOC. In PSC
thumouts thus it would be a good practice to add this small straight
behind HOC in length of “K” and modify the block box accordingly.
This additional straight length can be found out from actual RDSO
drawing for 1 in 8.5, 1 in 12 or 1 in 16 layouts. This additional straight
for different turnout is as under.

18
 1 in 8.5 PSC Layout 3.3 m
1 in 12 PSC Layout 5.5 m
1 in 16 PSC Layout 9.0 m
lin20 PSC Layout 9.15 m

These values are reflected in values of K and B for PSC layout in

annexure - III and given as B (modified) and K (modified).

19
 Chapter 2
Lead and Radius of IRS Turnout
Lead and Radius of IRS Turnout
2.1 (a) IRS Turnout with Straight Switches
Calculation of length of lead curve and radius of lead curve

The lead curve in IRS turnout with straight switches are placed
tangential to the tongue rail at the heel and to the front straight leg of the
crossing. (Fig 2.1)

Figure 2.1: IRS Turnout with straight switches

20
 Formulae

In A BMK; BM = MK (Each being tangent length)

^MBK = ^MKB = F-B1
In A BKC; BKC = F-

BC = AD - AB - CD = AD - AB - KP = G - d - wSinF

= BC Cot F+B = (G - d - wSinF) Cot — BH

F+
KC ?

Lead = DE = DP + PE = KC + PE
Lead= (G-d-wSinF) Cot +wCosF (2.1a)

In AOBK; zBOK = F-p, OB = OK = R

F-B F-B1
BK = RSin —2
+ RSin -
2

/. BK = 2RSin F-B
2
1

, .
also inABKC; BK =
BC -
= G-d-wSinF
—
F+ p
— (2 lb)

Sin —
Sin^Z

equating Eq 2.1a & 2.1 b; 2RSin _ G-d-wSinF

2 Sin F+P
2

M«-R. (2.2)
2Si„ IS Sinti
2 2
Where R = radius of lead curve, d = heel divergence
w = straight leg of crossing ahead of TNC, p= switch angle
G=Track gauge

21
2.1 (b) IRS Turnout with straight switch
Calculation of offsets to lead curves

The lead curve is extended from heel at point ’B’ to a point ’H’ so that the
tangent to the curve runs parallel to the gauge line at a distance ’Y’
(offset) as shown in Fig 2.2.

Figure 2.2: Offsets to lead curves for IRS turnout with

straight switches

22
The point 'H' has been shown to lie inside the track, but in certain
layouts, depending on the switch angle and the radius, the point 'H' may
lie outside the track and therefore the value of 'Y' will work out as
negative. The distance 'BQ' be denoted by 'L'.

In A KOJ,

OK = R, z KOJ = F, z OJK = 90°

JK = OKSinF = RSinF

F+B
CK = (G-d-wSinF)Cot

CJ = BQ = L = JK- CK

/. CJ = RSinF -(G-d-wSinF)Cot III (2.3)

2
01 = OH + HI = R + Y (2.4)
also, 01 = OJ +JI =RCosF +G-wSinF (2.5)

equating (2.4) & (2.5),

R + Y = RCosF+ G-wSinF
.-. Y = G-wSinF-R (1-CosF) (2.6)

Note It is also possible to work out values of 'L' & 'Y'

directly from AOBQ,
BQ = L = RSinP (2.7)
Y = d-R (1-CosP) (2.8)

But a word of caution is that as the value of 'P' is very small, it is

difficult to get the correct values of Cosp as variations in the region
are not uniform. 'L' , however can be derived from L - RSin/3

23
Example 2.1

Calculate the lead and the radius of a 1 in 8.5 IRS turnout with straight
switches.

Given: G=1676mm, d=136mm, w=864mm

F = 6°42'35" , P=l°3427
Solution :

Lead = (G-d-wSinF) Cot^^ + wCosF

O'?”
= (1676-136-864xSin6°42' 35") Cot -

+864xCos6°42' 35"
= 19871.79 + 858.08 = 20729.87mm ~ 2073mm
G-d-wSinF
2SmI±PSmBP
2 2
1676-136-864 xSin60 42' 35"

2x sin 6" 42' 35"+ 1° 34' 27" sin 6° 42' 35" - 1° 34' 27"
2 2
= 222358.34mm ~ 222358mm & say 222.36m

2.2 IRS Turnout with Curved Switches - Calculation of length

of lead curve and radius of lead curve

The lead curves in these layouts at toe of switches are tangential to the
switch angle and meets the straight leg of crossing tangentially at a
distance 'w' from the TNC of the crossing. (Fig 2.2)

24
Figure 2.3: IRS Turnout with curved switches

25
At toe of switch, thickness of tongue rail is "t". Derivation for lead curve
radius will be same as for IRS straight switches. The same can be
derived by substituting "t" (toe thickness) for "d" (the heel divergence).

Formulae

CK = (G-t-w SinF)
Cot^5 (2.9)

Radius of Lead Curve, R= (2-10)

2Sini±PSinAlPr
2 2

For fixing positions of heel, it is necessary to find the point where offset
to the lead curve from main line will be equal to heel divergence 'd1. For
this, same principles are applied as for finding offsets to lead curve for
straight IRS turnouts. It is, however, cautioned that the new tangent is
drawn after extending the curve, so as to lie parallel to the main line,
may be outside the track and distance Y' may come out as negative or
positive. It has to be applied with its positive or negative sign
arithmetically.

L = BQ = CJ = KJ-CK = RSinF-(G-t-wSinF)Cot
or, from A OQB,
L = BQ = RSinP (2.12)

Y = G-wSinF-R (1-CosF) (2.13)

Switch Length, SL = V 2R(d-Y)-(d-Y)2-L (2. 1 4)

Lead = (G-d-wSinF) Cot^y^ - SL + wCosF 15)

26
Example 2.2

Calculate the lead and the radius of a 1 in 12 IRS turnout with curved
switches with CMS crossing on 52 Kg PSC sleepers as per
RDSO/T4732.

Given: G=1673mm, d=175mm, w=1877mm

F = 4°45'49", p=0°20'0"
Solution :

G-t-wSinF
2SmI±PsmF7P
2 2

1673-0-1 877 xSin4° 45' 49"

2 x s.n 4" 45’ 49"+ 0° 20' 0" sin 4°45' 49"- 0° 20' 0"
2 2
= 441374mm (As per RDSO / T - 4732 this value is 441360/h/m)

Note : In 1 in 12 IRS turnout with curved switches, Stock Rail is

machined to house the tongue rail so that there is no projection of
thickness of the tongue rail. Hence 't'is taken as zero.

Lead = (G-t-wSinF )Cot + wCosF-Switch Lenght

„ 4° 45' 49"
V + o° 20'
U 0"
= (1673-0-1877xSin4°45' 49") Cot ?

+1877 XCos4°45' 49" - 10125

= 25831.62 (As per RDSO IT- 4732 Switch Length is 25831mm)

Note : From RDSO / T- 4732 Switch Length is 10125mm

27
 Chapter 3
Connections to Diverging Tracks
3.1 Connections to Diverging Tracks
Connection to non parallel sidings from an existing line can be of three
types depending upon the comparative values of '0' and 'F'. Where '0' is
the angle of intersection between the two lines and 'F' is the angle of
crossing used for connection. There may be three situations viz;
0=F
0>F
and 0<F
Now because of the local obstructions on the existing line, there can be
further two sub categories namely; i.e Without obligatory points and
With obligatory points on the main line. Therefore, connections to
diverging tracks may have following situations;

For 0 = F

Case I Without obligatory point on main line

Case II With obligatory point on the main line

For >F

Caselll Without obligatory point on main line

Case IV With obligatory point on the main line

For <F

CaseV Without obligatory point on main line

Case VI With obligatory point on the main line

28
Case I

Produce the divergent track to meet the existing main line at point T.
For making the connection, point 'P' should coincide with point T. Now
for locating SJ (Stock Joint) an offset equal to 'A' can be taken from 'P'.
After locating the 'SJ', the turnout can be laid with reference to 'SJ' (Fig
3.1)

Figure 3.1: 9 = F & Without obligatory point on main line

Case II

If because of some obstructions on the main line, the 'SJ' can not be fixed
as given in Case I, and 'SJ' can be located either on left or right of 'SJ' as
fixed vide Case I, then for making the connection, a reverse curve will
have to be introduced starting after back leg of crossing and joining the
divergent track. For this case, there can be numerous solutions and we
have to choose the optimum alignment to meet the site conditions.
(Fig 3.2)

29
 Figure 3.2: 0 =F & With obligatory point on main line

Caselll

In this case, if we are having the liberty in fixing the ’SJ’, it should be on
the left hand side of point of intersection ’I’. ( Fig 3.3)

Figure 3.3: 0 > F & Without obligatory point on main line

30
Formulae
T=Rtan° Eli (3.1)
2
X = (B + T)CosF + TCos0 (3.2)
OL = X + A (3.3)
Y = (B + T)SinF + TSinO (3.4)

Note : For PSC layout, B (modified) parameter has to be taken in all

calculations from annexure - III,

Interpretation of Formulae & Field Practicalities

Intersection angle '9' has to be found out from the field surveying.
The radius 'R' of the connecting curve has to be assumed. Normally
the value of connecting curve radius is taken equal to that of radius
of turnout curve. Now value of 'T' can be calculated from Eq:3.1.
Once 'T' is known, the value of 'X' & 'Y' can be calculated from
Eq:3.2 & 3.4 respectively. Having thus calculated the value of 'X'&
'Y', 'TP2' is located first as the intersection point between the
divergent track and a line drawn parallel to the existing track at a
distance 'Y' and the location of 'SJ' is marked from point Z the
perpendicular foot drawn from TP2 on main line, and at a distance OL
(Fig 3.3a)

Figure 3.3a

31
Now after locating 'SJ', the turnout is linked and then the connecting
curve is provided with radius equal to 'R'. This connecting curve will
be starting from starting from last point on straight i.e. at distance B
(modified) for PSC, and from HOC for other layout and ending at
TP2, thus establishing full connection.

Case IV
In Case III, radius 'R' of the connecting curve was assumed and the
location of 'SJ' was so fixed. But, in certain circumstances, it may not
be possible to locate 'SJ' because of some obstructions/obligatory
points falling at that location. Position of 'SJ' will thus be fixed either
to left or right side of 'SJ' as fixed in Case III.

Figure 3.4: 0 > F & With obligatory point on main line

When the 'SJ' is fixed to left of 'SJ' (Fig 3.4) as fixed vide Case III,
radius of connecting curve will be quite large and can be calculated
by the following formula;

T
R- , 9-F (3.5)
tan
2
by substituting the value of 'T', which will be calculated by field
surveying, i.e. by extending crossing leg on the turnout side to

32
intersect divergent track at 'Z'. Thus TP1Z will be the tangent length
'T'. Now the connecting curve of radius 'R' can be laid at the site. In
this case, the radius 'R' of the connecting curve will be large, which
can be reduced by providing a straight after the heel of crossing and
connecting curve starting after this straight. For this case formulae
can be modified as follows;

T = Rtan §—Z (3.6)

2
X = (B + S + T)CosF + TCos0 (3.7)
OL = X + A (3.8)

Y = (B + S + T)SinF + TSin0 (3.9)

Now in another situation, when 'ST is located on right of 'ST (Fig 3.4)
as fixed vide case III, there can be numerous solutions and an
optimum alignment can be decided keeping in view the site
conditions. In this case, connecting curve will have to be a reverse
curve.

Case V

In this case, if we are having the liberty in fixing the 'SJ', it should be
on the right hand side of point of intersection T. (Fig 3.5)

Figure 3.5: 9 < F & Without obligatory point on main line

33
Formulae

T = Rtan F 9 (3.10)
2
X = (B + T)CosF + TCosO (3.11)
OL = X + A (3.12)
Y = (B + T)SinF + TSinO (3.13)

Interpretation of Formulae & Field Practicalities

Intersection angle '0' has to be found out from the field surveying.
The radius 'R' of the connecting curve has to be assumed. Normally
the value of radius 'R' is taken equal to that of the radius of turnout
radius. Now value of 'T' is calculated from Eq 3.9. Once T is known,
the value of 'X', 'OL' & 'Y' can be calculated from Eq 3.11, 3.12 &
3.13 respectively. 'TP?' is located first as the intersection point
between the divergent track and a line drawn parallel to the existing
track at a distance 'Y' and the location of 'SJ' is marked with
reference to 'TP?' by drawing a perpendicular offset at a distance 'OL'
from 'TP?' (Fig 3.5a)

Figure 3.5a

34
Now after locating 'SJ', the turnout is linked and then the connecting
curve is provided with a radius equal to 'R'. Thus connecting curve
will be starting from back of crossing, TPi = (after distance AK as
explained earlier in case of PSC layout) and ending at 'TP2', thus
establishing the full connection.

Case VI

In case V, radius of 'R' of the connecting curve was assumed and the
location of 'SJ' was to be fixed. But in certain circumstances, it may not
be possible to fix 'SJ' because of some obstructions/obligatory points
falling at that location. Position of 'SJ' will thus be fixed either to the left
orrightsideof 'SJ' as fixed in Case IV. (Fig3.6)

EXISTING TRACK
SJ P®| SJ P (g) SJ P®
TURNOUT ON LEFT CASE V TURNOUT ON RIGHT

Figure 3.6: 0 < F & With obligatory point on main line

When the 'SJ' is to be located on right of 'SJ' as fixed vide Case V, radius
'R' of connecting curve will be quite large and can be calculated by the
following formulae;

(3.14)

35
by substituting the value of T, which will be calculated by field
surveying, i.e by extending crossing leg of the turnout side to intersect
divergent track at 'Z'. TP1 will be the tangent length T. Now the
connecting curve of radius 'R' can be laid at the site. In this case, radius
'R' of the connecting curve will be large, which can be reduced by
providing a straight after the heel of crossing and connecting curve
starting after this straight. For this case formulae can be modified as
follows:

T = Rtan F 9 (3.15)
2
X = (B + S + T)CosF + TCos0 (3.16)
OL = X + A (3.17)

Y = (B + S + T)SinF + TSinO (3.18)

Now, in another situation, when 'SJ' is located on left of 'SJ' as fixed vide
Case V, there can be numerous solutions and an optimum alignment can
be decided keeping in view the site conditions. In this case, connecting
curve has to be a reverse curve.

36
Example 3.1

A broad gauge siding is required to be connected to a main line track

using a 52 Kg, 1 in 12 T/0. The angle of intersection between the two
tracks being 10°. Calculate the required distances for the layout
assuming that the connecting curve starts from the heel of crossing.

Given: F = 4°45 49", A= 16.953m, B = 23.981m, R = 441,282m

Solution :

T = Rtan °~r
2

= 20.179m
X = (B+T)CosF+ TCosO
= (23.981 + 20.179) Cos 4°45'49" + (20.179)Cosl0°
= 44.007+ 19.872
= 63.879m
OL = X + A =63.879 + 16.953 = 80.832m
Y = (B + T) Sin F + TSinO
= (23.981 + 20.179)Sin4°4549 +(20.179)Sinl0°
= 3.667 + 3.504
= 7.171m

37
Example 3.2

A broad gauge siding is required to be connected to a main line track

using 52 kg (PSC) (CMS) , 1 in 8.5 T/O. The angle of intersection
between the two tracks is 3°. Calculate the required distances for the
layout.

Given: F = 6°42'35", A=12.025m, B = 19.786m, R = 221.522m

Solution :
Since the connection is with PSC 1 in 8.5 layout with CMS Xing, B
has been taken from annexure - III.

T = Rtan
2

= 7.174m
X = (B +T)CosF+ TCosO
= (19.786 + 7.174) Cos 6°42'35" + (7.174)Cos3°
= 26.805 + 7.164 = 30.659
X = 33.969
OL = X + A =33.969 + 12.025 = 45.994
Y = (B + T) Sin F + TSinO
= (19.786 + 7.174)Sin 6°4235" + (7.174)Sin3°
= 3.153 + 3.504
= 3.528m

38
 Chapter 4
Connections to Straight Parallel Tracks
4.0 Introduction
Type of Layout connections between the straight parallel tracks will
depend upon the distance between the two tracks and the space
availability in the yard. Accordingly distance between the two tracks
may be treated as Normal or Large distance. Though there is no defining
boundary for track centre to be large or normal, but for calculation
purpose the track centre upto 8.0 m has been considered as normal
distance and beyond 8.0 m as large distance.

4.1 With Normal Distance between the Straight Parallel Tracks

Figure 4.1: Normal distance between the straight parallel tracks

Formulae : See fig 4. 1

T = R tan— (4.1)
2
X = D CotF+T (4.2)

39
OL = X + A (4.3)

(B + S + T)SinF = D (3.18)

.•■S^-(B+T) (4.4)

Interpretation of Formulae & Field Practicalities

First of all, radius of connecting curve 'R' has to be assumed keeping in

view the content of Para 410 of IRPWM. Distance between the two
straight parallel track will be found out from the field. Now after having
the values of 'R' and 'D', calculate the values of T, 'X', 'OL' and 'S' from
Eq 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 respectively.

Now, in the field, either of the two points i.e. TP2 and 'SJ' will be
decided from the site conditions. With respect to one point, the other
point will be fixed which will be at a distance 'OL' apart. After that,
entire layout i.e. turnout, straight after heel of crossing and the
connecting curve can be laid by field surveying.

Note:

In the above connection, it is evident that for a given value of 'D', if we

increase/decrease the value of straight 'S' after heel of crossing, value of
connecting curve 'R' decreases/increases respectively. Therefore, by
controlling the value of 'S', value of 'R' can be controlled. For a given
value of 'D', less the value of 'S', more will be the value of 'OL' i.e.
overall length requirement. More the value of 'S', less will be the value
of 'OL'. For S=0, 'OL' will be the maximum. 'S’ can be increased to a
maximum value till the value of 'R' reduces to R=R recommended.

Correctness of Layout dependes basically on the correctness of the

values of different variables as used in the above formulae. Any wrong
value will disturb the geometry of layout at the field.

40
4.2 Layout Calculations with Fanshaped PSC Layout

Due to introduction of latest versions of 52 Kg and 60 Kg BG (1673

mm), 1 in 16, 1 in 12 and 1 in 8.5 turnouts on PSC sleepers to drawing
Nos RDSO/T-5691, RDSO/T-4732, 4218 and RDSO/T-4865
respectively. Values of various turnout parameters have been given at
the end of the book in Table of Detailed Dimensions, at annexure - III

Values of these turnout parameters can easily be calculated from the

relevant RDSO drawings.

By default, the geometry of PSC layouts will be having a certain straight

'S' after the heel of crossing which should be accounted for by taking
modified value of 'B' or 'K' as given in the Table of Detailed
Dimensions at annexure - III given at the end of this book. The value
of default straight can be determined from the relevant drawings. Hence
in all formula mentioned earlier and in subsequent paras, whenever
term B appear, the value of B(modified) same should be taken from
table at annexure - III.

41
Example 4.1

A BG main line track is required to be connected to a loop line which is

parallel at 4.725m distance by using a 52 Kg, 1 in 8.5 PSC (CMS)T/ O.
Calculate the required distances for the layout, assuming the connecting
curve radius as the same as turnout curve radius.

Given: F = 6°42'35", D = 4.725m, R = 221.522m, A = 12.02m,

B = 19.786m

Solution :
T = Rtan X
2
64225
= 221.522tan = 12.991m
2
X = DCotF +T = 4.725Cot 6°42’35" + 12.991= 53.137m

OL = X+A=53.137+ 12.025 = 65.162m

D 4.725
S= —
SmF
- (B+T) = -(19.786+12.991) = 7.663m
Sin6°4235

Since in above calculation B has been taken as B(modified) for PSC

layout, the length so calculated above is after end of B for PSC i.e.
after 3.3m behind HOC.

Note :
In the above example, the turn-in-curve (connecting curve) radius
has been assumed to be the same as that of the turnout curve radius
i.e. 221.522m, which is quite sharp curvature from the point of view
of maintainability. It is, therefore, desirable to flatten this curve and
this can be achieved by reducing the straight after the heel of
crossing. However, by doing so, overall length i.e. ‘OL’ will become
more, which may not be available in the loop line.

42
Example 4.2

In the above example 4.1, calculate radius of the flattest tum-in-curve

to maintain it satisfactorily. Also calculate the over all length of the
layout.

Given: F=6°4235", D=4.725m, A=12.025m, B = 19.786m

Solution :
For the flattest tum-in-curve, the straight 'S' after the end of B will be
equal to zero.

S= ^-(B + T)
SinF
substituting S = 0

§b=(B+T)
- 19.786 = 20.654m
SinF Sin6°4235
F
now from equation, T = Rtan

F
now from equation, T = Rtan

T 20.654
R;-r
tan — tan 6°4235'
- 35 1 .829

2 2
X = DCotF +T
= 4.725Cot 6°4235 + 20.654 = 60.487
OL = X +A = 60.487 + 12.025 -75.842m
which is more by 72.512 - 65.62 = 7.35m, in comparison with
overall length requirement as in the previous example 4.1

43
Example 4.3

Calculate the minimum track centre for a connection between two

straight parallel track with the turnout on PSC layout (52 Kg, 1 in 8.5,
BG 1673mm gauge) and the recommended radius of tum-in-curve
being 440m

Given: A=12.025m,B= 16.486, B (modified for PSC) =19. 786m

a) Calculate as if tum-in-curve is starting just after the heel of

crossing.
b) Calculate, when ‘B’ is modified because of a default straight
after the heel of crossing due to prepositioned inserts for
straight alignment behind the heel of crossing.

Solution :

a) For minimum track centre, ‘S’ has to be zero.

F
T = Rtan —
2

6 4235
= 440 x tan = 25.793m
2
D
S= (B + T)
SinF
substituting S = 0,
Dmin
0= (16.486 + 25.793)
Sin 6°4235

/. Dmin = (16.486 + 25.793) Sin 6°42'35"

= 4.940m

Note:
Same calculation is applicable for 60kg 1 in 8.5 T/out as values
A (12.025) &B (16.486) are same.

44
 b) Taking B(modified) for PSC layout because of a default
straight;

= (B(modified) + T)
SinF
=
D (16.486 + 3.3 + 25.793)Sin 6°42'35"
= 5.325
Therefore, minimum track centre should be say 5.3m to accommodate
completely the 1 in 8.5 turnout on PSC sleepers, with radius of
connecting curves equal to 440m. However if we reduce this radius of
connecting curve to lower value the minimum track centre for simple
connection reduces.

It is worth mentioning that either because of lesser track centre or wrong

calculations, at several yards, last common sleepers are being removed
so as to start connecting curve slightly earlier. It is therefore
recommended that to accommodate PSC turnouts, the minimum track
centre must be equal to 5.3m, otherwise either common sleepers will
have to be removed or sharper tum-in-curve will be required to make
the connection.

45
Example 4.4

Calculate the minimum track centre of 1 in 12 PSC turnout instead of

1 in 8.5 PSC layout as in case of example 4.3. Recommended radius
440 m.

Given A= 1 6.889, B=28.4 1 4, F= 4°45’49"

Solution :

From equation (4.4)

S= ——
D
sinF
- (B+T)

For minimum track centre S should be zero.

D=(B+T) Sin F
F
From equation 4.1 T = Rtan -y
(404549")
Hence T= 440 tan
’
= 18.301m
ThusD = (B+T) SinF
= (28.41 4+18.301) Sin 4°45'49"
= 3.879m
Hence it can be seen that track centre required for simple connection of
1 in 12 turnout with parallel straight is not a problem.

46
4.3 With Large Distance between Straight Parallel Tracks

When the distance between the two straight parallel tracks increases
and if we go for the layout connections as per para 4.1, overall length
‘OL’ requirement will become too large, which may not be available at
site. It is, therefore, desirable to introduce a connecting reverse curve
starting from the heel of crossing so as to keep the overall length of the
layout to the minimum. Now there can be two sub cases as explained
below;
Case I With no straight in the reverse curves
Case II With a straight in the reverse curves
Case I With no straight between reverse curves. (Fig 4.2)

Figure 4.2: With large distance between straight parallel tracks

having no straight in the reverse curves

47
Formulae

In AO, NO

Cos0 =
OjN O,M + MN O^ + LM + MN
O]O
= 2R
= 2R

O]L = RCosF, LM = BSinF, MN = R -D

. „ „ RCosF + BSinF + R - D

.i
.’.e^Cos1 jt RCosF + BSinF + R - D ]
} (4.5)

fi-F
T = Rtan 2
(4.6)

0
T
1
= Rtan —2 (4.7)

X = (B + T)CosF + (T + T] )Cos0 + (4.8)

OL = X + A (4.9)

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

First of all, value of radius of connecting curve is to be assumed, which

is generally the same as that the radius of lead curve. Distance ‘D’ will
be known from the field. Value of various turnout parameters will be
known once we have decided the type of turnout.

Now from Eq 4.5, value of ‘0’ will be calculated. Then from Eq 4.6 &
4.7, tangent lengths ‘T’ & ‘T, will be calculated. Value of ‘X’ and finally
‘OL’ will be calculated from Eq 4.8 & 4.9 respectively. Now with
respect to ‘TP,’, the location of ‘SJ’ can easily be fixed which will be at a
distance equal to ‘OL’. (Fig4.2)

48
In the above case several variations can be made such as, different radii
of curvature for two legs of the reverse curve or a straight between the
heel of crossing & start of the reverse curve. Various formulae as
derived in the previous case can be modified as follows;

Figure 4.3

In A O^O

OjN OjM+MN OjL+LM+MN

Cosfl = = =
O|O Rj+R9 Rj+R9

O]L = R2CosF, LM = (B+ S) SinF. MN = RrD

R,CosF+ (B+S)SinF+ (R, - D)

.-. Cosfl = —
(Ri+R2)

49
 ]
R?CosF+(B + S)SinF + (R1 -D)

fl-F
T = R tan (4.11)
2 2
fl
(4.12)
T^R^an-
X = (B + S+ T) CosF + (T + Tj)Cosfl + (4.13)

OL = X + A (4.14)

Purpose of these variations in the above formulae is to show that, by

altering one or other parameters, a layout connection can be designed to
suit the diverse site conditions. Yard designer can design better layouts
with this understanding. It is worth mentioning that, no trigonometrical
formulae can solve a layout because of diverse site conditions and
variety of obligatory points. Several trial & error calculations will be
required for designing an optimum layout.

Note : In case of PSC layout S will be measured after B (modified) as

per annexure - III and not after HOC.

50
Example 4.4

A BG track is required to be connected to a siding which is parallel at

15m distance. By using a 52kg PSC, 1 in 8.5 turnout and the radius of
the connecting curve being the same as that of the lead curve of 1 in 8.5
turnout and without a straight between the reverse curve. Calculate the
required distances for the layout connection.

Given: F=6°42'35", D=15.000m, A=12.025m, B=19.786m,

R=221.522

Solution :

„ RCosF+B SinF+R-D
Cos0 =
2R
221.522Cos 6°4235 + (19.786)Sin6042'35',+221.522-15.0
2x221.522
428'842
2x221.522
= 0.9679

.'. 0 = 14° 33 24
0-F
T = Rtan
2
14°3324 - 6°4235
= 221. 522 tan = 15. 193 m
2
„ 0 1404537.2
T,1 = Rtan —2 = 221.522tan = 28.692m
2
X = (B+T) CosF+CT+T]) CosO+T ]

= (19.786+15.193)Cos 6°42’35" + (15.193+28.692)Cos 14’33'24'

+ 28.692
=34.854 + 42.476 + 28.692=105.937m
OL = X+A=105.937+12.025=127.962m

51
Case II With a Straight between Reverse Curves

When as per Case I, it may be possible, that space available is less in

comparison with what is required for making the connection then
overall length ‘OL’ can be further reduced by introducing a straight
between the reverse curve. In this Case, it is presumed that reverse curve
is starting just after the heel of crossing, or after additional straight AB
in case of PSC layout. In that case in all formula B (modified) is to be
taken from annexure - III,

Figure 4.4: With large distance between straight parallel tracks

having a straight in the reverse curve

Formulae

In AO1TP2Z3

TP2Z3
= S/2
S
tanw = =—
OJPo R 2R

(4.15)

52
InAO]NO2
OjN O,M + MN OjL + LM + MN
Cos(0 + y) = ——
01^2 0^2 0^2
OjL = RCosF, LM = BSinF, MN = R - D
In AOjOjO,

O2O3 s
Sinu/ = =
OjO, 0|02
S
O1O2 — Sinvy

Cos(0 + \|/) =
(RCosF + BSinF + R - p) Simp
S
.1
0 = Cos s
f (RCosF + BSinF + R - b)simu]
- - ip
f
substituting the value of ’\p' from Eq 4.15,

0 = Cos
(RCosF + BSinF + R - p)simp (4.16)
S
0-F
T. = Rtan (4.17)
2
0
T? = Rtan — (4.18)
2
X = (B + Tj )CosF + (Ij + S + T2 )Cos0 + T2 (4.19)

OL =X+A (4.20)

53
If we start the reverse curve after introducing another straight ‘S,’ after
the heel of crossing and different degree of curvature of the two legs of
the reverse curve (R, & R2).

For the above variation (Fig 4.5) various formulae can be modified as
explained under.

\p = tan -if1
R
where R = R + R
2

[r jCosFh- (B+ Sj ) SinF+ R - d]Simp

2
0 = Cos * (4.21)
S

U-F
T =R tan
o
(4.22)

T2 = R 2 tan —02 (4.23)

X = (B+ S1 + T] ) CosF+ (^ + S+ T2 ) CosO+ T2 (4.24)

OL = X+ A (4.25)

Note : Here in above formula if B is taken for PSC layout then

‘S’will be measured after B+kB, i.e. B (modified)

54
Example 4.5

In the Example 4.4, if a straight of 1Om has to be introduced between the

reverse curves, calculate the required distances for the setting the
layout.

(RCosF+BSinF + R-D ) Sin y

Cos(0 + y) =
S
221.522Cos6°4235 + 19.786 + Sin6°4235 + 221.522 - 15 I Sinl°1735
10
(220.004+2.315+206.522)x 0.0225661
+ = 0.9677
10
1
0 + v=Cos (0.9677) = 14°36 7.5
0 = 14°36'7.5" - 1°1735" = 13°1832.5"
0-F 13°1832.5 -6°4235
T1 = Rtan = 221.522tan = 12.788m
2 2
0 1 3°1 832:5
T. =Rtan— = 221.522tan — =25.862m
2 2
X = (B+T,) CosF + (T, + S + T2) CosO + T2

= (19.786+ 12.788) CosO + T2

+ (12.788 + 10 + 25.862) Cosl3°30'42.6" + 25.862

= 32.380 + 47.341 +25.862=105.583
OL=X+A
= 105.583 +12.025=117.608 mtr (Ans)

55
 Chapter 5
Crossover Connection between Straight Parallel Tracks
Type of Crossover connection between the straight parallel tracks will
be dependent upon the distance between the two tracks and the space
availability. Accordingly distance between the two tracks may be
treated as Normal distance and Large distance. Concept of Normal
distance and the Large distance is not decided by the spacing between
the two tracks, it is the arrangement of layout and accordingly
trigonometric formulae. For the calculation purpose, track centre upto
8.0 m is considered as normal distance.

5.1 With Normal Spacing between the Tracks and with Same
Angle of Crossing

Figure 5.1: With normal spacing between the tracks and

with same angle of crossing

56
Formulae

(B+S+B) SinF = D

.'. S= ^--2B
SinF
(5-1)

X = DCotF = DN (5.2)
where N is the number of Xing. (CotF = N)
OL = X + 2A (5.3)

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

First of all the value of ‘D’ will be known from the field surveying.
Turnout prarmeters ‘A’, ‘B’ will be known once we have decided the
type of turnout. Then from Eq 5.2 & 5.3, the values of ‘X’ & finally ‘OL’
will be calculated. Now with these values in the hand, location of one of
‘SJ’ can be fixed by keeping it at a distance ‘OL’ apart in refemce to
another ’SJ’. After fixing the location of ‘SJ’, rest of the turnout can be
set out by field surveying.

For the correctness of the crossover connection, it is very important that

the distance ‘D’ must be same in the vicinity of turnouts and must be
accurate. A small error in ‘D’ will get magnified by ‘N’(number of
crossing) times. It is therefore very important that the value of ‘D’ must
be arrived at by field surveying and not from the yard drawings which
might have been prepared long back and necessary corrections might
not have been done.

For example, if ‘D’ used for layout calculations is not equal to the
actual distance available at the site, then two conditions may be thought
ofi.e;

^cal^^aetual
or
^cal^^actual

57
Inboth the cases, ‘SJ’ will be fixed wrongly and the connection, instead
of a straight,will become a reverse curve or a kink will be formed at the
heel of crossing.

a) Dcal<Dactaal

b) D„,>Dllctual
Figure 5.2
Now, when the train negotiate the crossover, it will try to straighten up
the reverse curve, which will finally result into alignment kink in the
main line and will result into bad running.

58
5.2 With Large Spacing between the Tracks with the Same
Angle of Crossing

When the distance between the two straight parallel tracks increases
and if we go for the layout connection as per para 5.1, overall length
‘OL’ requirement will become two large, for which space may not be
available at the site. Space being the costly item in an yard, it is therefore
desirable to introduce a connecting reverse curve starting from the heel
or extended heal of crossing so as to keep the overall length of the layout
to the minimum. In this type of layout, further there can be two sub cases
i.e;

Case I With no Straight in the Reverse Curves

Case II With a given Straight in the Reverse Curves

Case I With no Straight in the Reverse Curves (Fig 5.3)

Figure 5.3: With no Straight between Reverse Curve

59
Formulae

AOjTP2N
0,N O]M-NM O,L + LM-NM
Cos0 = = =
OjTP2 o,tp2 o,tp2
O L = RCosF, LM = BSinF, NM = D/2, O1TP2 = R
RCosF + BSinF - D/2
Cos0 = —
R
_ i ( RCosF + BSinF - D/2^
0 = Cos — (5.4)
I R J
0-F
T = Rtan (5.5)

X= 2[(B + T)CosF + TCos0] (5.6)

OL = X + 2A (5.7)

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

First of all, value of radius of connecting reverse curve is to be assumed,

which is generally the same as that of lead curve radius of the turnout.
Distance ‘D’ between the two straight parallel track will be known from
the field. Value of turnout parameters will be known once we have
decided the type of turnout.

Now from Eq 5.4, value of 0 can be calculated. Then from Eq 5.5, 5.6
& 5.7, value of ‘T’, ‘X’ ann hence ‘OL’ can easily be calculated
respectively. Now the location of ‘SJs’ can easily be fixed which will
be at a distance equal to ‘OL’.

60
In the above case, several variations can be made such as , different radii
of curvature of two legs of reverse curve or a straight between the heel
of crossing or end of B (modified) for PSC layout and start of the reverse
curve or different angle of crossing at the two ends. (Fig 5.4)

Formulae
In A O,N,TP2

„ „ O.N, O.M.-N.M, O,L1+L1M,-N1M1

Cos0 = = =
O,TP2 o,tp2 o,tp2

O1L1 = R1CosF1 , L,M, = (B,+ S, ) SinF, , O,TP, =R,

RjCosF^ (B^ SJ SinF! - NM
.■. Cos0 =A

Ri
/. R!CosF! + (Bj+ S,) SinF! - RjCos 0

61
InAO2N2 TP2
0, N, O,M2-N2M2 O2L2 +L2M2 -N2M2
Cos0 = = =
o2tp2 o2tp2 o2tp2

o2 L, = R2 CosF2, L2 M2 = (B, + s2 )SinF2 , 02 TP, = R2

R, CosF, + (B, + S, )SinF2 - N, M,
cose = — — —
r2
.■.N,M, = R,CosF, +(B2 +S2)SinF2 -R2Cos0
+ N,M, =R1CosF1 +(Bj +S1)SinF1 -R^osO
+ R, CosF2 + (B, + S2 )SinF2 - R, Cos0

N,M, + N2M, = D

Cos0 =
R CosF +R2CosF2 +(B + S )SinF + (B, +S2 )SinF2 -D
R, + R,
RjCosFj +R2CosF2 + (Bj H-S^SinFj +(B, +S2)SinF2 -D

0-F.
T^Rjan^ (5.9)

0-E
T2=R2tan^— (5.10)

X = (Bj + Sj + T] )CosF1 + (i; + T2 )Cos0

+ (B2+s2 +T2)CosF2 (5.11)

OL = X + A1+A2 (5.12)

Now, these formulae have become more versatile and generalized by

incorporating these variations. In case of PSC layouts the straight S1&
S2 should be measured after B (modified) and B2 (modified).

62
Example 5.1

A crossover is required to be laid between the two parallel BG tracks at

15m distance by means of a 52 Kg, 1 in 12 turnout non PSC with no
straight portion in the connection. Calculate the required parameters for
the layout. Also calculate the saving in overall length in this layout over
a layout with straight line connection between the crossing.

Given: F = 4°45 49", A= 16.953m, B = 23.981m, R=441.282m

Solution :
RCosF + BSinF - D/2
CosO =
R

Cos0 =
441 ,282Cos 4°4549 + 23.98 1 Sin 4’45'49" - 15/2
441.282
= 0.9840628
0 = 10’1434
0-F
T = Rtan
2

= 21.116m
X= 2[(B + T)CosF + TCosO]
[(23
= 2 .981 + 21.116)Cos 4’45'49" + 21 . 116Cos10°14’34
"
]
= 2(44.941 + 20.779) = 131.441m
OL = X + 2A = 131.441 + 2x16.953 = 165.347m
Overall length if straight line connection is provided between
the crossing;
OL = DCotF + 2A = 15x12 + 2x16.953 = 213.906m
Therefore saving in the overall length = 213.906 -165.347 = 48.559m

63
Case II With a given Straight in the reverse curves

Figure 5.5 : With a given Straight in the reverse curve

Formulae

InAOJP^Z
tp2z S/2 _ S
tany = ~

R 2R

(5.13)

InAOjLZ
OjL OjM-LM OjN + NM-LM
Cos(0 + v) = —— OjZ
”

O[Z
OjN = RCosF, NM = BSinF,

64
InAOjTP2Z

1
2Simy
2 x (RCosF + BSinF - D/2)sinw
Cos(0 + v) = “

s —
.1 2 xf (RCosF + BSinF - D/2) Simy!
J v
os
[ S
_ 1 J2 x (RCosF + BSinF D/2) Sinxyl
-
os
] S [
(5.14)

e-F
T = Rtan (5.15)
2
X = (B + T)CosF + (T + S + T)CosO + (T + B)CosF
= 2(B + T)CosF + (2T + S)CosO (5.16)
OL = X + 2A (5.17)

65
Now, In the above case, several variations can be made such as,
different radii of curvature of the two legs of reverse curve or a straight
length introduced between the heel of crossing and the start of the
reverse curve on the two ends or different angle of crossing at the two
ends.

Figure 5.6
For this case , various formulae can be revised as follows:
Formulae

InAO^Z
tp2z tp2z
tan\|/ =
R
I

InAO7TP3Z
TP3Z TP3Z
tany =
O2TP3
TP2Z + TP3Z = (Rj + R, )tam|/

66
S = (R j + R 2 )tanv (where TP, Z + TP3 Z = S)

(5.18)

In AO ZN
I 1

OjNj OjMj-NjMj OjLj +L|M| -N^j

Cos(0 + y)
OjZ O|Z OjZ
(r^os^ + (Bt + S, )SinFj - )
Cos(0 + y)

InAO2ZN2
(r2CosF., + (B2 + S2 )SinF2 - N2M, )
Cos(0 + \|/) = (5.20)
O2Z
FromEq5.19 & 5.20,

N1M1 =R1CosF1 +(Bj + 8^8^ - O^CosfO + y)

NtM2 =R2CosF2 +(B2 +S2)SinF2 -O2ZCos(0 + y)
D =N1M1 +NtM2

D = RjCosFj +R9CosF2 +(Bj H-SpSin^ + (B2 +S2)SinF2

-(O)Z + O2Z)Cos(0 + y) (5.20a)

whereO1Z + O9Z = O1O1

InAO1TP2Z
tp2z
Si ibi/ = o,z

67
InAO TP Z

TP3Z

TP2Z + TP3Z = (O|Z + O2Z)Sin\|/

S = OjO^Sinxi/

considering Eq (5.20 a), Cos(9 + \|/) is equal to :

[rjCosFj + R2CosF2 + (B + S^SinFj + (B
j 2+ S9 )SinF2 - D]sim|/
S

9 = Cos
[R]CosF + R,CosF + (B1 + S1)SinF1 +(B2 + S2 )SinF2 — D^Sinx/
S

-tan (5.21)
R.1 + Ro2
7
e-F,
T = R tan - (5.22)
1 1 2
0-F
T =R tan (5.23)
2 2 2
X = (B +S, + T)CosF + (T + S + T2 )Cos0 + (TL +SL +BL )CosFL (5.24)
11111

OL = X + 2A (5.25)

Now these formulae have become more generalized by incorporating

these variations. In case of PSC layouts the straight S1& S2 should be
measured after B , (modified) and B2 (modified).

68
Example 5.2

What is the minimum distance required to lay a cross over between two
parallel straight with
(a) 60 kg 1in 12 PSC turnouts on both ends.
(b) 60 kg 1 in 8.5 PSC turnouts on both ends
Find out overall x-over length also.
Given F1=4°45’49", A,=16.989m, B -28.412m
F2=6°4235 ,A2=12.025m, B2=19.786m.
Solution:
(a) As per Equation (5.1)

S= -°-
(Sin F)
-2B

For minimum track distance S will be zero

—— =
(Sin F)
2B

OrD = 2(B) Sin F

= 2(28.412) Sin 4’4549
= 4.718 = 4.72m
Overall length from equation (5.2) and (5.3)
OL = x +2A
= DCotF+2A
= 4.72 Cot 4’4549 +2x16.989
= 90.605 m
(b) Forlin8.5
D =2BSinF2
= 2 (19.786) Sin 6’42'35"
= 4.63 m
OL = x+2A
= DCotF + 2A2
= 4.63 Cot 6’42'35" + 2x12.025
= 63.405m

69
Example 5.3

A crossover is required to be laid between two parallel BG tracks at 15m

distance by means of 60Kg PSC, 1 in 12 turnout and with a straight of
40m in connection. Calculate the required parameters for the layout.
Also calculate the saving in overall length in this layout over a layout
with straight line connection between the crossing.

Given: F = 4°45 49 " , A = 16.989m, B = 28.412m, R = 400m,

S = 40m
Solution : From equation 5.13 & 5.14
. -1 /— S \ -1 / 40 \ O'. "
w = tan = tan =2 5 1 45
\2R/ \2x400/

° !
9-Cos'1 2 x(RCosF+BSinF -D/2)Sinyj v
l S J
= Cos )
2
x^400Cos4°4549 +28.412 Sin4°45'49"-1
40
5/2^Sin2°51’45
„ . . -i 2(398.618 +2.359 -15/2)Sin2°5145
2 5145 = Cos < —
40

-1 (39.2991
J>
Cos < 2°5145
I 40

= I O'’447.8'' - 2°5 145 - 7"52'20.5"

"

0-F 7°5220.5 - 4°4549

T = Rtan = 400tan = 10.854m
2 2
X = 2(B+T) CosF + (2T+S)Cos 0

= 2 (28.412 + 10.854) Cos4°45’49" + (2x10.854+40) Cos 7°5220.5"

-78.26 + 61.126- 139.386m
OL = X + 2A = 139.386 + 2 x 16.989 = 173.386 (When limited
straight 40 m considered)
Overall length, if straight line connexion is given between the crossing,
OL = DCotF + 2A = 15 x 12 + 2 x 16.989 = 213.979m (When only straight)
Therefore saving in overall length = 213.979-173.364 = 40.614m

70
5.3 With Different Angles of Crossing and Normal Distance
between the two Straight Parallel Tracks

Figure 5.7 : With different Angles of crossing and normal distance

between the two straight parallel tracks

Formulae

(Bj + T)SinFj + (T + B, )SinF2 = D (5.26)

D - (B SinF + B, SinF, )
.-. T = Sinf +
— (5.27)
SinF2
T = Rtan
Fi-F^
— - (5.28)

X = (B1 + T)CosF1 + (T + B2 )CosF2 (5.29)

OL = X + A, + A2 (5.30)

71
In the derivation of the various formulae for the above case, it is
assumed that connecting curve is starting just after the heel of crossing.
It may also happen, to suit the varied site conditions, that a straight after
the heel of crossing is required. Such as in case of PSC layouts where
straight equal to AB has to be provided because of prepositioned inserts
or as the case may be Those formulae can be modified as follows; (Fig
5.8)

(B, +S, + T)SinF, +(T + S2 +B2)SinF, = D (5.31)

D -[(Bj + SpSinFj + (B2 + S2)SinF2) I

.-. T = (5.32)
SinF1 + SinF2
T = Rtan
Fl-F2
- (5.33)

X = (Bj + S1 + TjCosFj + (T + S2 + B2 )CosF2 (5.34)

OL = X + A1+A, (5.35)

In case of PSC layouts the straight S1& S2 should take in to account the
straight length behind HOC i.e. they should always be more than 3.3m
incase of 1 in 8.5 and 5.5m in case of 1 in 12 PSC layout.

72
Example 5.4

A crossover is required to be laid between the two straight parallel

tracks at 4.725m centres by using a 52 Kg, 1 in 8.5 & 1 in 12 turnouts.
Calculate the required parameters for the layout.

Turnout A B F
1 in 8.5 12.000m 17.418m 6°4235
1 in 12 16.953m 23.981m 4°45 49

Solution :
First of all, value of ‘T’ tangent length will be calculated from,

D - (BjSinFj + B2SinF2 )
T =
SinF] + SinF2
—
_ 4.725 - (17.418Sin 6(,4235 + 23.981Sin 4°4549")
Sin 6°4235 + Sin 4°45'49"

4.725 -(2.035 + 1.992)

= = 3.492m
0.19988

T 3:492
R = = = 205.597m
tan
F1 F2
“

tan
6°4235 - 4°4549
2 2

Note:

Radius of connecting curve, thus, coming is prohibitive for negotiating

the passenger trains. It is recommended that radius of connecting curve
should be at least equal to the radius of lead curve of 1 in 8.5 turnout,
which can be taken as 220m.

73
 X = (Bj + T)CosF1 + (B2+T)CosF2

= (17.418 + 3.492)Cos 6°42'35' + (23.981 + 3.492)Cos 4°4549"

= 20.767 + 27.378 = 48.145m
OL = X + Aj + A,

= 48.145 + 12.000 + 16.953 = 77.098m

Example 5.5

In example 5.4, if the radius of connecting curve radius is required to be

the same as that of the radius of lead curve of 1 in 12 turnout, calculate
the minimum distance ‘D’ between the two tracks and the various
parameters for the layout. Radius of connecting curve can be taken as
equal to 441.282m.

F,~F 6°42’35'- 4°45'49'

T = Rtan— = 441.282 x tan = 7.495m
2 2
D= (Bj + T)SinF1 + (T + B2)SinF2

= (17.418 + 7.495)Sin 6°4235" + (23.981 + 7.495)Sin 4°4549"

= 2.911 + 2.614 = 5.525m
X= (B] + T)CosF[ + (T + B2 )CosF2
= (17.418 + 7.495)Cos 6°42'35" + (23.981 + 7.495)Cos 4°45'49"
= 24.742 + 31.367 = 56.110m
OL= X + Aj + A2
= 56.110 + 12.000 + 16.953 = 85.062m

Ans : Hence D = 5.525m when minimum connecting curve radius is

taken on 441.282 mtr.

74
Example 5.6

In the foregoing example 5.5, if the layout is on PSC sleepers, then

calculate the minimum distance ‘D’ between the two tracks and other
parameters for correctly laying the layout in the field. Minimum radius
of connecting curve to be taken as that of the lead curve radius of 1 in
12 turnout.
Given :

Turnout A B (modified) F
1 in 8.5 12.025m 19.786m 6’42 35
1 in 12 16.989m 28.412m 4’45’49”

(These turnout parameters are for PSC layouts, 1673mm Gauge)

T = Rtan
Fi-F2 = 441.282 x tan 6’4235 - 4’4549'
= 7.495m
2 2
D = (B , (modified) + T)SinFj + (B, (modified + T )SinF?

= (19.786+ 7.495) Sin 6°42'35”

+ (28.412 +7.495)Sin 4°45'49" = 3.187 + 2.992 = 6.168m
X = (19.786 + 7.495)Cos 6’42’35" + (28.412+7.495 )Cos 4’45’49"

= 27.094 + 35.782 = 62.876m

OL = X + A! + A2 = 62.876 + 1 2.025 + 16.989 = 91 ,890m

75
Note:

It is therefore, very important that when yard layout is on PSC Fan

Shaped layout and track centre is less, then section engineer should
remove long common sleepers from the Fan Shaped layout so that the
connecting curve can be started earlier. It may also happen that, while
performing the layout calculations, if one takes value ofB instead ofB
(modified) and therefore during laying the turnout, geometry of the
layout will be disturbed because of mismatch of calculations and the
actual site parameters. Because of this mismatch, alignment will
become kinky in the connecting curve, which in turn will be reflected as
the kink in main line.

5.4 Crossover between a Loop Line and the Main Line with the
Symmetrical Split on the Loop Line

Figure 5.9 : Crossover between a loop line and the main line with the
symmetrical split on the loop line

76
Formulae

F2
(Bj + S + T)SinF| + (T + B2 )Sin — = D

2
D - (B , + T)Sin
S= : — - (B 1, + T) (5.36)
SinFj

T = Rtan (5.37)
2

X = (Bj + S + T)CosFj + (T + B2 )Cos — (5.38)

OL — X + A।+ A 2 (5.39)

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

From the field, value of ‘D’ will be known. Radius of connecting curve
will be assumed as per the guidelines. From Eq 5.37 value of ‘T’ can be
calculated and the from Eq 5.36, 5.38 & 5.39, valus of ‘S’, ‘X’ & ‘OL’
can be calculated respectively. Now the work left is locating one Stock
Joint with respect to another by keeping it at a distance ‘OL’ apart.

The same formulae can be used differently, when ‘S’ is given. Then
from Eq 5.36 value of ‘T’ can be calculated and then from Eq 5.37,
value of ‘R’ can be calculated. Value of ‘R’ thus arrived may or may not
satisfy the recommended radius of connecting curve.

Several variations can also be thought of like a straight after both

the Turnouts or a reverse curve between the heel of crossing or two ends
of turnouts. Purpose of incorporating these variations is basically for
designing an optimum layout keeping in view the space constraints,
infringements or obligatory points.

77
Example 5. 7

What is the minimum track centre required to lay a cross over with one
end 60 kg 1 in 12 PSC layout and other end with 60kg 1 in 8.5
symmetrical split. Also calculate the overall length of x-over with this
minimum track centre. Assume radius of connecting curve as 440m.
Given A 1= 16.989m , B 1= 28.412 m, F1= 4°45'49"
A2= 12.025m, B2= 19.786 m,F2=6”4235"
Solution:
As per equation (5.37)

= 440 tan | 4°4549"- 3°2117.5" j

= 5.409m
From equation (5.36) for “S” to be zero for minimum track centre;
Hence
F,
D-(B,+T)Sin ~ = (B,+T)SinF1
F,
OR D = (B 1+T) Sin F1 +(B2+T) Sin —
= (28.412 + 5.409) Sin4°45’49" + ( 1 9.786 +5.409)
Sin 6°42 35/2
= 2.808+1.4736
= 4.282 m
Overall length from equation (5.38) and (5.39)

OL=(B1+T)CosF,+(B2+T)COS —F,
+(A,+A,)
F
= (28.412+5.409)CosF,+(19.786+5.409) Cos ^+(16.989+12.025)
= 33.704+12.511++ 29.014
= 75.229m.

78
Example 5.8

A crossover is required to be laid between a Loop Line and a parallel

main line at 4.725m track centres by using a 52 Kg PSC, 1 in 8.5
symmetrical split turnout on the Loop Line and 52Kg PSC, 1 in 12
turnout on the main Line. Radius of the connecting curve being equal to
the lead radius of the 1 in 8.5 symmetrical split. Calculate the required
parameters for the layout.

Turnout A B F
1 in 8.5 12.025m 19.786m 6°4235
1 in 12 16.989m 28.414m 4°4549

Solutions : Radius of connecting curve given is same as the lead radius

of symmetrical split, which is equal to 464.070 m for 1 in 8.5 PSC
symmetrical split turnout as perRDSO drg. No. RDSO/T-5353.

/ x I 4U4549 64235 1
fF1 I 2 I
T = Rtan ~ 7 x tan A
= 464.070 = 5.705
2 2
D - (B^T) Sin
SinF]
-(B1+T)

4.725-(l 9.786 + 5.457)Sin

= (28.414 + 5.705 ) = 4.989
Sin4°4549
F,
X = (B 1+S+TlCosF, + (T + B2) Cos —
2
0
, 6°42'35"
=(28.414 + 4.989 + 5.705) Cos4 4549 + (5.705 + 19.786) Cos
2
= 38.972 + 25.447 = 64.419
OL=X+A,+A, = 64.149 +16.989 + 12.025 = 93.433m

79
5.5 Crossover in Multi Track Area

Crossover in Multi Track area known as ‘Double Junctions’ involve

provision of a diamond crossing in between two Turnouts. Such layouts
permit diversion of UP/DN directional train from fast corridor to the
slow corridors and vice versa. The turnouts are normally of 1 in 12
spread, while the diamond crossing is of 1 in 8.5 spread. Hence the
connection will involve a connecting Curve.

It will be seen that for such a connection, the minimum track centre
distance required for introducing a connecting curve of 1 in 12 turnout
lead curve radius is 5.5m on BG which is not always available. The
following alternatives are recommended in such layouts;

• At locations where such layouts are already laid with the

existing distance between track centres , it is preferable to
replace the existing 1 in 12 turnout with 1 in 8.5 turnout with
curved switches to have a straight line connection i.e. without
a curve between the heel of crossings. This will not only
improve the layout alignment but also result in saving in the
overall distance which may be of a great advantage in the
restricted suburban area. If the replacement as suggested
above can not be effected for some reason or other, then
existing layout can be improved by correctly calculating the
resultant radius of connecting curve after properly assessing
the track centres distance and providing the same with
accuracy and care.

• Whenever such crossovers are newly introduced,

intermediate diamond crossings should be of the same spread
as that of the turnout. Therefore, for 1 in 12 turnout, the
diamond crossing in between shall be of movable switch type
so that the connection will be by means of straight line
connection between the heel of crossings.

80
 area
track
multi
in
over
c5.1ro0s
:

Figure
 Chapter 6

Scissors Cross-Over between Straight Parallel

Tracks
6.1 Scissors Cross-Overs

When two cross-overs overlap each other, preferably exactly opposite

to each other, a scissors cross-over is said to have been formed. A
diamond is formed where the cross-over cross each other in addition to
the four turnouts. The same function can be achieved by two cross¬
overs facing each other.( Fig 6.1)

Figure : 6.1 : Scissors cross-overs

The advantage of providing a scissors cross over is the saving of space

in an important congested yard, but this involves having an additional
diamond crossing in the yard. A scissors cross-over is equated to three
cross-overs for the purpose of assessing the maintenance cost.

The angle of diamond crossings are twice the crossing angle of turnout.
They are also commonly called by half the number of the turnout
crossing e.g. for 1 in 8.5 turnouts the diamond crossing is listed as

82
1 in 4.25, though it is strictly incorrect because cot (2F) will not be half
that of cot (F). On Broad Gauge, scissors cross-over layouts have been
finalized only for two track centers (on wooden layouts) viz: 4.725 m
(15’6”) and 5.180 m (17’0”). They can not be laid at track centers in
between these distances due to difficulty in providing effective check
rail guidance over the unguided gap in front of the ANCs of acute
crossings for a wheel movement over the cross-overs.

6.2 Broad Gauge Scissors Cross-Over at 4.725m Track

Centers

At 4.725 m track centers, the distance between the TNCs of the acute
crossings of the diamond (L,) formed in between the tracks is greater
than the distance between the TNCs of the main line acute crossings
(X). Hence the acute crossings of diamond lie outside the acute
crossing of the main line turnouts as can be seen from the Fig 6.2.

4.725m

Figure : 6.2 : Broad gauge scissors cross-over at 4.725m track

centers

The distances involved for negotiating 1 in 81/? crossovers at 4.725 m

track centers are as under-

83
Distance between TNCs of crossings on main line (X),
F
X = DCotF - GCot - = 1 1 572mm
2
The long diagonal of the diamond (Ld ),

G
L d. = = 14345mm
SinF
Hence distance between the TNCs of the acute crossings on

Ld-X
main line and diamond (X,1 ) is = = 1386mm
2
Distance between ANCs along the straight (X ) ,

X2 = 1386 + 118 ( for 1 in 8.5) + 59 ( for 1 in 4.25) = 1563mm

The distance between ANCs along the cross - over as would be
traversed by a vehicle moving over the cross - over (X3 ),

1563
3 = = 1377mm
CosF - GtanF

The distance 1377 mm includes two gaps of 496 mm and 248 mm in

front of 1 in 8.5 and 1 in 4.25 acute crossings respectively, which are
required to be protected by provision of check rails opposite them.
Since the distance between ANCs (X3) i.e. 1377 mm is greater than total
unguided gap (744 mm) at 4.725 m track centers, it is possible to
provide special check rails for guiding the movement of wheels along
the cross-over.

As the track center distance increases the distance between TNCs of

main line turnouts (X) also increases while the dimensions of the
diamond (Ld) remains constant with the result that the distance between
ANCs of the acute crossings of main line and diamond (X2 and X3) get
progressively reduced making it difficult to provide check rails
opposite unguided gap. If the distance (X3) comes closer to 744 mm, the
total unguided gap, or lower than 744 mm then provision of check rail is
not possible. This aspect would be clear from the following table 6.1 for
1 in 8.5 scissors cross-overs.

84
 Table : 6.1

D 4725 4800 4900 5000 5015 5100 5200 5300

X 11572 11210 13060 13910 14037 14760 15610 16460

Ld 14344 14344 14344 14344 14344 14344 14344 14344

x, 1386 1067 642 217 153 -208 -633 -4158

x2 1563 1244 819 394 330 -31 -456 -881

X3 1377 1056 628 200 136 -228 -656 -1084

As the track center increases the position becomes safe when ANCs of
the diamond and ANCs of the main line crossings fall opposite each
other i.e. when distance X2 becomes zero (Fig 6.3). This occurs when
the track centers become 5.015 m beyond which the wing rails of the
crossing on main line and that of acute crossing of than diamond can be
so extended that they perform the function of check rail opposite the
crossings and give the effective guidance. This is possible till such
increased track center is obtained when independent check rails can be
placed opposite the respective gaps. The position is identical
with 1 in 12 and 1 in 16 turnouts.

Figure : 6.3

85
For this purpose, Indian railways have finalized standard designs
for 4.725 m (15’6”) and 5.18 m (17’) track centers on wooden layouts
with extended wing rails for use on all new constructions. The design
for 4.725 m track center is to cover existing situation since majority of
the yards are laid at 4.725 (15’6”) track centers.

A design for scissors cross-over on concrete sleeper layout at 4.725m

track centre has been finalized for use in the field. However no design
has been finalized for 5.18m track centres on concrete sleepers.

No designs have been finalized for 5.3 m track center which is now the
recommended track center for new constructions because as per the
recommended guidelines, use of scissors cross-over is to be avoided
and on new constructions, layouts should be designed with the use of
normal cross-overs.

For the Meter Gauge, effective independent check railing arrangements

are possible even when they are laid at 4.265 m track centers as the
distances between the TNCs are 5317 mm and 7548 mm in the case of 1
in 8.5 and 1 in 12 scissors cross overs respectively. This is large enough
to place indepent checkrails opposite the nose of crossings.

86
 Chapter 7

Crossovers between Non Parallel Straight Tracks

7.1 Crossovers between Non Parallel Straight Tracks

In the field, several situatios may arise where crossovers are to be laid
between two non parallel straight tracks. Depending upon the site
conditions, variety of connections can be made like with same or
different angle of crossing, connecting curve being simple or reverse
curve starting just after the heel of crossing or after a straight behind
the heel of crossing. If the connecting curve being the reverse curve
then it may be with or without a straight in between. It means that,
there can be several permutations & combinations and variety of
formulae can be generated.

Let us derive the set of formulae for a crossover connection between

two non parallel straight tracks with the following conditions;

7.1.1 Connecting curve being simple circular curve between the

ends of two turnouts and angle of crossings being different on the
two ends.

Figure 7.1 : Crossover between non parallel straight tracks

87
 A + Fj - F2
T = Rtan Where A is angle between two non parallel straight (7.1)
2
(Bj + T)SinF! + (T + B, )Sin(F2 - A) - A, SinA = D (7.2)

X = (Bj + T)CosFj + (B2+ T )Cos(F2 - A) (7.3)

OL = X + A j + A,CosA (7.4)

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

Given ‘R’, Angle between two non parallel straight tracks ‘A’ and
turnout parameters;

Eq 7.1 will be used for calculating the value of ‘T’. Once ‘T’ is known,
Min ‘D’ (Where ‘SL’ will be fixed) will be calculated from Eq 7.2 and
finally ‘X’ & ‘OL’ will be calculated from Eq 7.3 & 7.4 respectively.
Now ‘SJ,’ can be fixed at a distance ‘OL’ from ‘SJ2’.

Given ‘D’(where‘SJ,’ is fixed), Angle between two non parallel

straight tracks ‘A’ and turnout parameters;

Eq 7.2 will be used for calculating the value of ‘T’. Once ‘T’ is known,
value of ‘R’ can be calculated from Eq 7.1 which may or may not
satisfy the recommended radius of tum-in-curve. After that the value of
‘X’& ‘OL’canbe calculated fromEq 7.3 &7.4 respectively.

Note : ForPSC layout B, &B 2 Shall be choosen from annexure-III and

curve will accordingly start from end ofB (modified).

88
Example 7.1

A crossover consisting of 52 Kg, 1 in 12 and 1 in 8.5 turnouts is

required to be laid between non parallel straight tracks at a minimum
distance between the two track centres. The angle between the two non
parallel straight tracks is 3°50 0 . Calculate the various parameters
required to lay the crossover connection assuming the connecting
curve radius equal to 400m.

Turnout A B F
1 in 8.5 12.000m 17.418m 6°42 35
1 in 12 16.953m 23.981m 4°4549

Solution : This is a non PSC layout

A + Fj -F2
T = Rtan

3°500 + 6°42 35 - 4045 49"

= 400 x tan = 20.191m
2
Dmin = (B , + T)Sin 6°42'35" + (T + B, )Sin(F2 - A) - A2SinA

= (17.418 + 20.191)Sin6°4235
+ (20.191 + 23.981)Sin(4°4549 - 3°500") - 16.953Sin 3°500"
= 4.394 + 0.717 - 1.133 = 3.978m so SJ, will be located where the
distance between two parallel track between 3.978m.

X = (B ! + T)CosFj + (T + B , )Cos(F2 - A)

= (17.418 + 20.191)Cos 6°4235"

-
+ (20.191 + 23.98 l)Cos (4°45'49' 3°500")
= 37.351 + 44.166 = 81.517m
OL = X + A1 + A2CosA

= 81.517 + 12.000 + 16.953Cos 3o5OO"= 110.432m

89
7.1.2 Crossover between non parallel straight track and connecting
curve after a straight “S” from main line turnout :
If there is a straight behind crossing of main line turnout as shown in
fig 7.1 then the formula be modified as under.

(B, + S +T) Sin F, + (B,+T) Sin (F2- A) - A2 Sin A = D (7.5)

X = (Bj + S +T) CosF] + (T +B2) Cos (F,- A)
Then OL from equation 7.4, (7.6)
OL = X +Aj +A2 Cos A

Hence, while choosing the value of straight “S” one has to take care
that for PSC layout an additional straight length behind HOC of 5.5 m
for 1.12 and 3.3m for 1 in 8.5 has already been taken in to account at the
time of taking values of B (modified) in above formula. The rest of
interpretation and application on ground is similar as discussed in para
7.1.1.

Example 7.2

In previous example 7.1, calculate various parameter

required to lay a cross over connection if the turnouts are on PSC layout
and a suitable straight is to be laid behind end of PSC layout or from
heel of crossing.

Given: A = 3°50’0”
Turnout A B (modified) F
1 in 8.5 12.025m 19.786 m 6°4235
1 in 12 16.989.m 28.414 m 4°4549
Solution :
The above turnout parameters are for PSC layout where B is upto end
of last common sleeper. Let “S” the straight length after this extended
length ofPSC turnout be 9.7. Then from equation 7.1

3°500 + 6°4235- 4°45’49"

T = 400 Tan
2
= 20.191 m.
Then from equation 7.5

90
Dmin = (Bj +S + T) Sin Fj+ (B2 +T) Sin (F2 - A) - A2 Sin A
= (19.786+9.7+20.191) Sin 6°4235 +(28.414 +20.191)
Sin (4°4549 - 3°500 ) - 16.989 Sin 3°500"
= 5.80 +0.789-1.135
= 5.458 m
Hence SJ2 will be located at a point where the difference between track
centre distances becomes 5.458m
From equation 7.6
X = (B, + S + T) CosF] + (T+ B2) Cos(F2 - A)
= (19.786 +9.7 + 20.191) Cos 6°4235" + (20.191 + 28.414)
Cos (4°4549 - 3°500 )
= 49.336+48.598
= 97.934
OL = X +Aj +A2
= 97.934+ 12.025 +16.989
= 126.948 m
Note :
Here value of S has been taken as 9.7m so as to make a straight
length behind HOC of 1 in 8.5 turnout (Turnout on mainline) equal to
9.7 +3.3 = 13.0 m

91
 Chapter 8

Connection between Curved Track to Parallel

Curved Track or Divergent Straight Track
Connections have at times to be laid from Curved Track to either
parallel track or divergent straight track. Understanding about such
connections is very important for a field engineer so that the same can
be applied for proper design of such layouts. Several situations can be
thought of such that;

• Connection between two curved parallel tracks. Connection

being on outside of main Line curve without a straight
between the heel of crossing and the connecting curve.

• Connection between two curved parallel tracks. Connection

being on outside of main Line curve with a straight between
the heel of crossing and the connecting curve.

• Connection between two curved parallel tracks. Connection

being on inside of main Line curve

• Connection between a curved track to straight track, the

intersection being on the inside of the main line curve.

• Connection between a curved track to straight track, the

intersection being on the outside of the main line curve.

92
8.1 Connection between two Curved Parallel Tracks.
Connection being on Outside of Main Line Curve without
a Straight between the Heel of Crossing and the
Connecting Curve.

Figure8.1: Connection between two curved parallel tracks,

connection being on Outside of main line curve without a
straight between the heel of crossing and the connecting
curve

Formulae
Join G with E and Draw a Line AB Parallel to GE

Rm = radius of curved main line (outer rail)

Rc = radius of connecting curve (outer rail)

93
From the Geometry of the Fig 8.1,
ZO;AO2 = F
In A O 2 G E (Isoceles Triangle)

ZO,GE = ZO2EG
.-.ZO2AB = ZO2BA (AB is Parallel to GE)

In A Oj A B, Applying tan Formula,

ZO]AB-ZO|BA O]B-O]A ZAO.B

tan = Cot
2 OjB + OjA 2

ZOjAB-ZO^A = ZO^Oj +ZO2AB-ZO1BA

= ZOjAO2 +ZO2AB-ZO2AB (v ZO1BA=ZO2BA = ZO2 AB)
= ZOjAO2 = F

OIB = O1L -L1E-EB = Rm +D-G-Ktan|

F
where EB = GA = Ktan —
2
F
0,A
11 = 0, H + HA = R m + Ktan —
2
F
O.B-O.A=Rmm +D-G - Ktan
i i
Rm - Ktan —F
F
= D - G - 2Ktan -
2

94
 F F
O.B
11m+ O.A=R + D-G-Ktan— + R m +Ktan —

= 2Rm + D-G

D-G-2Ktan-
F 2
tan — =
2 2Rm +D-G

f D-G-2Ktan-
e
tan — 2
=
2 2Rm + D-G

F
D - G - 2Ktan -
0 = 2tan
1 2 (8-1)
2Rm +D-G

AO^O, Apply Sine Formula,

SinZO1O2A SinZAO, O,

O.A O,A

F
O.1 A = R m + Ktan —
2
F
O 2 A = O2 L 2 -L 2 G-GA = RCc -G-Ktan-
2
Sin(180-<p) Sin0
F F
R„. +Ktan— RPc -G-Ktan —
2 2

95
 Sin(0 + F) Sin0
= where <p =0+F
F F
Rnl + Ktan — R. - G - Ktan —
2 2

SinO
IRm
+ Ktan —
2J + G + Ktan —F
- (8.2)
Sin(0 + F) 2
X = NH + HL = K + Rm 0 where '0' is in radians

7lRm0
=K+ where '0' is indegrees (8.3)
180

Note:
For PSC layout connecting curve will start from end of extended or
modified length ofK.

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

When the connections pertaining to curved lines are required to be laid

in the field, it will be prudent to fix the crossing first and then the entire
turnout and connecting curves are laid.

Distance ‘D’ between the two curved parallel tracks and radius of main
line ‘R.’ will be known from field surveying. Value of turnout
parameters will be known once we have decided the turnout.

Now from Eq 8.1, value of 0 will be calculated. Eq 8.2 will be used for
calculating the value of radius of connecting curve ‘R’. And Finally
‘X’ will be calculated from Eq 8.3. Point ‘L,’ will be decided from field
constraints to locate a point on loop. Then point 'L' will be marked
redially from point 'L/ on main line. Now with refemce to ‘L’, distance
‘X’ will be measured along the outer rail of curved main line to fix the
TNC. It may also happen that TNC is already fixed, then Point ‘L’ can
be fixed by measuring a distance ‘X’ along the outer rail of the curved
main line. After ‘L’ being fixed, ‘L/ can easily be fixed by field
surveying.

It is evident from the formulae, that value of connecting curve radius

‘Rc’ will be fixed for a given set of boundary conditions like ‘R„,’, ‘D’ &
turnout parameters. It may so happen that ‘Rc’ may or may not satisfy
the recommended radius of connecting curve.

96
Example 8.1

Calculate the radius of connecting curve ‘R’ and layout distance ‘X’ for
a connection between a curved main line and a curved parallel track at
4.725m distance. Connection being on the outside of the main line
without a straight after the heel ofcrossing by using 1 in8.5 crossing.

Given; K=3.123m, F=6°42 35, Rm = 450m

F
D - G - 2Ktan -

0 = 2tan
2Rm + D-G
2
Cot —2F

64235
4.725 - 1 .676 - 2 x 3.123tan
2 6 4235
= 2 tan Cot
2x450-4.725 -1.676 2

2.682857x17.0589 0 ' "

= 2tan = 5 49 33
903.049

SinO Rm + Ktan —
R =
I 2 J I- G + Ktan —F2
c Sin(0 + F)

s"
Sin 5°4933 x 450 + 3.123 x tan
2

Sin(5°4933 + 604235")

6 4235
+ 1.676 + 3.123 x tan = 212.395m
2
71 Rm 0 7tx450x 5 4933
= 3.123 + = 48.877m
180

97
Note:

Calculations as performed above are the direct calculations. But in

case of designing a layout connection, limiting the radius of the
connecting curve Rc’, it will be required to calculate the required
radius of curved main line so as to satify the predecided radius of
connecting curve. For such calculations, problem can best be solved
by ‘Trial & Error’process with a number of values of 'Rm’. A ready
made graph can also be prepared between Rm ’ & ‘Rc’for different
track centres for a given turnout, connection being on outside of main
line without a straight after the heel of crossing. If radius of main line
is predecided then track centres will have to be varied so as to ensure
that Rc the radius of connecting curve is not sharper than 22Om.

98
8.2 Connection between two curved parallel tracks.
Connection being on outside of main Line curve with a
straight between the heel of crossing and the connecting
curve

The author is against this type of layout unless ‘D’ is very large as
otherwise the ‘Re’ is reduced considerably because of a straight
between the heel of crossing and the connecting curve. For normal
distances of the loop line, the ‘R’will have prohibitive values unless ‘D’
is very very large. This layout as well as the layout discussed in previous
clause, three curves i.e. lead curve, connecting curve & parallel curved
line are laid and for good maintenance, it is very much desirable to have
the curves as large as possible.

Figure 8.2: Connection between two curved parallel tracks. Connection

being on outside of main line curve with a straight between
the heel of crossing and the connecting curve.

99
Formulae
L2 02 is extended upto P as same radial line. AQ is drawn parallel to
L2 P. O,QP is drawn normal from O, to AQ and L2P
R m = Radius of curved main line (outer rail) = O, H

Rc = Radius of connecting curve (outer rail) = O,L, = O2L2

S = Straight after the heel of crossing = L3L,=GL4
From the Geometry of the Fig 8.2,
GA =HA = K tan F/2
O,A = O.H+HA = Rm+K tan F/2
Let ZO2O,P = <P
In A O PO
1 2
O! O 2 =O1L1 - L।O 2 = O ] L + LL 3 —L j O2

= Rm +D-RC
O1P = O]Q + QP = O1ASinF + S where QP = GL4 =S
F F
= (R_m + Ktan — )SinF + S 1 = R„ + Altan —
where O,A
2 2
o2p = l4p-o2l4 =gq-02l4 = ga + aq-(o2l2 -l2l4)

F
= Ktan — + (R m —F
+ Ktan )CosF - (Rc - G)
F F
.-. O 2 P = (R m + Ktan -)CosF + Ktan - - (Rc
2 2
- G)

=o1p2+o2p2
Substituting the values of Oj O? ,0, P & 02 P in the above Equation;

9 r T?
r* i2
(R m + D -Rc ) = <GRm + Ktan— )SinF + S
C 1 2
F F
—
+ s (Rm + Ktan )CosF + Ktan — + G - Rc >

100
 F
(Rm +D) +RC -2(Rm + D)RC = (Rm + Ktan -)SinF + S
r nV
F
U F
+ (Rm + Ktan — )CosF + Ktan b G
I 2 2
+ Rc
2
— J
f 1
I 2
F
- 2RC s (Rm + Ktan — )CosF + Ktan
F
2 —
I- G > now solving for
J
Rc
2 f F
(Rm + D) - s (Rm + Ktan — )SinF + S
Rc
=72<Rm F
+D-(Rm + Ktan — )CosF - G - Kt
2
F F
(Rm + Ktan — )CosF + Ktan t G —
(8-4)
F F
2s R m + D - (R m + Ktan — )CosF - G - Ktan —

F
O,1 P (R m + Ktan — )SinF + S
?
Coscp = = (8.5)
0,02 Rm + D - Rc

In A AQ Oj , F + 6 + <p + 90 = 180 & hence 0 = 90 - (F + <p) (8.6)

7TRm0 7TRm{90-(F + <p)}

X = NH + HL =K+ =K+ (8.7)
180 180

Note :
For PSC layout, the straight so assumed should take into account the
extended straight length behind HOC due to prefixed inserts.

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

Distance ‘D’ between the two curved parallel tracks and radius ‘R’ of
main line will be known from field surveying. Value of turnout
parameters will be known once we have decided the type of turnout.
Now value of ‘S’ will have to be assumed. Then from Eq 8.4 value of
‘R’ will be calculated. Value of ‘cp’and finally ‘X’ can be calculated
from Eq 8.5, 8.6 & 8.7 respectively. Now TNC can be fixed easily as
discussed in the previous clause.

101
Example 8.2

A curved main line track of 600m radius is required to be connected to a

parallel siding at 4.725m distance on the outside by using a 60 Kg PSC,
1 in 12 turnout and with a straight portion of 10m behind the heel of
crossing. Calculate the various parameters for the layout.

Given: F = 4"4549 , K = 2.803m,K(modified) = 8.301m

Solution :
Since straight behind HOC is 10m, it is taking care of straight length
needed for fixity of inserts, hence K value as given above for CMS
crossing without modifying for PSC will be used in calculation.

r F 1
_ (Rm + Df-l(Rm + Ktan )SinF+Sl
> V 2 /

"c ( F F
2 j Rm+ D-^+Ktan^CosF-G-Ktan
|
( F F
j (Rm + Ktan- )CosF +Ktan-+G V
( f
2 Rm+ D-(Rm+Ktan—)
fn
CosF-G-Ktan- V
( m 2 2 J

0 ' "
2 4 45 49
(600+4.725)* -s (600+2.803xtan
2

O'" O'"
4 45 49 o'" 4 45 49
600 + 4.725 -(600+ 2.803 x tan -
)Cos4 45 49-1.676 2.803tan x
2 2

O'" O'"
4 45 49 O'" 4 45 49
< (600+2.803 x tan )Cos4 45 49 +2.803xtan +1.676
2 2

O'" 0 ' '

4 45 49 o'" 4 45 49
2< 600+4.725-(600+2.803xtan )Cos4 45 49 -1.676-2.803tan -
2 2

= 236.310 m

102
 F
(Rm + Ktan-)SinF+S
Costp = -

4°45'4Q"
(600+2.803xtan )Sin 4°45'49" +10
? = 0.15952055
600+4.725 -236.310
.-. <p = 80n49 15", therefore 0 = 90- (4°45’49" + 80°4915"= 4°3334"
A
_ y H, 71
v — Jv

= 2.803 +
m®
180
71X600 x 4.559
180

= 50.525m.

From the above examples, it is evident that introduction of straight

behind the heel of crossing is not desirable, since it reduces the
radius of connecting curve.

103
8.3 Connection between two curved parallel tracks.
Connection being on inside of main Line curve

Figure 8.3 : Connection between two curved parallel tracks.

Connection being on inside of main Line curve

104
Formulae
Join H with E and Draw a Line AB Parallel to HE
Rm = radius of curved main line (outer rail)

R c = radius of connecting curve (outer rail)

GA = AH = Ktan F/2

From the Geometry of the Fig 8.3,

InA0?HE (Isoceles Triangle) ZO,HE = ZO1EH

InA02AB,

Z O2A B = Z O2BA (AB is Parallel to HE)

In A 0] A B, Applying tan Formula,

ZO.B
a
A - ZO,1 A B O,1 A - O,1 B u
0
tan = Cot —
2 OjA + C^B 2

Z01BA-Z01AB = ZO1BA-^ZO2AB-ZO2AO1)
= zo1ba-zo2ab + zo2ao1 = f
A 0, HE & A 0,AB are similar triangles hence A 0, HE = A 0, EH
OR A 0, AB = A 0, BA = A 0,BA ( A 02 BA and A O BA being same angle).

F
0,A
11 = 0,M-MG-GA = Rmm -G-Ktan-
2
F
0,B
11 = 0, L - LE + EB= Rmm -D + Ktan —
2
F F
0,A-0,B
11 = Rm
-G-Ktan— -Rm + D-Ktan —
2 2

= D-G-2Ktan —F2
01A + 01B = Rln -G-Ktan —F + Rm -D
F
+ Ktan— = 2Rm -D-G

105
 F
rr
D - G - 2Ktan — Q
0
tan —
2
z
=
2R -D-G
— Cot —
2
0

m
F
D - G - 2Ktan £
2
0 = 2tan
( 2R rn
Cot —F2 (8.7)
V
InAOjO2A, 0 = F + <p .-.(p = e-F
applying Sin Fonnula,
Sin(0-F) Sin(180-0)
O,A O2A
O1 A = R m -G-Ktan —
F
2
F
O?A
2 = Rrc + Ktan —
2
Sin(0 - F) Sin0
~
F F
Rm - G - Ktan — R + Ktan —
2 2
F
Sin0(R - G - Ktan —) F
- Ktan — (8.8)
Sin(O-F) 2
X = NH + HL] , measured along inner rail of main line curve
7T(R - G)0
=K+ — where 0 is in degrees (8-9)
180

The value ofKorK (modified) has to be selected based on whether it is

PSC layout or otherwise

Note:
It may be observed that value of Rc can have a positive, infinate
or a negative value depending on ‘Rm\ ‘Sin (0 - F)’ & ‘D’, other
variables like ‘K’, ‘F’& ‘G’ being constant. Three type of connections
are possible in such layouts namely;

106
Typel 0 - F > 0 ,‘RC’ will be positive and then ‘Rc’ & ‘R^’
are in similar flexure.

Typel

Type II 0 - F = 0 , ‘Rc’ will be infinite, i.e. there will be no

curve between the heel of Xing and the siding and
the connections will be by means of a straight track.

Type II

Typelll 0 - F < 0 , ‘Rc’ will be negative, and therefore it will

be in reverse direction to the main line curve.

Type III

107
Example 8.3

A curved main line track of 500m radius is required to be connected to

a curved parallel siding at 4.725m distance, the connection being on the
inside of the curve by means of a 52 Kg, lin 12 PSC turnout. Calculate
the various parameters for the layout.

Given: F=4°45 49", K (modified) = 8.303m

Solution : This is case of 1 in 12 PSC layout, hence K(modified) as
given in annexure-III shall be used.

F
D-G-2Ktan-
0 = 2tan
1
<
2 Cot-
(2Rm -D-G) 2

4.725 - 1.676 - 2 x 8.303 x tan —

7
2
J Cot
4°4549
(2x500-4.725-1.676)X 2

= 6°3154 >F (Type I)

F
Sin0(Rm - G - Ktan — ) p
R
c
=
Sin(0 - F)
— - Ktan -
2

4°45’49"
Sin 6°31 54 (500 - 1.676 - 8.303 x tan )
R = -
C
Sin (6°31 54 - 4°45 49' )

4°4549
-8.303 x tan = 1835.628m
2
7l(Rm -G)0 x 6’31'54"
X=K+
180
= 8.303 + —71(500- 1.676)
180
= 65.082m

108
Example 8.4

In the previous example 8.3, if the connection is to be made with a

straight between the heel of crossing and the curved parallel track,
calculate the radius of curved main line and other parameters for the
layout.

Solution :

If it is to be with a straight line connection, then 0 =F. Substituting this

value in the equation 8.7. Since it is a PSC layout k(modified) will be
used in all calculations.

F)
D-G-2Ktan —
2J F
6 = 2tan 7 -^Cot-
(2Rm-D-G) 2

F
Cot-
( F 2
2Rm -D-G= D-G - 2Ktan -
I 2 0
tan —
2

D+G
2

4 4549" 4°4549
V
4.725 - 1.676 + 2 x 8.303 x tan Cot
2 2

4.725 + 1.676
H = 1080.788m
2
7T(R
m
- G)0 71(1080.788 - 1.676) x 4I)45'49"
180
= 98.021m

109
Example 8.5

A curved main line track of 2000m radius is required to be connected to

a curved parallel siding at a distance 4.725m apart. The connection
being on the inside of the main track by means of a 52 Kg, 1 in 12 PSC
turnout. Calculate the various parameters for the layout.

Given: F=4°45 49, K(modified) = 8.303m

Solution :

Fi
D-G-2Ktan —
2J F
0 = 2tan —
(2R -D-G)
Cot
2
—
m

4.725 - 1.676 - 2 x 8.303 x tan

2 4°45
,
> Cot
(2x2000-4.725-1.676) 2

= 1°53 30 < F (Type III)

F
Sin0 (R -G-Ktan-)
2 r
R = — - Ktan -
c Sin(0 - F) 2

0 •
Sinl 5330 (2000 - 1.676 - 3.834 x tan
4°4549
4’45'49"
R -8.303 x tan
c 2
Sin (1’53 30 - 4’4549')
= -1320.36 m (- indicates the reverse curve)
G)0 71(2000 - 1.676) x 1°5330'
—
'

X=K+ = 8.303 + - = 74.279m

180 180

110
8.4 Connection between a curved track to straight track, the
intersection being on the inside of the main line curve

Figure 8.4 : Connection between a curved track to straight track, the

intersection being on the inside of the main line curve

111
Formulae
R m = radius of curved main line (outer rail)

Rc = radius of connecting curve (outer rail)

A = Angle made by straight track with the tangent at a point where it
interacts with inner rail of curved track.
F
O,A
2 = O,2 H + HA = Rc +Ktan- = R 1 (say) v J7
2
F
O.A
1 = O,L.
111
-L.G-GA = R m -G-Ktan- = R 2 (say)
2
In A O ] O 2 A, apply Cos formula

O^2 = O,A2 +O2A2 -2xO1AxO,AxCosF

.-.oo
1 2
= Jr
V 1
+r
2
-2r r
1 2
CosF (8.io)

now applying Sine formula,

Sin0 SinF
O A 00
2 1 2
R SinF
1
Sin9 = -= (8.11)
Jr2
y i +r22 -2r,r
12
cosf

In A 0^0, ,

0,L = 0,M-LM = Rc -POj =RC -OjQCosA

= Rc -(01L2 -L2Q)CosA
= Rc -(Rm -G)CosA

0,L Rc -(Rm -G)CosA

Simp = o,o, = rj . = (8.12)
~7 _

112
From the geometry of the figure,

Z P Oj L = 90° therefore, A + \|/ + 0- <p = 90°

v = (90° + cp) - (0 + A)
X = NG + GQ
7l(Rra -G)V
=K+ — where y = (90 +<p)-(0 + A) (8.13)

Y = PQ - PM
= (Rm -G)SinA-O|L
= (Rm - G)SinA - O, O2Coscp

= (Rm - G)SinA - Jr^ + R^ - 2R] R, CosF Costp..(8.14)

Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

From the field survey, value of , Rm will be known. Once we have

decided the type of turnout, turnout parameters will also be known.
Assume suitable value of radius of connecting curve ‘Rc’. From Eq
8.13 & 8.14 , value of ‘X’& ‘Y’ can easily be calculated. From the field
survey, point Q on the inner rail of curved main line can be established.
Then by measuring along the inner rail of curved main line, a distance
equal to ‘X’, TNC can be fixed. After TNC getting fixed, rest of the
layout can be laid in the field.

Note:
For PSC layout K should be choosen from annexure-III as K( modified)
value.

113
Example 8.6

A curved track of 450m radius is required to be connected to a straight

track intersecting on the inside rail of the curved track at an angle of 50°.
The connection is to laid by means of 52 Kg, 1 in 12 PSC turnout with a
connecting curve radius of 300m. calculate the various parameters for
the turnout.

Given: F=4°45 49, K (modified) = 8.303m

Solution :
F
R.1 = R c. + Ktan —
2
4°4549
= 300 + 8.303 x tan = 300.345m
2

R,2 = R m - G - Ktan —F2

4°4549
= 450-1.676 - 8.303 x tan = 447.978m
2
RjSinF
SinO =
2 2
JR, + R2 -2R,R, CosF
300.345 x Sin 4°45 49

^300.345 2
+447.9782 - 2 x 300.345 x 447.978 x Cos4°4549
24,927

V22725.013
;. 0 = 9°3125
R
cm
- (R - G)CosA
c.
Smcp =-,
Jr, + R2 -2R1R2CosF
300 - (450 - 1.676)Cos50°
Simp = =
V227250.013

114
 cp = 4°2 153.6
y = 90 + 4°21 53.6 - (9°3125 + 50°) = 34°58'28.6"
^(Rm -G)V
X=K+ = 8.303 + —
-
71(450 1.676) x 34’5828.6
-
180 180
= 8.303 +273.667 = 281.97m

Y = (Rm - G)SinA - Or* + R2 -2R[R2CosF ^Coscp

= (450-1.676)Sin50° - (/22725.013 ) Cos 4’21'53.6'
= 193.152m

115
8.5 Connection between a curved track to straight track, the
intersection being on the outside of the main line curve

Figure 8.5 : Connection between a curved track to straight track, the

intersection being on the outside of the main line curve

116
Formulae
Rm = radius of curved main line (outer rail)
Rc = radius of connecting curve (outer rail)

A =Angle made by straight track with the tangent at point where it

intersects with outer rail of main line curve track.
F
Oj A = OjG + GA = Rc + Ktan— = Rj (say)

F
O, A
2 = CL2 H + HA = R m +Ktan— = R,2 (say)
v J
'
2
In A O j O 2 A, apply Cos formula

= 0,A2 +O,A2 -2xO|AxO2AxCosO1AO2

= R2 +R2 -2R|R,Cos(180-F)

a 0^2=
Jr2 +R22 +2R]R,CosF (8.1 5)

InAO1OO2,
0,0 O|Lj+L|O Rc + LLo
Cosm = = =
0,0, 0,02 0,02
where LL2 = Rm CosA
Rc + Rm CosA
Coscp = . (8.16)
JR2 +R2 +2R|R,CosF
InAOjAO., ,
Sin0 _ Sin(180-F)
OjA 0^2

117
 I R F
+Ktan— ISinF
Sin0 = .
I 2?
— (8-17)
JR2 + R2 +2R1R?CosF
lnAO|OO2, Sirup = —
0102
17 7 I
00, = JR’ + R; +2R1R2CosF Sirup

Y = 0L2 = 00, -L,02

= OjO^Sincp - Rm SinA

^R2 +R22 + 2Rj R2 CosF jsirup - Rm SinA (8.18)

InAOjOO,, 90 + 0 + \p + 90 - A + <p = 180

y = A - (cp + 0)

7tRm V
X = NH + HL = K + (8.19)
180
where = A - (<p + 0)
Interpretation of Formulae and Field Practicalities

From the field survey, value of ‘R/ and will be known. Once we have
decided the type of turnout, turnout parameters will also be known.
Assume suitable value of radius of connecting curve i.e. ‘Rc’. Now
calculate 0,0, from Eq 8.15. Once 0,0, is known, calculate cp from Eq
8.16. Calculate the value of 0, From Eq 8.1 7. Value of ‘Y’ & ‘X’ can be
calculated from Eq 8.18 & 8.19 respectively. From the field survey,
point ‘L’ on the outer rail of main line can be established. Then
measuring along the outer rail of main line a distance of ‘X’, TNC can
be easily fixed. After TNC getting fixed, rest of the layout can be laid in
the field. In above formula K needs to be replaced with K (modified) as
given in annexure - III forPSC layout.

118
Example 8.7

A curved track of 450m radius is required to be connected to a straight

track intersecting the outer rail of the curve at an angle of 30°. The
connection is to be laid by means of 60Kg (PSC), 1 in 8.5 turnout and a
connecting curve of 300m radius.

Given: F = 6’4235, K(modified) = 5.5 16m,R = 300m

F 6’42’35"
R.1 = R c + Ktan —2 = 300 + 5.516x tan = 300. 323m
2
F
R,2 =R m + Ktan
2
= 450 + 5. 5l6xtan-64235
2
=450.323m

Coscp = ,
Rc+RmCosA
^R[ +R22 +2R,R2CosF
300+450xCos30’
^300.3232 + 450.3232 +2 x 300.323 x 450. 325 xCos6’4235"
689.711
= 7561622.8083
689.711
749.411
= 0.9203 hence 9=23’128.3

SinO = ^R
^Rj2+R22
c + K tan SinF

+ 2 1R2RCosF
300.323 x Sin 6’42'35”
= 0.0468228
7561622.8083
.-.0= 2’411.43
V= A-(q>+0) = 30° -(23’128.3+2’41 1.43y
= 4’1730.27
^450x4’17 30.27"
X = K'+
^ 180
= 5.516+ 180
= 39 223m

Y “Qr,2 + R,2 + 2R, R, Cos F Sin cp - Rm Sin A

= 749.41 Sin 23° 1' 28.3” - 450 Sin 30’
= 68.113 m
119
 Chapter 9

Crossover Connection between two Curved Parallel

Tracks

Figure 9.1 : Crossover connection between two curved parallel tracks

Tan F/2 = 0.0586

120
Formulae

Rm = radius of curved main line (outer rail)

Rc = radius of connecting curve (outer rail)

InA OjAjC^, zOjAjOj =F
F
O.A,
11
=0,H,
11
+H.A. R +Ktan —
11 = m
2
F
2 1 = 0,L
0,A -L G. -G. A = R c -G-Ktan-
2 11111
2

OjO) =OjA^ +O2A^ -2x0^] xO^CosF

I f) ( fYR Ktan f)
+ G + Ktan — + 2CosF G + Ktan — + — (8.20)
V 2 J I 2>Vm 2j

121
InA 012
A 0 2 , zOAO,
12 2 =F
F
12 = 0.L,
0.A, -L,G, -G,At =R m + D-G-Ktan —
122222
2
F
0, A^
2 R
2c = + Ktan —
2

OjO22 =0^2 +O2A,2 +2xOjA2 xO,A, xCosF

FV Fl
-2 R„ + D - G - Ktan — Rc + Ktan — CosF
I 2A 2

=R + 2RC Ktan —2F +

( F) | F) F
-2RC Rm + D-G -Ktan- CosF -2CosF Rm + D - G -Ktan— Ktan —

f"|
-2R + D - G - Ktan — CosF - Ktan
J
2 2
—F

( R„ FA F
- 2CosF + D - G - Ktan — Ktan — (8.21)
I 2j 2

122
Equating the Eq 8.20 & 8.21 for solving Rc

F f f')
2R Rmm + D - G - Ktan — CosF - Ktan — - G + Ktan —
2 J 2 2 J

— 2CosFI Ktan—2 A Rm +D-G-Ktan —

2

f fY
+ G + Ktan — R m + Ktan —
fA
k 2A 2 J

In A 0] A, O2 , applying Cos formula

ZA,O1O2 S^S, - a)
Cos (8.23)
2 be
ZA^C^ = 180 — ( ZA,OjO2 + F) (8.24)

A,O2 +O,A, +O,O2

where S,1 =
2

123
In A O t A 2 O n , applying Cos formula,

ZA2O,O2 IS2(S2 - a)
Cos =J (8.25)
2 V be
ZA2O2O, = 180-(ZA2O1O2 +F) (8.26)

A?O9 +O|A2 +OjO2

where S,2 =
2
•. e = za1o1o2 -za2O!O2
<p = ZA2O2O -ZAjOjOj
71 Rm 9 kd
X= + 2K - (8.27)
180 Rm
where '0' is in Degrees. X is measured along outer rail of main line
curve from Nose N,to radially projected point N2
KD
is the projection of values of 'K' from the outer curve
Rm to inner curve

71 x Rc x cp
S= where ' <p' is in Degrees

Note:

When we introduce straight crossing on curves, we introduce kinks on

the junction of the crossings on either end. The curve is allowed to
maintain same curve outside. Similar kinks will appear on the ends of
crossings on the connecting track. In some countries the main line
curves are realigned after introducing crossings. This type of layouts
are only suitable when the main line curve is fairly easy. It is found that
if these calculations are being done by assuming them as that for
crossover connection between two straight parallel tracks, the
difference between them is negligible. If we calculate for ‘X’ assuming
them as two straight parallel track at a track centre of‘D’, then,
F
X = DCotF - GCot -
2

124
Example 9.1

A 60 Kg PSC, 1 in 12 cross-over is required to be laid between two

curved parallel tracks. Assuming the radius of the outer rail of the inner
track as 1000m and the track centre as 5m. Calculate the various
parameters for the layout.

Given: F=4°45 49 , K= 8.303m

Solution :

(2Rm +D-G) ^D-G-2Ktan| j-G^G+2Ktan|^

DCosF-^G+2Ktan^(l+CosF)
2CosF (2Rm +D)^Ktan^+Rm G
2 DCosF-lI G+2Ktan—F\l(l+CosF)

Numerator of first component

F ( FA
(2Rm +D-G) D - G - 2Ktan - -G G + 2Ktan -
2 J I 2)

h
= (2x1000 + 5-1.676) 5-1.676-2X 8.303xtan 4°4549
2 J
4"4549
-1.676 1.676 + 2x8.303* tan
2

= 5275.322 -3.967 = 5271.355

Numerator of second component

2CosF (2Rm + d)( Ktan — j + Rm G

125
 (2x1000 + 5) 4°4549
2xCos 4°45’49" 8.303 x tan + 1000x1.676
2

= 4720.5217
Denominator (same for both numerator)

2 5xCos 4"4549 1.676 + 2x 8.303 x tan

4°4549 4°45'49"
= 1+Cos
2

= 0.51494
5271.355 -4720.5217
Rc = = 1069.703m
0.51494
for solving 0' '
F 4°4549" 1000.345m
O,1 A,I = R m + Ktan 2- = 1000 + 8.303 x tan 2
=
F 4°4549"
O.A.
2 1
=R c -G-Ktan = 1069.703-1.676- 8.303xtan 2
= 1067.682

„
S=
1
J
2
_
OjO2 = 1000.3452 + 1067.6822 - 2 x 1000.345 x 1067.682 x Cos4"45'49"
= 109.145
1000.345+1067.682+ 109.145
= 1050.80m

Cos ^10102
2
- /1088-586
V
(1000.345) - 1067.682
1 000.345 x 109.k5
••■ZA|O|O2 = 125°4023.3
F
O.A
1 2 =Rn.m +D-G-Ktan —2
4"4549
= 1000 + 5 -1.676 - 8.303 X tan 2 = 1002.978
F 4°45’49"
O2A, =Rc + Ktan = 1069.703+ 8.303 x tan
-
= 1070.048
o 1002,978 + 1070.048+ 109.145 1AQ1
iuvi.uod
2
2
126
 Cos
^A2^^2
2
= I 1 002-978+ 1070.048 + 109.145
V 1002.978x109.0145
ZAjOjOj = 125°2946.4

0 = ZA1O1O2 -ZA2OjO2 = 125'4023.3 - I25"2946.4

= 0°1036.84

71X1000x 0 10 36.84 n o „„„ 8.303X 5

180
+ 2 X 8.303
1000
= 19.652
If we solve the above problem as that for crossover connection
between straight parallel tracks, then

F 4<,4549"
X = DCotF - GCot - = 5x12-1.676 x Cot = 19.7 Im
2 2
The difference between the two values is (19.71 - 19.652) = 5.8cm

Note :
It can be seen that the difference over length of cross-over when
calculated treating the two two curved lines as parallel is of very small
magnitude. Hence for ease of calculation if done manually it would be a
acceptable practice to calculate layout parameters for cross-over
treating the two curved lines as parallel straight, for the benefit of
readers the difference in overall length for various degree of curvature
and track centre of 5.3m are given as under.

Radius of X-over O.L.treating O.L.treating Difference

Curve type as curve as straight in mm
2 1 in 12 97.513 97.578 65
3 1 in 12 97.481 97.578 97
4 1 in 12 97.449 97.578 129
5 1 in 12 97.416 97.578 162

127
 Chapter No. 10

Special Layout Cases with PSC Sleepers

10.1 General:

In a typical yard many times we may encounter a situation where

special lay out such as diamond, ladder, double junction or a WYE
connection etc. need to be provided for facilitating traffic flow. Each
such special layout will have to be designed as per the site features and
constraints. However in this chapter efforts have been made to take
normally prevailing site conditions and then the solution is given in
more generalized way so as to be useful in most of the situation.

The special cases considered are

(1) WYE connection

(2) Gathering lines
(3) Doublejunction
(4) Diamond connection
(5) Cross over between two tracks of varying track geometry

All the cases will be considered only for PSC layouts.

1 0.2 WYE (Y) connection :

These are used for turning engines or for directly taking a train from
main line to other branch line without undergoing engine reversal at
main yard. These turnouts are laid with 1 in 8.5 turnouts if the WYE
connection is used only for engine reversal. However if the coaching
trains are to negotiate WYE connection for movement from main line
to branch line or vice-versa, it may require connection withl in 12
turnout on main line and with 1 in 8.5 symmetrical split on branch line
for further raising speed potential. Flatter turnouts may also be used .

A. Triangle connection from a straight main line:-

Refer fig 10.1. On straight main line two turnout with Xing angle F1 are
taking off and they are joining the two legs of a symmetrical split
turnout having Xing angle F2 at M and L. To lay a triangle the distance
between P, and P2 on straight track and the height 'P3E' from Centre line
of straight track is needed. Radius of connecting curve Rc will have to
be assumed.

128
 In triangle 0,N 02,
F
0,N= 02N= + B, Tan ,ZN=180-F2
F
0,02 = 2 O, N Cos = O,Q + QO2

Hence,
F F
0,0, = 2 (Rc +B,tan -y ) Cos -y
F F
= 2 (Re Cos + B,Sin -y)
F
0,Q = O,Q = RcCos —F,y+B, Sin -y
In O, HW,

0,H = Rc +B, tan F, and Z O, = F, and Z 0, WH = 90°

/. WH = (RC+B, tanF,) SinF,

O2W = (Rc +B, tan F,) Cos F,

= (Rc Cos F,+ B,Sin F,)
Triangle O2 HW and O, J S are congruent, therefore
O,J = O2H , JS = WH , and Also P, H = P,J = B, Sec F,
A P,P2= 2(WE + P,W) = 2 (02 Q + P,H - HW)
F F
= 2 [ Rc Cos -y + B, Sin -~+ B, Sec F, - (Rc + B, tan F,) Sin F,]

F F
X = 2[RC (Cos^- - Sin F, ) + B, Sin -y- + B, (Sec F, - Sin F, tan F,]

F F
= 2[Rc(Cos-^- - Sin F,) + B, Sin +B,CosF,] (10.1)

129
 Figure 10.1

Now, to locate P3:

The distance E P3 (i.e. Z) is neaded
EP3 = O2W + P3Q
= O,W + P3N -QN
F F
= (Rc CosFj + B, Sin FJ + B, Sec O,Q Tan

F F
= Rc Cos F, + B, Sin F, + B, Sec - (Rc Cos B,
p p
Sin tan
F F
= Rc Cos F, + B, Sin F, + B, Sec
2
- (Rc Sin
2
B,
p p
Sin^-
2
tan
2
)
F F
Z = Rc (CosF, - Sin ) + B, Sin F, + B, Cos (10.2)

130
Interpretation of Formulae and field Application:

First of all Radius of connecting curve is assumed. Then calculate

distance Z as per formulae 10.2 then draw a line parallel to straight main
line track by drawing two perpendicular lines of length Z from base
main line and then join them. This parallel line will cut the third line of
triangle at P3. From P3 draw a perpendicular on main line track to meet
at ‘E’. From E measure X/2 on either side to locate P and P2. Thus all
the intersection points of Triangle are located. After Knowing P15 P2
and P3 their SRJs SJ„ SJ2 and SJ3 can be located and hence all three
turnout can be laid. After locating P1 P2 and P3 location of M, L H and
J, is established. Now locate the connecting curve between
H,MandJ,L.

B. Triangle connection from a curved main line i.e. all three

sides of triangle curved:

In this case the main line is curve of radius Rml which is to be provided
with a triangle. In such a connection it is more economical in space if
we provide all the crossings with 1 in 8.5. The problem gets further
simplified if radius of connecting curve is also made same as that of
radius of main line. In that case triangle (hOT), becomes an equilateral
triangle with all angles as 60°. Please refer Figure 10.2. Here we have
considered triangle on curved lines with all crossings as 1 in 8.5 and
radius of connecting curve same as radius of main line.

Without going in to details of derivation we will directly use the

formulae. Here we have to calculate angle “0” so as to calculate “X” and
then calculate apex distance N2C to locate all Nose of crossings of all
the three sides. FromFigl0.2;

O.A, = O,A3 = Rm + K Tan F/2

O3 A2 = O, A2 = Rc+K tanF/2
O, O2 = O, O3 = V {(Rm +K Tan F/2)2 +(R +KTanF/2)2 -
2 x (Rm+KTanF/2) x (R + K TanF/2) xCosF}
In triangle O, A2 O3
O2 O, = 2 (Rc+KTanF/2)Cos F/2
From triangle O, O, L
^(0' °2)2 ~ (°2 °3) /4 !
0+20- 2 Cos'1 (10.3)
o, o2

131
From triangle 0,03a,

=2 Cos1
, (O, 02 + 0,A)2 - (O, A)2
0 2 0,Ax0,02 (10.4)
Form this first find 0 and then angle 0 from above equations.

Figure 10.2
After calculating value of 0, then distance M, M3, i.e. ‘X’ is given by
(27iRm0)
X= (10.5)
360
Distance from Nose N, to N3 is ‘X’ +2K
The height of the crossing at apex is given by ‘Z’
Z = CN2 = O,L + N2L-O,C
= o,l + n2a2-a2l-o,c

132
 / F F
Z= CN2 = y! R„ + K Tan-y- )2 + (R + K Tan-y )2 -
F F
2 x (R^ + K Tan —) x (R + K Tan— ) CosF} x Cos (0/2 +0)
F F F
+ K Sec y- - (R + K Tan y- ) x Sin— - R,„ .. (10.6 )
Field Practicalities and implementation :

First mark central point on the main line C. then measure X/2 on either
side to locate Mj and M3. SJ , and SJ3 can be located as per RDSO
drawing. Then from C measure vertical height Z’ to locate N2. After
locating N2, SJ2 can easily be located.

10.4 Two converging or diverging lines are to be connected

by triangle :

Figure 10.3
Formulae : See Figure 10.3

(F,+F2+0)
T, = Rc tan [90 - = T
12
2
EM! = GM2 =B, tanF,
(F,+F2+0)
M,M2= T2 = Rc tan[90
2
M,D = T, Tan F,

133
p2d = b2+t,+gm2 +m2d
(F,+F,+0)
= B, +Rr tan [90 - v 1 '
] + B, tan F, +

(F.+F,+0)
Rc tan [90 -
2
] tan F,
tF +F +0)
= (B, + B, tan F,) + R. tan (90 - —
-2-! -- (1+ tan F,)

In triangle P2 D A, P2 D is calculated as above, angle 0 & F2 are known

hence other sides can be calculated by applying sign rule

P2A _ P,D
(Sin D) (Sin 0)

P,DSinD
A P,A = .Q.
=X
(Sin 0)

(B,+B, tanF,) (F,+F,+0)

‘X’ = ———1 — (RC tan (90 - 7
' 2 7
2
) x Sin (90+F,)
(Sin 0)
(W.7)

Similarly

J3A = P^ ORDA =
(Sin F2) (Sin 0) (Sin 0)
(F,+F,+0)
(Sin F, (B2+B, tanF,) + {RC tan (90 - } 0+ tan F,)
DA = ——
(Sin 9)
2

(10.8)
A P, A = P,M, +M,D+DA = Y
A Y = B, Sec F, +M, M, Sec F, +DA
Hence

Y = B, Sec F, +Rc tan (90 -

(F-+^+8) ) Sec F, +

(B2+B, tan F.) + (RC tan (90 - (1+ tan F,)

(bin z
( io.9 )

134
Field Implementation:

First find or locate the intersection of two converging lines ‘A’ then
locate point P, and P2 at distance ‘X’ and ‘Y’ as calculated above. The
radius of connecting curves Rt has to be assumed suitably and angle
'0A'needs to be measured from field survey.

10.5 Gathering Lines:

Gathering lines or ladder track is laid to cater for shunting or receiving

trains in multiple lines in a big yard. Ladder track is one in which a
number of parallel tracks merge. Two types of gathering lines are
discussed below.

A) Gathering lines laid at an angle of crossing :

Referfigure 10.4

Figure 10.4

This is the simplest and most commonly adopted layout for gathering
lines especially in a passenger yard. In this layout, distance Po P,, P1 P2,
P2 P3 etc. are equal and this distance ‘LL’ is greater than the overall
length of turnout. The best method to lay a gathering line is by
coordinate of other deflection points, P , , P2 etc with reference to the first
deflection point Po (point of intersection of first point taking off from
base line).

135
The distance between two parallel line can be decided based on space
available or the minimum track Centre as per SOD.
D
Length, LL =
(Sin F)
X = X, = D Cot F
X2= 2 XI
X3 =3X1 etc.
Y = Y, = D
Y, = 2D
Y3 = 3D

In this case length LL is more than the overall length of turnout i.e. A +
B. Hence a cut rail of required length equal to LL - (A + B) has to be
inserted between HOC of previous point and SRJ of next point. The
ladder is a straight line up to last point.

Field practicalities & implementation

Depending upon choice of crossings angle F, the intersection point Po is

first decided as per site condition. Track center D is decided and all
coordinates are worked out. Then center line of ladder Po - P4 is marked,
then marking of various P„ P2, P3 etc. is done from known coordinates
XpY, etc. SRJ andHOC, can be marked from known values of A and B
parameters of turnouts. The length of cut rail to be provided between
HOC of previous point and SRJ of next point is to be decided based on
LL - (A+B). Since this is a straight line arrangement B need not to be
replaced by B (modified).

B) Ladder at Limiting Angle :

Limiting angle for a ladder is the desired angle at which the same can be
inclined to the parallel tracks. This angle is directly proportional to the
distance between two tracks and inversely proportional to the overall
length of the turnout.

136
Ladder at limiting angle is required only when space available is
limited. Here the turnout are laid butting against each other except
between the first two turnouts where a curve is introduced to deflect the
gathering line to the limiting angle ‘Q’. However in case of PSC layout
we need to introduce a straight length minimum 3.3m for 1 in 8.5 and
5.5m for 1 in 12 forprefixed inserts of common long sleepers. Since in
such a ladder. 1 in 8.5 turnout is used most of the time a ‘4m’ or 6.5m cut
rail (or a glued joint if required for signaling purpose) can be provided
from first point of ladder onward(i.e. P1 onward) . This is denoted as ‘S’
inFig 10.5.

Q min = Sm
, D
(A+B+S)
Where ‘S’ is inclusive of joint gaps, if gaps or welding is provided

(Q-F)
Tangent T =Rtan

137
First turnout is provided with SRJ located at SJ and intersection point at
Po. Next point on ladder can be provided either immediately after the
curved portion i.e. locating next SRJ at “E” or after providing a straight
S or S, after curve and locating SJ, at G.

It would be better to create a space between base line and first point on
ladder ‘P,’ so that another line QHJ can be provided. Accordingly the
length of straight ‘S,’ between turnout base line and first point on ladder
is provided. Let Dmin, is be the gap between base line and first line of
ladder with no additional line in between and Dmin2 be the gap between
base line and first line of ladder with additional line as shown in blue
color in between the two.

Case-1 ; S, = 0, SJ, lies immediately after curve

Dmin, = (B+T) {SinF+Sin(Q-F)} + (T+A)SinQ
Case -2 ; SJ, after S,
Dmin2 = (B+T) {SinF+Sin(Q-F)} + (T+A+S,) SinQ
To insert another line HJ, Dmin2 should be equal to 2D. Hence equating
this equation to 2D, value of S„ to be provided canbe calculated.
Coordinates of P„ P2, and P3 etc. for both the cases shall be give as
under,
Case - 1
Coordinates ofP,;
X, = (B+T) Cos F + (T+A) Cos Q
Y, = (B+T) Sin F + (T+A) SinQ
Coordinates ofP,
X2= X,+D Cot Q, also = X, + (B+'S' +A) Cos Q
y2 =y,+d
Coordinates of P,
X3 = X2+D Cot Q, also = X, + (B+’S' +A) Cos Q
y3=y2+d
Case - 2 ; With additional line in between base line and first ladder
point.
Coordinates ofP,
X, = (B+T) Cos F + (T+S,+A) Cos Q
Y, = (B+T) Sin F + (T+S,+A) SinQ

138
Coordinates ofP2
X2 = X1+DCotQ
Y, =Y,+ D
Coordinates of P,
X3 = X,+D Cot Q
Y3=Y2 + D
Note
For PSC layout B (modified) is taken for taking care of fixity of inserts of
long common sleepers. For values of 'S’ if a cut rail of I, m is chosen to
be provided between HOC of previous point starting from Pl and SRJ
of next point, then value of ‘S’ shall be I - 3.3m for 1 in 8.5 and I- 5.5m
for 1 in 12 turn out. Thevalue of S is not affected this way.

Field practicalities & implementation:-

Choose appropriate track center distance following SOD. Choose

length of cut rail S3 and S to be provided or calculated. Calculate T,
Calculate Dmin, depending on whether you want additional line
between base line and first point of the ladder.

P»C = (Sm Q)
x Sin (Q-F), from Po.

Calculate angle Qmin, locate SJ at base line, mark Po and locate point C,
i.e. the foot of the ladder line at distance P0C. Draw center line of ladder
from ‘C’ at an angle Q, Mark various points P„ P2, P3 etc on ladder at
limiting angle ‘Q’ , then locate various SRJs and HOCs. Connect them
with pre decided value of S & S1 as above.

10.6 Cross overs in double junction layouts in multiple track

Cross over in double junction layouts are laid generally in multiple
tracks usually in suburban sections. These are used for directing trains
from slow lines to fast lines e.g. from DN slow to DN fast or vice-versa.
Such crossings involves one diamond of 1 in 8.5 between two track
with 1 in 8.5 or 1 in 12 turnouts on either side tracks, as can be seen from
following figure. In Figure 10.6 A& B indicate diamonds and C & D
indicate normal turnouts either 1 in 12 or 1 in 8.5. The diamond at line 2
or 4 are to be assembled as per standard RDSO drawing for which
desired minimum straight length along long diagonal is required.
Accordingly minimum track centre is needed to cater for this minimum
diagonal length and also turnouts on either side. Two arrangements of 1
in 8.5 diamond with 1 in 8.5 turnouts on either side & 1 in 12 turnouts on
either side have been discussed.

139
 UP Fast

Figure 10.6
A) With 1 in 8.5 diamond and 1 in 8.5 turnouts on either side.

This is a simple arrangement and can be easily understood and laid in

field. Ref Fig 10.7.
Let “D” be the track centre, F is the crossing angle.
Then the total length
P, P2 = 2D cosec F
The straight length RE for providing diamond is “LL”.
LL = RE =2 D cosec F - 2B (10.6)

For PSC layout turnout and diamond, care for accommodating

common long sleepers has to be taken while deciding the track centre or
for providing the double junction with 1 in 8.5 turnouts on either side.
However provision of 1 in 8.5 turnouts will impede the speed of
passenger trains, which may not be desirable. Hence in most of the
cases the double junction is provided with 1 in 12 turnouts on either side
as discussed below.

Figure 10.7

140
B) Double junction with 1 in 8.5 diamond and 1 in 12 turnouts
on either side ; Refer Fig 10.8

P & P2 are intersection points and SJ, SJ2 are stock rail joints for 1 in 12
turnouts, on the two outer tracks.

Fj is crossing angle of 1 in 12 turnout, F2 is angle corresponding to 1 in

8.5 diamond crossing. S, & S4 points are at end of K (modified) after
HOC and are joining with diamond at S2& S3 with curve having tangent
length “T”.

Let us assume radius of connecting curve as ”R” , then;

F F
T = Rtan( -^-L)
2
Let track centre be D ,& D2 as shown in Fig 10.8, then from triangle
0^,0,'
0,0} = (B+T) SinF,
lo,=d,-o,o;
= D2-(B+T) SinF,
Then from triangle L O, O
0,0= LO, Cosec F,
= {D2-(B+T)SinF,} Cosec F2
Similarly from triangle O, P2 02
O2O2 = (B+T) Sin F, ; and,
O2Lj = D,-O2O2
= D, -(B+T) SinF,
Then; O O2 = O,L, cosec F2
= {D,-(B+T)SinF,} Cosec F,
The length available for laying diamond is S2 S3 represented as “LL” ,
then
LL = O,O2-2T=O, 0+00.-2T
={D2-(B+T)SinF,} Cosec F.+ {D,-(B+T) SinF,} Cosec F2-2T
= (D,+D,) Cosec F2 - 2 (B+T) Sin F, Cosec F, - 2T
OR = {(D2+D,)-2(B+T)SinF,} CosecF2-2T
Since this is the entire length for laying diamond, it has to satisfy the
minimum required length for laying diamond as per RDSO standard
drawing, say (L,)

141
Further to lay the curve of connecting radius ‘R’, as assumed, minimum
track center D, & D2 shall be calculated as under:
In Triangle P, O E
P, O, = B+T

D, Cosec F, (i.e. E,O) - E,©, - O, S2 >

OR D2 Cosec F,-
(B+T)
(SinF2)
SinF,-^ —
LL

OR D, Cosec F, -{(B+T)Sin F,} Cosec F2- T —

LL

LL
OR {D2-(B+T)Sin FJ Cosec F2 > —
Similarly on other side
LL
{D,-(B+T)Sin FJ CosecF, > —

142
To find co-ordinates of S2 and S, and distance “X” between P, & P2
and overall length of crossover from SJ , to SJ2 on X axis.
Coordinates ofS2:
Xt = (B+T)CosF,+TCosF,
Y, = (B+T)SinF,+TSinF2
Coordinates ofS3:
X2 = X,+ S,S3CosF2
= Xj+tftD.+D.PCB+T^inFJ CosecF,-2T] CosF2
Y, = Y1 + S2S3SinF2
= Y,+ [{(D2+D,)-2(B+T)Sin F, } Cosec F, -2 T] Sin F2
Distance “X”
X = 2(B+T)CosF, + (2T+S2S3)CosF2
= 2(B+T)CosF, + [2T+{(D,+Dl)-2(B+T)SinFl} CosecF,-2T]CosF2
= 2(B+T)CosF, + {(D2+D1)-2(B+T)SinFl} CotF2
Overall length from SJ, to SJ,
OL = X + 2A
Here it maybe noted that on either side same crossing angle F1 has been
taken because there is no advantage taking different crossing angle, as
the speed of trains will be governed by the speed of shortest crossing
angle. As a general practice, the radius of connecting curve may be
selected based on the type of crossing of turnouts. For PSC layout B
(modified) has to used for B.

Field Practicalities & Implementation :

First the type of turnouts to be provided shall be decided. It is better to

provide 1 in12 or 1 in 16 turnouts for increased speed potential. Then
location of one of the SRJ to be fixed. Thereafter with the assumed
radius “R” for connecting curve, track centre D„ D2 and turnout
parameters. Coordinates of S2 & S3 will be calculated including
tangent length T. Then location of P2 shall be marked at distance “X”
from P . Diamond shall be laid between S2 & S3.

Note : In software developed by Shri. MS Ekbote it has been assumed

that 1 in 12 turnout is to be connected with 1 in 8.5 diamond.

143
Example 1:

Lay one double junction layout in multiple line connecting DN slow to

DN fast having track centres D, = 5.3 & D, = 5.5 m with PSC 1 in 12
turnouts on either side & lin 8.5 diamond in between. Length of
diamond as per RDSO drawing (On PSC layout upto long sleepers from
one end to the other) is 34.672m.
Given:
For 1 in 12 PSC layout
A = 16.929, B (modified) = 28.592m
Fl= 4 '4549 , xing angle for diamond, F2 = 6°4235
Solution:
Let radius of connecting curve = 440 m.

T = R tan
2
= 440 tan ((6°42'35" - 4°45 49")/2)

= 7.473m.
Length available for diamond Xing L, from formulae
LL ={(D2+D,)-2(B + T)Sin FJ Cosec F, -2T
/.LL ={(5.3+5.5)-2(28.592+7.473)Sin 4°45'49"} x Cosec 6°4235"
-2x7.473 = 26.221m
Which is less than the minimum required for laying 1 in 12 T/O and
1 in 8.5 diamond on PSC (34.672 m)
Hence double junction with 1 in 12 Turnout on either side with radius
of connecting curve of 440 m and PSC diamond of 1 in 8.5 cannot be
laid with the given track centre.

There are following alternatives to provide a double junction in this case.

1. Increase the track centre.
2. Reduce the connecting curve radius
3. Provide 1 in 8.5 Turnouts on either side.
Option no. 2 & 3 will result in reductionof speed potential. Option
no.l is better one provided space for increasing the track centre is
available.
144
Example! :

What is the minimum track centre required to accommodate double

junction with above detail as given in previous example. Assume
D, = D2,
L (Length of diamond) =34.672m.

Solution:

Assuming connecting curve radius to be 440 m. So that T = 7.473m.

LL = 34.672 ={2D - 2(B + T)SinF,} Cosec F2- 2T
= {2D - 2(28.592+7.473)Sin 4°45' 49"} x Cosec 6°42’35”
- 2x7.473
OR 2D = (49.618 x Sin 6°42’35” + 5.99)
OR D = 5.894 m. Say 5.9.

Example : 3

What is the minimum track centre distance required to provide

double junction arrangement with 1 in 8.5 T/Outs on either and 1 in
8.5 diamond crossing on PSC layout.
Given A = 12.025m, B = 19.786
LL = 34.672m
Solution:
From equation 10.6
Length LL = 2D Cosec F - 2 B

34.672 = 2 D Cosec 6°42’35” -2 (19.786)

(34.672+ 2 (19.786)
Or D = =4.341 m Say 4.35m
(2 Coxe 6’42'35 )

Hence if track centres are limited or less than 5.9m, then we can go
for double junction with 1 in 8.5 turnouts on either side.

145
10.7 Cross over between two lines of undefined and
mixed alignment

Sometimes there can be a situation where a cross over is to be laid

between two loops or one siding and a loop which have highly irregular
and mixed alignment of track. It means whatever cases we have
covered in this book for provision of cross over between two lines, does
not fit in any case discussed earlier.

Consider following figure, where a cross over needs to be provided

between line O, O, and O, O4.

We can see that both the lines are quite distributed and does not have a
defined alignment instead it follows a mixed alignment. The track
centre is non uniform, the line consists of curve and straight lines. The
requirement is to provide a crossover between LL' & L2L'2 which are
say 200m apart.

146
Two methods of solving such problems are discussed as under:

A) Manual Trial & Error method

In this method the crossover has to be provided without any calculation,

but by placing individual black boxes (turnout) key diagram on either
line of required crossing angle depending upon the track centre distance
and space availability. Then these two turnouts are to be joined with
combination of straight and curve as explained below;
1. First survey the area and plot both the lines on a drawing with
all features on a predefined sale. The horizontal and vertical
scale should be same.
2. Between LjL,’ & L2L2’ we can locate a suitable patch say A! A,
on O3 O4 line and another patch B2 B3 on line O,O2, let it be a
curve patch of some degree of curvature. Let us decide to
provide a turnout of crossing angle F, (Either 1 in 12 or 1 in
8.5) on line O,O2. Then suitably place a black box of this
crossing angle on straight patch which may require a straight
length of approximately 33 m for 1 in 8.5 and about 46m for 1
in 12, as shown A^, C3C2 where P, is intersection point.
3. Next Place another black box on second line O3 O4. This can
be either a “curved black box” or straight line black box
depending upon whether it falls on curved portion of track or
straight patch of the track. Let us assume that here it falls on
curved part B2 B3, hence place a curve black box i.e. only
crossing portion, as shown by E,E2E3.
4. After placing the two black boxes, the next step is to join C &
E2 by a curve or a combination of straight line and suitable
curve. This completes the laying of cross over. Here it is to be
ensured that while placing these two black boxes all
provisions of P-Way Manual i.e. lead radius and tum-in-curve
radius etc are followed.

B) Graphical Method

This is more scientific and simple method, applicable for all kinds of
layouts.

147
Alignment of turnout :

By examining the key diagram of standard turnout, the alignment of the

turnout can be described as under: (say for 1 in 12: 60 Kg fan shaped
Turnout):

a) Straight from SRJ to Actual Toe of Switch (ATS). At ATS it

changes direction at an angle called switch entry angle.
b) Beyond ATS, up to Toe of Crossing (TOC), it changes
direction and follows a circular curve passing through heel of
switch (HOS).
c) At TOC the alignment again changes direction and is straight
up to Heel of Crossing (HOC) for a length equal to length of
crossing.
d) From HOC up to last long sleeper (LLS), due to pre¬
positioned inserts, the alignment follows the same straight or
curve as that of main line i.e. if main line is straight, the
alignment in this portion will be straight. In case the main line
is curved the alignment in this portion will be a curve
tangential to straight of crossing, having the same curvature as
that of main line.

The table 1 on next page gives above dimensions with good

approximation for lin 8-1/2, 1 in 12, 1 in 16 and 1 in 20 IRS curved fan
shaped turnouts with CMS crossings.

The turnout alignment from SRJ to LLS (last long sleeper) is fixed as
per the designs and the curvature only varies as per the main line
geometry. The alignment beyond LLS can be designed based on the
field requirement. In case of connection to other line, the alignment can
be designed beyond the LLS up to the point of connection (PC). In case
of crossovers, the alignment can be designed between LLS to LLS of
connecting turnouts. The connection can be straight, single circular
curve or a reverse curve depending upon the field conditions which
vary depending upon type of turnouts, geometry of main lines, track
centres and available space between SRJ to SRJ.

148
 CCROMSINSG
WITH
10.10
LAYOUT Figure
12
IN
1

OF

DKIAEGRYM

149
 (mm) TOC to HOS
1731 24 84 34084 4 37
(mm) line LA
LA *
main from TOC at Offset LA CM LA LA

(mm) line main 0c o

oo 0c 00
along ANCtoTOC

crosing)
o D

(mm) LLS to Up HOC o o 0c o

O o 0c
beyond sleepers Long LA

geomtry CwiMthS
LU LA o0 o

(mm) leg crossing LA

bU
os o
along d measure TOC to TNC bU LA os os

turnot
of
layout (mm) leg crossing
along measured HOC to TNC
O's
N)
M
o
X
Os
o
LA

sle per (mm) HOC o

O
O
LA
O
O
o
o

dimenso shaped
to TOC crossing of Length Total LU LU
la
to
Os

(mm) curve turnout

PSC on measured TNC To HOS 18395 25831 35720 46027
Importan fan
on
(mm) curve line main along
measured HOS to TTS

(mm) TTS to SRJ

O
O
O's

o
o
10 25 1 20
o
Os
o

Table-1: switch
LA
oo X

23 60 41360 78493
D
(mm) Track Straight
-U

(Curved from Radius Turnout X

o

(mm) Divergence Heel bJ

00
CM CM LU
LU
H—

2°51'4"
LA la
F Angle Crossing bu la
LU
o^ LU

Crossing 8.5 12 16 20
in in in in
1 1 1 1

091
Basic Geometric Principles used : The method proposed here is
simple and is applicable for all kinds of layouts. The idea is to draw the
layout in AutoCAD, exactly as it would be in the field using the key
layout given in the standard RDSO drawings. The geometry indicated
in para above is drawn in AutoCAD.
The method uses simple principles of geometry and can be used for all
layouts with any complex geometry without involving complex
trigonometrical equations, as under:

I. A circular curve can be drawn passing through any three non¬

linear co-planner points. It works by joining two pairs of points to
create two chords. The perpendicular bisectors of a chord always
passes through the centre of the circle. By this method we find the
centre and can then draw the circle or circular arc.

Fig. 10.11 Perpendicular bisectors of chords always meet at centre

II. A circle or a circular arc can be drawn between two lines

intersecting at a point (called apex). If we mark an equal length T
from apex on both lines (TP1 and TP2) then we can locate the
centre of curve by drawing perpendicular lines from TP1 and TP2.
The point of intersection of these perpendicular lines will be the
centre of curve. We can draw a curve of radius R = T/tan A/2 from
the centre. Here “T” is the tangent length which is equal to the
distance from Apex to TP1 or TP2 and A is the deflection angle i.e.
the external angle between the two intersecting lines. The curve or
circular arc will start at TP1 called first tangent point and end at
TP2 called second tangent point. The balance portion of the line
before TP1 and after TP2 will remain as straight portion in the
alignment. This way we can introduce straights whenever
required, before the start of curve (TP1) and/or after the end of
curve (TP2) in alignment .

151
 I

Figure 10.12

It can be understood that the maximum radius possible will be

when full length of the shorter line is taken tangent length and the
equal length cut from the longer line will form another tangent of
the same length. The balance portion of the longer line shall
remain as straight portion in the alignment and no straight will be
on shorter line.

III. A tangent to a circular curve at a point on the curve can be drawn by

drawing a line perpendicular to its radius at the point of contact.

Turnout dimensions:

The turnout dimensions indicating distances and offsets of various

geometrical points where curvature of the turnout alignment changes
have been given in table -1.

152
SRJ TTS H0S Main Line
0—o n

Tangent
Figure 10.14

Method :
With the knowledge of above horizontal and vertical distances, the
layouts of connections or crossovers can be drawn easily in AutoCAD
(More easily using Civil 3D or Bentley Rail Track). The steps involved
are described below. The steps described use dimensions for 1 in 12
turnouts. The other turnouts can be drawn using their respective
dimensions.

Step-1

SRJ is first marked on the main line. Then, TTS, HOS, TOC and TNC
are marked on the main line curve at their respective distances.

Figure 10.15
Step-2

Actual locations of HOS, TOC and TNC are located by drawing

perpendicular offsets from the main line at their respective marks on
main line as shown below.

Figure 10.16

Step-3

Now a curve can be drawn by joining three points TTS, HOS and TOC.
This is turnout curve. Its radius R can be measured easily in AutoCAD
and annotated.

153
 1745

Figure 10.17
Step-4

Draw line from TOC to TNC and extend it by specified distance (2473
mm for 1 in 12) to get the location of HOC. The total length of crossing
from TOC to HOC shall be 4350 mm for 1 in 12. From HOC we draw a
curve of same curvature and direction as that of main line curve having
specified length (5500 mm for 1 in 12 curve). This will give location of
LLS. Now draw a line from LLS tangential to the curve from HOC to
LLS.

(Note: It is important to note that due to pre-positioned inserts on PSC

sleepers, the alignment from HOC to LLS will follow the same
alignment as that of main line which will be straight for straight main
line and curved for curved main line having same degree of curvature).

Figure 10.18

(A) Connection to a divergent line (single curve)

Once we draw the tangent line beyond LLS then we can connect the
turnout with another line by drawing tangent of the other. If both these
tangents intersect, then using the two tangents, we use the second
principle of geometry mentioned in earlier para and draw a connecting
curve. Thus, the connection is a single circular curve. The radius of the
curve will be R= T/tan A/2, where T is the length of the tangent. The
portion of the longer tangent over and above length T will remain as
straight portion in the alignment. The maximum radius can be achieved

154
if full length of the shorter intersecting tangent line is taken as T. The
balance portion of longer tangent line over and above T will
automatically remain as straight portion in the alignment once we draw
the curve between two tangents.

Figure 10.19
(B) Connection to a divergent line (Connecting reverse curve):

In case the two tangents (Tangents from LLS and tangent on diverging
line) do not intersect within the available space, we can connect by a
reverse curve. We take a length say T1 on the tangent beyond LLS and
T2 on tangent on TP of connecting line to locate apex Al and A2. We
join Al and A2 and draw curves between tangents using the second
principle of geometry mentioned in earlier para. The radius of first
curve will be Rl= Tl/tan Al/2 and second curve will be R2= T2/tan
A2/2. The middle portion of A1A2 left will automatically be a straight
portion between two curves. For obtaining optimum radii of reverse
curves, we try to eliminate straight portions and attempt to adjust length
of tangents T1 and T2. We start the curve immediately after LLS. For
this we measure the distance from LLS to TP (meeting point on
diverging line) and divide it by four to have approximate equal length of
tangents i.e. T1=T2=T (~ distance between LLS to TP divided by 4). If
we need, we can introduce straight portions before, and/or after and/or
in the middle portion of reverse curve if required. In that case the radius
of reverse curve will reduce. It is to be ensured that the radius of any of
the curves obtained should not be less than 218 m (IRSOD para 17
chapter II). In case one of the radii say RI is more than 218 m and one
say R2 is less than 218 m, we can reduce T1 slightly and increase T2 so
that RI is decreased and R2 is increased. The most optimum radii will
be when R1=R2=R. In case even without straights the optimum radius
achieved is less than 218 m, then it should be considered that the
connection is not feasible, and we may have to shift SRJ to different
location.

155
 Figure 10.20
(C ) Connection to a divergent line (Connecting straight) :

When there is no constraint of placing SRJ and TP of diverging line, it

may be possible to provide a simple connecting straight when both
tangents meet in a straight line. With few trials can achieve the locations
of SRJ and Point of connection to achieve straight connection.

(D) Crossover connections :

In case of crossover connections, we use the same principles described
above. The turnout curves are drawn on both tracks and the connection
is drawn between LLS to LLS by extending their tangents. The
connection can be connecting reverse curve if the two tangents do not
intersect within the available space. For obtaining maximum radius of
reverse curves we attempt to eliminate straights and attempt to

156
maximise length of tangents (without straights) and we start the curve
immediately after LLS. For this we adopt same method as that
described in the former para for connection to diverging track. In case
even without straights and with equal radius of both curves (optimum
radius R1=R2=R) achieved is less than 218 m, then it should be
considered that the connection is not feasible, and we may have to shift
one or both SRJs to different location. (Fig. 10.22 Aoverleaf).

The connecting curve can be single circular curve if the two tangents
intersect within the available space. (Fig. 10.22 B overleaf).

The connection can be straight if there is no constraint of placing SRJs

and we can fix it anywhere on the main lines, then we can design the two
tangents meeting in a straight line. With few trials can achieve the
locations of SRJs. (Fig. 10.22 Aoverleaf).

157
 Mainl e SRJ
~
SRJ
TT$
|
ts
Divergnce Divergnce
—
Point
^Tangent ^He l point LiHeel
x
•

.
curve TNG
“
Curve Tangent
rev se HOC/ Single QRJ
Conecting -R2>18 LLS

A
Conecting HOC
B

10.2 10.2
Figure LLSs/ Figure

Line
Main

cnco
 C

10.2
Figure

Line
Main

159
 Chapter 11

Software on Layout Calculations

11.1 Introduction

In their day to day work P. way officials have to deal with complicated
yard layouts. The maintainability and riding quality over a turnout
depends largely on how accurately it is laid and maintained. Kinks in
points and crossings can be avoided if adequate care is taken at the time
of laying itself.

For ensuring correct laying it is essential that necessary calculations are

correctly done before layouts are laid in the field. These calculations are
intricate in nature and require considerable efforts on the part of P. Way
officials. Due to their remaining busy in routine works on many
occasions this item of work does not get the attention it deserves.

11.2 Layouts

While the insertion of crossover, diamonds in existing layouts, yard

remodelling etc. are being taken up, errors in calculations may result in:

• Incorrect laying (i.e. incorrect TNC distances) - Results in

bad running and in extreme cases unsafe conditions may
occur on defective/bad layouts.

• Long crossovers at angle ‘F’ being laid even though space

could be saved by having curves in between two turnouts.

• During doubling/gauge conversion projects new layouts are

being inserted forcibly resulting into undesirable curvatures
which give bad running and are potential locations needing
frequent attention.

• It is suggested that even while replacing an old layout an

opportunity be taken to correct all known defective layouts.

160
The book on “Layout Calculations’’ gives all the formulae and sample
calculations and is of great help in ensuring correct laying of crossovers
and other connections. For assisting the field engineers, a software has
been developed in Visual Basic for all the cases presented in the book
on “Layout Calculation”. The salient features of the Software are:

• Highly interactive
• No need to refer to any book
• All data on standard dimensions stored in subroutines
• Crossings can be fixed straight away based on these
calculations

11.3 Scope

The Software covers the following:

Connections between

• Diverging Tracks
• Straight Parallel Tracks
• Curved Parallel tracks
• Curved and straight Tracks

Cross-overs between

• Straight Parallel Tracks

• Non Parallel Straight Tracks
• Curved Parallel tracks
• Sanded Dead End and Main Line
• Double Junction

The Software generally follows the pattern as given in the book on

“Layout Calculations”.

While running the Software for a particular case, the user has to give
the data on section, Details of crossing from a drop down menu, track
centers, Radius of connecting curve etc and the results are obtained
instantaneously.

161
11.4 Instructions for Using the Software

Installation

For installing the Software insert the CD in your CD drive. Go to “My

computer” select the drive containing the CD; locate the “set up” file
from the “Layout” folder or subfolder and double click the setup icon.
The Software will be installed instantaneously on your computer and
will be available in your “start” menu.

Alternately if you do not wish to install the Software go to start menu

select the ’’Run” command and on browsing locate the file
“Layout_Calculations.exe” in your CD and Click “OK” and the
Software will get loaded.

11.5 Illustration

As soon as the Software is loaded, the following screen is visible:

Screen 11.1

Disclaimer : Due care has been taken in developing these programs

and the results have been verified by manual calculations in a few
sample cases. The users are however advised to check the results
independently before using them in the field. The author of the
programme cannot be held accountable for any loss or damage
occurring in this account.

162
Let us first take “Connections”. After choosing the “Connections”
option button and clicking “Proceed” Button next screen opens as
given below giving list of options under “Connections”.
Connections to Straight/Curved Parallel tracks and between curved & Sraight Tracks
*
Computer Programs on Connections between
tracks (straight and curved) on various field situations
Developed by
Shri M.S.Ekbote Additional Member(CE) (retd)

Connection to Diverging Tracks^

C Connection to straight Parallel Track (At normal Spacing)

C Connection to straight Parallel Track (At large Spacing with no straight )

C Connection to straight Parallel Track (At large Spacing with given straight )

P Connection from a curved main line to a parallel curved siding

on the outside with no straight

P Connection from a curved main line to a parallel curved siding

on the outside with a given straight

P Connection
from a curved main line to a parallel curved siding on the
inside of main line curve

C Connection between curved and straight track

Proceed Exit Back

Screen 11.2

Let us select “Connections to straight parallel track” and click

“Proceed” Button. It opens the next Screen which gives a sketch and
text boxes for data entry, Screen 11.3 on page 165.

Certain features of the Software are common to all the cases and are
listed below:

163
• Selecting the appropriate Gauge option opens a drop menu
for standard turnout dimensions on BG or MG as the case
may be. The labels of the items needing data entry have been
shaded white. Other text boxes are locked and will not accept
any data. They will only display results.

• Units of dimensions have to be in mm except where

specifically mentioned.

• Please ensure that data in all text boxes requiring data entry
are correctly entered and the type of turnout is selected from
the drop down menu before clicking “Compute” Button else
you will get run time errors.

• For non Standard turnouts the red label is required to be

clicked as indicated on the screen and it opens text boxes for
giving data on turnouts viz. description, turnout number (e.g.
12 in case of 1 in 12 turnouts) and centre line dimensions
A,M,Ketc.

• The most ideal type of suggested output is to take a print of

the form displaying the results by clicking “Print” Button.
Alternately textural output on a file is also possible. For this
purpose the Button “Copy results in a file” is to be clicked
which will open an input box to give the file name for output.
Please be sure to enter the complete file name with drive name
and folder where you want the output. The output file so
created can be easily opened in any text editor such as Word
pad.

• The Software also gives warnings by way of displaying

message boxes - when results are unacceptable such as
resulting curvatures being sharp and beyond pennissible
limits specified in Schedule of dimensions.

• If you solve a problem for PSC layout then a dialogue box

appears asking “consider enhanced straight value behind the
crossing due to prepositioned inserts”.

In case of PSC turnouts it has been explained that we need to

select B (modified) or K( modified) from annexure-III. While
doing manual calculations for taking care of additional

164
 straight length due to fixity of inserts, which is 5.5m for 1 in
12 and 3.3m for lin 8.5 turnouts. If due to constraints,
somebody wants to remove one, two or more number of
common long sleepers so as to reduce this additional straight,
he can do so by clicking on red ink marked option of “ for
turnouts not listed in drop down menu” and feeding the
details of turnout and parameters. If one sleeper is removed
then K (modified), which is denoted as K (mm) on screen,
-
shall be reduced by 600mm, for two sleepers 1200mm and
so on.

For example for 1 in 12, 60 kg PSC layout if 3 common long

sleepers are to be removed then values of K (mm) will be fed
as 8303-1800 = 6503mm which is from annexure-III K
(modified) - 3x600mm.

On getting the Screen as mentioned above, the values have to be

entered. We have to select the appropriate turnout from drop down
menu and on clicking compute button results in the screen to appear as
under:

Screen 11.3

165
The second case for demonstration in “Connections” is taken as
“Connections between Curved and straight track”. On Clicking the
“Proceed” Button it opens the appropriate screen which has separate
frames for Gauge selection and whether the intersection on the inside or
outside of the curve. After you select appropriate Gauge and then type
of intersection would display appropriate sketch and after complete
data entry and clicking “Compute” Button would give the results as
shown below:

Screen 11.4

Next we take the Cases of “Cross-overs”. On selecting Crossovers from

the first screen as described in Para 5.3 and clicking “ Proceed Button
takes us to the screen showing the choices under “ Crossovers” as under.
Isyout Cakuloiloi

layout Circulations lot Cross overs Botwoon

Paranol Tracks
By Shn M S Ekboto Additional MomborfCf-) (Retd)

Craxn oven with normnl sparing between backs al isiixxinq angle

doss nwtt nt Irwge spacing with an straight in the cnnnecbon

Cross overs al large crossing with a given straight tn the connection

Cross overs al ditlerent crossing angle

Cross overs lor nnnqdend ends with 1 m 8 b symmetncnl spirt nn the loop

Cross avers between curved parallel tracks

Cross avers between non parallel straight tracks

Cross overs mi Double Junction Layouts on Subarban Sections

Proceed Lpt

Screen 11.5

166
Let us first take the case of cross over between straight parallel tracks
and click proceed button. Thereafter select BG or MG and select the
option(2) from the menu for connection type i.e. “Cross-overs at large
spacing with no straight in between” On selecting Gauge, appropriate
Turnout from the drop down menu and entering all the data we get
following screen after clicking Compute Button.

Screen 11.6

If the same case is solved treating it as a case for non standard turnout
then the text of the drop down menu is to be changed as “other type” in
lower case and it opens the new text boxes for entering the data for the
turnouts. On entering a sample data and clicking the “ compute” button
gives the results as shown in screen 11.7.

167
 •I dtge spacing at crmilng angle With no straight ( All Dimension! die In mms)
CROSSOVERS AT IARGE SPACING WITH
NO STRAIGHT

Section [AB-CO Km a>J TP Numbeit? |n VW

Gauge ?
w BQ r MG

Turnout Details ?

lather type

Track. Centre ?
I Broad Gauge
Radius of Turnout Curve in mm ?

[Turnout Descn ptton 9 - 1 in | 12 j60KgCMS-CONC DisinnceX

A (mnp || jagg
Tan gen! length(T)
MM1 >0111
K (mmp Sm Copy Results in a File TNCTNC

Over alI length

Screen 11.7
The above feature is available in all the cases.

We take the next case of Crossovers between inclined tracks. The final
results after entering data etc is as below:

Screen 11.8

168
11.6 Conclusions

It is considered that the Software explained above would be of

considerable help to the field Engineers in improving the running
quality over turnouts and ensuring safety by way of correct laying.

169
 Annexure 1 -
TABLE OF DETAILED DIMENSIONS
Crossing No Section Type Dimensions (mm)
L TSL SL d w F p R
Broad Gauge (other than PSC sleeper)
1 in 8 1/2 60 kg C, FH. 18424 7872 7135 182.5 880 6°42’-35” 4°-35’-0” 231440
1 in 8 1/2 52 kg S, LH 20730 4950 4725 136 864 6°-42’ 35” 1°-34’-27” 222360
1 in 8 1/2 52 kg C, FH 18395 6835 6400 182.5 864 6°42’ 35” 0°47’-27” 232320
1 in 8 1/2 90R S, LH 20730 4950 4725 136 864 6°42’ 35” 1°-34’-27” 222360
1 in 8 1/2 90R C, FH 18395 6835 6400 182.5 864 6°42’-35” 0°47’-27” 232320
1 in 12 60 kg C, FH 25831 11156 10125 175 1877 4°-45'-49” 0°-20’-0” 441360
1 in 12 52 kg C, FH 29200 6724 6400 133 1232 4°45’49” 1°-0’44” 442120
1 in 12 52 kg S, FH 27870 8478 10125 133 1232 4°45’49” 0°-27’-35” 458120
1 in 12 90 R C, FH 29200 6724 6400 133 1232 4°45’49” 1°-8’-0” 442120
1 in 12 90 R S, FH 27870 8487 7730 133 1232 4°45’49” 0°-17’-11” 458120
1 in 16 52 kg C, FH 37170 10594 6500 153 1377 3°-34’-35” 0°-24’-27” 824225
1 in 16(HS) 52 kg C, FH 37565 12320 7730 133 1377 3°-34’-35" 0°-24’-27” 816480
1 in 16) 90R C, FH 37170 10594 9750 133 1377 3°-34'-35” 0°46’-59” 824225
1 in 20 90R C, FH 46210 11194 11150 133 1377 2°-5T45” 0°46’-59” 1303810
Broad Gauge (1673 mm) on PSC Sleepers
1 in 8 1/2 60 kg C, FH 18395 6839 6400 182.5 1225 6°42’-35” 0°46’-59” 232260
1 in 8 1/2 52 kg C, FH 18395 6839 6400 182.5 1225 6°42’-35” 0°46’-59 232260
1 in 12 60 kg C, FH 25831 10125 10125 175 1877 4°45’49” 0°-20’-0” 441360
1 in 12 60 kg C, FH 25831 10125 10125 175 1877 4°45’49” 0°-20’-0” 441360
1 in 16 60 kg C, FH 35720 11200 11200 145 2526 3°’34’-35” 0°-20’-0” 784993
1 in 20 60 kg C, FH 46027 12460 12460 133 1877 2°-5T45” 0°-20’-0” 1283100
Metre Gauge
1 in 8 1/2 90R C, FH 9515 6206 5500 169 915 6°42’-35” 0°-29’-13” 130210
1 in 8 1/2 75R S, LH 11560 4320 4115 120 915 6°42’-35” 1°-35'-30” 119610
1 in 8 1/2 75R C, FH 9515 6206 5500 169 915 6°42’-35” 0°-29’-14” 130210
1 in 8 1/2 60R S, LH 11560 4320 4115 120 915 6°42’-35” 0°-24’-27” 119610
1 in 8 1/2 60R C, FH 9515 6206 5500 169 915 6°42’-35” 1°-9’-38” 130210
1 in 12 90R Partly C, FH 14678 7974 7130 130 1220 4°45’49” 0°-24’-27” 258300
1 in 12 75R S, FH 16323 5777 5485 117 1220 4°45'49” 1°-9’-38” 240600
1 in 12 75R Partly C, FH 15108 7544 6700 117 1220 4°45’49” 0°-24’-27” 258300
1 in 12 60R S, FH 16323 5777 5485 117 1220 4°45’49” 1°-9’-38” 240600
1 in 12 60R Partly C, FH 15108 7544 6700 117 1220 4°-45’-49" 0°-24’-27” 258300
1 in 16 60R C, FH 20060 8264 7420 117 1378 3°-34’-35” 0°-24’-27” 46240
Metre Gauge on PSC Sleepers
1 in 8 1/2 HTC 52 Kg C, FH 9515 6206 5500 169 1047 6°42'-35" 0°-29'14" 130205
1 in 12 CMS 52 Kg Partly C, FH 14678 7974 7130 130 1405 4°45'49" 0°-24'-27" 258310
Narrow Gauge
1 in 8 1/2 60R S, LH 8280 4320 4115 120 915 6°42’-35” 1°-35’-30” 82800
1 in 12 60R S, LH 11723 5777 5485 117 1220 4°’45'-49” 1°-9’-389” 167340
Note: C Curved
S Straight
FH Fixed Heel
LH Loose Heel
CMS Cast Manganese Steel Crossing
HTC Heat Treated Crossing
HS High Speed
170
 Annexure II
TABLE OF DETAILED DIMENSIONS
CENTRE LINE LAYING ( FOR BG WITH ORDINARY CROSSING)

Section Gauge crossing No Type Dimensions (mm) Assembly Drg

A B C M K No
52 KG BG 1 IN 8 1/2 S, LH 12000 16274 840 14295 1979 RDSO T/285
52 KG BG 1 IN 8 1/2 C, FH 12000 16274 1500 14295 1979 RDSO/T-286
90 R BG 1 IN 8 1/2 S, LH 12000 16260 840 14295 1965 RDSO/T-360
90 R BG 1 IN 8 1/2 C, FH 12000 16260 1500 14295 1965 RDSO/T-307
52 KG BG 1 IN 12 S, FH 16953 22706 1500 20147 2559 RDSO/T-32
52 KG BG 1 IN 12 C, FH 16953 22706 1500 20147 2559 RDSO/T-184
90 R BG 1 IN 12 S, FH 16953 22687 1500 20147 2540 RDSO/T-184
90 R BG 1 IN 12 C, FH 16953 22687 1500 20147 2540 RDSO/T-31
52 KG BG 1 IN 16 C,FH 20922 30750 844 26842 3908 RDSO/T-135
52 KG BG 1 IN 16 (HS) C,FH 22693 30750 850 26842 3908 RDSO/T-231
90 R BG 1 IN 16 C,FH 20922 30750 844 26842 3882 RDSO/T-67
90 R BG 1 IN 20 C,FH 24664 38118 844 33540 4578 RDSO/T-98

CENTRE LINE LAYING (FOR BG WITH CMS CROSSING Non PSC)

Section Gauge Crossing No Type Dimensions (mm) Assembly Drg

A B C M K No
52 KG BG 1 IN 8 1/2 S, LH 12000 17418 840 14295 3123 TA-20122,
TA-20804
52 KG BG 1 IN 8 1/2 C, FH 12000 17418 1500 14295 3123 TA-20196,
TA-20835
90R BG 1 IN 8 1/2 S, LH 12000 17404 840 14295 3109 TA20110,
TA-20198,etc
90R BG 1 IN 8 1/2 C, FH 12000 17404 1500 14295 3109 TA-20148,
TA-20822
52 KG BG 1 IN 12 S, FH 16953 23981 1500 14295 3834 TA-5268(M),
TA-20222,
TA-20801
52 KG BG 1 IN 12 C, FH 16953 23981 1500 20147 3834 TA-20171,
TA-20831
90R BG 1 IN 12 S, FH 16953 23962 1500 20147 3815 TA-5044(M),
TA-20184, etc
90 R BG 1 IN 12 C, FH 16953 23962 1500 20147 3815 TA-20125,
TA-20839
52 KG BG 1 IN 16 C, FH 20922 31447 844 20147 4605 TA-20141,
TA-20828
52 KG BG 1 IN 16 (HS) C, FH 22693 31447 850 26842 4605 RDST/T-403
90 R BG 1 IN 16 C, FH 20922 31421 844 26842 4579 TA-20138,
TA-20813
90 R BG 1 IN 20 C, FH 24664 39470 844 26842 5930 TA-20122,
TA-20804

171
 Annexure III
TABLE OF DETAILED DIMENSIONS
CENTRE LINE LAYING ( FOR BG WITH CMS CROSSING ON PSC SLEEPER)

Section Gauge Crossing Type Dimensions (mm) Assembly Drg

No A B B C M K K No
(Modified)* (Modified)*
60 KG BG (PSC) 1 IN 8 1/2 C, FH 12025 16486 19786 1500 14270 2216 5516 RT-4865
52 KG BG (PSC) 1 IN 8 1/2 C, FH 12025 16486 19786 1500 14270 2216 5516 RT-4865
60 KG BG (PSC) 1 IN 12 C, FH 16989 22914 28412 1144 20111 2803 8301 RT-4218
52 KG BG (PSC) 1 IN 12 C, FH 16989 22912 28414 1144 20111 2801 8303 RT-4218
60 KG BG(PSC) 1 IN 16 C,FH 20970 30558 39558 844 26794 3764 12764 RDSO/T-5691
60 KG BG(PSC) UN 20 C, FH 25850 38031 47181 844 33480 4550 13700 RDSO/T-5858

* considering enhanced length of straight behind HOC due to fixity

of inserts of common long sleepers.

Note : The values given in above table for “B” are from point of
intersection “P” to heel of xing (HOC). In case of PSC layout due to
fixity of inserts of common long sleepers the curve cannot be started
immediately after HOC. Hence for PSC sleeper layout, the additional
straight length behind HOC due to fixity of inserts is 5.5m for Hnl2
T/O and 3.3m for Hn8.5 T/O.

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 Annexure IV
TABLE OF DETAILED DIMENSIONS
CENTRE LINE LAYING (FOR METRE GAUGE & NARROW GAUGE)
Crossing No Section Type Dimensions (mm) Assembly Drg
No
A B c M K RDSO/T
Metre Gauge ( with CMS crossing)
1 in 8.5 75R S, LH 7986 10376 840 8529 1847 393
1 in 8.5 75R C,FH 7986 10376 1500 8529 1847 386
1 in 8.5 60R S, LH 7986 10360 840 8529 1831 379
1 in 8.5 60R C, FH 7986 10360 1500 8529 1831 372
1 IN 12 75R S, FH 11287 14321 1500 12021 2300 394
1 IN 12 75R PARTLY C, FH 11287 14321 1500 12021 2300 401
1 IN 12 60R S, FH 11287 14296 1500 12021 2275 367
1 IN 12 60R PARTLY C, FH 11287 14296 1500 12021 2275 423
1 IN 16 75R C, FH 12309 19054 844 16015 3039 189
1 IN 12 (PSC) 52KG Partly C, FH 11287 14489 1500 12021 2468 T-6450
Meter Gauge (with Heat Treated crossing)
1 IN 8.5 (PSC) 52 KG C, FH 7986 11932 1500 8529 3403 T-6327

Metre Gauge ( with Ordinary crossing)

1 IN 8.5 90R C, FH 7981 11638 1500 8530 3108 TA-20497
1 IN 8.5 75R S, LH 7986 11632 840 8529 3103 TA-20404,
TA-21004
1 IN 8.5 75R C, FH 7986 11632 1500 8529 3103 TA-20451,
TA-21019
1 IN 8.5 60R S, LH 7986 11615 840 8529 2086 TA-204007,
TA-20460
1 IN 8.5 60R C, FH 7986 11615 1500 8529 2086 TA-20463,
TA-21007
1 IN 12 90R Partly C, FH 1286 15176 1500 12021 3155 TA-20416
1 IN 12 75R S, FH 11287 15166 1500 12021 3145 TA-20466
1 IN 12 75R Partly C, FH 11287 15166 1500 12021 3145 TA-20401,
TA-21001
1 IN 12 60R S, FH 11287 15143 1500 12021 3122 TA-20464,
TA-21016
1 IN 12 60R Partly C, FH 11287 15143 1500 12021 3122 TA-21410,
TA21410,
TA-21010
1 IN 16 60R C, FH 12309 19635 844 16015 3680 TA-20466
TA-20413,
TA-21013
Narrow Gauge (with Ordinary crossing)
1 in 8.5 60R S, LH 6736 9585 840 6499 3086 TA-20604
1 in 12 60R S, FH 9548 12282 1500 9160 3122 TA-20601

173
 Bibliography
1. Indian Railways Permanent Way Manual - 2004

2. Indian Railways Schedule of Dimension - 2004

3. Points and Crossing by Indar Singh, IRSE,

Formerly Senior Lecturer, India Railway Institute
Advance Track Technology, Pune

4. Paper on Graphical solution for complex layouts for

introducing higher speeds by Shri A. K. Jain, CRS, Central
circle - Mumbai & Shri Swapnil Chaurasia, ADEN,
BINA - WCR.

174
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For any suggestions, errors etc, please contact
Email : [email protected]
 Published by :
INDIAN RAILWAYS INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
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