Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Mumbai. (M.S.)

MICRO PROJECT
On

“Biomedical Waste Management”

Submitted by
PRANAV GONDE PATIL

G.S. Mandal’s
Department of Computer Engineering
Marathwada Institute of Technology,
Polytechnic, Aurangabad.

Academic Year: - 2022-2023

 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that : -
Roll Enrollment Exam
Name of Student
No. No. Seat No.
14 Pranav Gonde Patil 2000660187

have successfully completed “Biomedical Waste Management” Micro-

project for the subject Environmental Studies as in the enclosed ‘Portfolio’
during his tenure of Completing the Diploma in Computer Engineering
(CO5I) in Academic Year 2022-2023 from M.I.T. Polytechnic, Aurangabad
with Institute Code 0066.

Date:

Prof. Shaikh Asif Prof. A . S . Nagrik

Guide H.O.D.

Principal
Marathwada Institute of Technology,
Polytechnic, Aurangabad
 INDEX

Annexure-IV Micro Project Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Annexure-I A “Format for Micro-Project Proposal”

1.0 Aim/Benefits of Micro Project (minimum 30-50 words)

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

3.0 Proposed Methodology (procedure in brief that will be followed to do the micro-
project in about 100-200 words.)

4.0 Action Plan (Sequence and time required for major activity.)

5.0 Resources required (major resources such as row material, some machining facility,
software etc.)

Annexure-II A “Format for Micro-Project Report”

1.0 Rationale (Importance of the project, in about 30 to 50 words. This is a modified
version of the earlier one written after the work)

2.0 Aim/Benefits of Micro Project:

3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved (Add to the earlier list is more Cos are addressed)

4.0 Literature Review

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed (Write step wise work done, data collected and its
analysis (if any). The contribution of individual member may also be noted.)

6.0 Actual Resources Used (mention the actual resources used).

7.0 Outputs of the micro projects (Drawings of the prototype, drawing of survey,
presentation of collected data, findings etc.)

8.0 Skill Developed/Learning outcome of this micro project

9.0 Applications of this micro project

 Annexure-IV
Micro Project
(Teacher Evaluation Sheet)
Name of Programme: Diploma in Computer Engineering Semester : 5th
Course Title : Environmental Studies Code: 22447
Title of Micro Project: Biomedical Waste

Course Outcomes Achieved:

1. Develop Public awareness about environment
2. Select alternative energy resources for Engineering Practice
3. Conserve Ecosystem and Biodiversity
4. Apply techniques to reduce Environmental Pollution

Process and Individual Total

Roll Enrollment Exam Product Presentation Marks
Name of Student
No. No. Seat No. Assessment / Viva (10)
(06) (04)
14 Pranav Gonde Patil 2000660187

Comments / Suggestions about work:

_________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Signature of Teacher :

Name and Designation : Prof. Shaikh Asif

of the Teacher
 Annexure-1

Micro-Project Proposal
(Format for Micro-Project Proposal about 1-2 pages)

Title of Micro-Project : Report on Biomedical Waste Management.

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the Micro-Project (minimum 30-50 words)

1. Offers opportunities for recycling.

2. Avoid illegal reuse of pharmaceuticals.
3. Ensure the safety of healthcare workers, patients, and visitors.
4. Cutting your waste disposal costs.
5. Meeting your environmental obligations.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

1. Develop Public awareness about environment

2. Select alternative energy resources for Engineering Practice
3. Conserve Ecosystem and Biodiversity
4. Apply techniques to reduce Environmental Pollution

3.0 Proposed Methodology (Procedure in brief that will be followed to

do the micro project) in about 100 to 200 words).

1. Firstly, we discussed which topic to select. Then ended up choosing a Report on

Biomedical Waste Management.
2. Then we did research and collected information about that topic.
3. Started to Gain more information.
4. Came with a few difficulties, and tried solving them by reading and watching videos.
5. When all doubts were solved, we started making this report.
4.0 Action Plan (Sequence and time required for major activity)

Sr. Details of Activity Planned Planned Name of

No Start Date Finish Date Responsible
Team Members

1 Information Search 26/8/2022 28/8/2022 Pranav Gonde

Patil
2 Creating the steps 29/8/2022 8/9/2022

3 Testing of Project 11/9/2022 20/9/2022

4 Project Report 25/9/2022 30/9/2022

5.0 Resources Required (major resources such as raw material, some

machining facility, software etc.)

S.
Name of Resource/material Specifications Qty. Remarks
No.

1 Computer i5 Gen , 4GB RAM, 1

256GB SSD, 1 TB HDD

2 Microsoft MICROSOFT OFFICE 1

3 Internet WEB BROWSING

Names of Team Members with Roll Nos.

Roll No. Name of Student

Pranav Gonde Patil

 Annexure-II
Micro-Project Report
(Format for Micro-Project Report minimum 4 pages)

Title of Micro-Project : - Biomedical Waste Management

1.0 Rationale (Importance of the project, in about 30 to 50 words. This is a modified

version of the earlier one written after the work)

Inadequate management of waste produced in health care facilities causes a direct health
hazards on the general public, the health care workers and on the environment. There is an
obligation for the supervision of biomedical waste to abate the risk of contamination outside
the hospital for waste handlers, scavengers and those living in the locality of hospitals.
Management is also required due to the risk of air, water, and soil pollution, or due to
unsuitable incineration emissions and ash. It plays a vital role in removal of the discarded
drugs that can be repacked and traded off.

2.0 Aim/Benefits of Micro Project:

1. Offers opportunities for recycling.

2. Avoid illegal reuse of pharmaceuticals.
3. Ensure the safety of healthcare workers, patients, and visitors.
4. Cutting your waste disposal costs.
5. Meeting your environmental obligations.

3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved (Add to the earlier list is more Cos are addressed)

1. Develop Public awareness about environment

2. Select alternative energy resources for Engineering Practice
3. Conserve Ecosystem and Biodiversity
4. Apply techniques to reduce Environmental Pollution

4.0 Literature Review : -

The Following Resources were used to obtain the Information :

www.aihms.in

www.google.com

www.Wikipedia.org
Many waste are produced as a result of human activities. Such waste may be dangerous and
therefore need safe disposal. Industrial waste, sewage and agricultural waste pollute water,
soil and air and it can also be dangerous to human beings and environment. Solid waste can
be classified into different types depending on their source .

It includes (a) House hold waste (b) Industrial waste (c) Biomedical waste or hospital waste
or infectious waste. Hospital waste is considered as hazardous because they contain toxic
substances. This waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of
human beings or animals or in research activities in these fields.

Liquid waste can be divided into two components (a) Liquid reagents/ chemicals discarded
and (b) the cleaning and washing water channel ed into the drain. Until recently, medical
waste management was not generally considered an issue. In the 1980s and 1990s, concerns
about exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) led to
questions about potential risks inherent in medical waste.

Thus, hospital waste generation has become a prime concern due to its multidimensional
ramifications as a risk factor to the health of patients, hospital staff and extending beyond the
boundaries of the medical establishment to the general population .

Hospital waste refers to all waste, biologic or non-biologic that is discarded and not intended
for further use. Medical waste is a subset of hospital waste.

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed (Write step wise work done, data collected and its
analysis (if any). The contribution of individual member may also be noted.)

1. Firstly, we discussed which topic to select. Then ended up choosing a Report on

Biomedical Waste Management.

2. Then we did research and collected information about that topic.

3. Started to Gain more information.

4. Came with a few difficulties, and tried solving them by reading and watching videos.

5. When all doubts were solved, we started making this report.

6.0 Actual Resources Used (mention the actual resources used).

Sr. Name of Resource/Material Specification Qty. Remarks

No
1 Computer i5 Gen , 4GB 1
RAM, 256GB
SSD, 1 TB HDD

7.0 Outputs of the micro projects (Drawings of the prototype, drawing of survey,
Presentation of collected data, findings etc.)

Outputs Attached
8.0 Skill Developed/Learning outcome of this micro project

1. Increasing knowledge about the topic.

2. Gained knowledge about Environmental Studies

3. Increased searching skills.

4. Started to work in a team.

9.0 Applications of this micro project : -

1. Commercial Waste Processing Facilities.

2. Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities.
3. Pharmaceutical and Laboratory Facilities.
4. Clinics and Ambulatory Facilities.
5. Homeland Security.

********
 Biomedical Waste
Introduction :

Biomedical waste is any kind of waste containing infectious (or potentially

infectious) materials. It may also include waste associated with the generation
of biomedical waste that visually appears to be of medical or laboratory origin
(e.g., packaging, unused bandages, infusion kits, etc.), as well research
laboratory waste containing biomolecules or organisms that are mainly
restricted from environmental release. As detailed below, discarded sharps are
considered biomedical waste whether they are contaminated or not, due to the
possibility of being contaminated with blood and their propensity to cause
injury when not properly contained and disposed of. Biomedical waste is a type
of biowaste.

Biomedical waste may be solid or liquid. Examples of infectious waste include

discarded blood, sharps, unwanted microbiological cultures and stocks,
identifiable body parts (including those as a result of amputation), other human
or animal tissue, used bandages and dressings, discarded gloves, other medical
supplies that may have been in contact with blood and body fluids, and
laboratory waste that exhibits the characteristics described above. Waste sharps
include potentially contaminated used (and unused discarded) needles, scalpels,
lancets and other devices capable of penetrating skin.

Biomedical waste is generated from biological and medical sources and

activities, such as the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of diseases. Common
generators (or producers) of biomedical waste include hospitals, health
clinics, nursing homes, emergency medical services, medical
research laboratories, offices of physicians, dentists, and veterinarians, home
health care, and morgues or funeral homes. In healthcare facilities (i.e.,
hospitals, clinics, doctor's offices, veterinary hospitals and clinical laboratories),
waste with these characteristics may alternatively be called medical or clinical
waste.

Biomedical waste is distinct from normal trash or general waste, and differs
from other types of hazardous waste, such as chemical, radioactive, universal
or industrial waste. Medical facilities generate waste
hazardous chemicals and radioactive materials. While such wastes are normally
not infectious, they require proper disposal. Some wastes are considered multi
hazardous, such as tissue samples preserved in formalin.

Types of Biomedical Waste :

The Medical Waste Tracking Act of 1988 defines medical waste as "any solid
waste that is generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human
beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing
of biologicals." Medical waste can be classified into four different categories:
infectious, hazardous, radioactive, and general.

Infectious waste :
Waste that has the possibility of causing infections to humans. It can include
human or animal tissue (blood or other body parts), blood-soaked bandages,
discarded surgical gloves, cultures, stocks, or swabs to inoculate cultures. Many
waste stream in this category, including human or animal tissue, can also be
labeled as pathological waste, which requires specific treatment methods.
Pathological waste is either known or suspected to contain pathogens.
Hazardous waste :
Waste that has the possibility to affect humans in non-infectious ways, but
which meets federal guidelines for hazardous waste under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Hazardous wasteincludes chemicals,
both medical and industrial. Some hazardous waste can also be considered
infectious waste, depending on its origin and exposure to human or animal
tissue prior to discard. Old drugs, including chemotherapy agents, are
sometimes hazardous. Although not RCRA waste, sharps are hazardous in that
they can cause injuries. Among waste managers, sharps are objects that can
puncture or lacerate the skin; they include needles and syringes, discarded
surgical instruments such as scalpels and lancets, culture dishes and other
glassware.

Radioactive waste :
Radioactive waste can be generated from nuclear medicine treatments, cancer
therapies and medical equipment that uses radioactive isotopes. Pathological
waste that is contaminated with radioactive material is usually treated
as radioactive waste rather than infectious waste. Mos hospitals generate
radioactive waste and even some doctors' offices and veterinary offices if they
offer brachytherapy.

General waste (Municipal Solid Waste) :

About 85% of waste generated at medical facilities is no different from general
household or office waste, and includes paper, plastics, liquids and any other
materials that do not fit into the previous three categories. Waste professionals
refer to this as municipal solid waste, and it is usually disposed of in landfills.

An alternative classification scheme comes from The World Health

Organization. The WHO classifies medical waste into:
1. Sharps
2. Infectious
3. Pathological
4. Radioactive
5. Pharmaceuticals
6. Others (often sanitary waste produced at hospitals)
7. About household medical waste.

Pathological waste and Clinical waste :

Pathological waste is included in the above categories, but is designated
separately because of the potential psychological impact on observers. It
consists of recognizable tissues, organs, and body parts derived from animals
and humans. If you can tell the waste came from a living organism, it is
pathological waste:. Material removed from the body in surgery and fluids and
solids removed in autopsies is pathological waste, with the exception of teeth.
More on pathological waste.
In the United Kingdom the term clinical waste is used. The UK’s Controlled
Waste Regulations (1992) defines clinical waste as having some human or
animal tissue, used swabs or dressings, pharmaceutical products, blood or
bodily fluids, or syringes, needles or other sharps.

Regulated waste :
In the US the term regulated waste is used in healthcare contexts mostly to refer
to worker safety standards and procedures. OSHA promulgated rules for
dealing for dealing with bodily fluids called the Bloodborne Pathogens
standard. It refers to regulated waste as blood or "other potentially infectious
materials" (OPIM) and items contaminated with these materials as well as
pathological and microbiological wastes containing blood or OPIM. (Feminine
hygiene products do not count as regulated waste, and OSHA has ruled that
bandages that are not saturated to the point of releasing fluid if compressed
don’t count either.)

Impact on the Environment :

Post incineration process, toxic ash residue is produced and is often disposed
at landfills. These landfills are not protected by any barrier and the residue has
the potential of reaching underground water that is often exposed to human use.
The combustion of plastic material releases toxic gases that escapes and joins
breathable air. Human and animal exposure to such gases can cause long term
breathing and health issues. The rotation of toxic air does not only impact
human well-being, but also of animals and plants. Air pollution caused by the
incinerators depletes the ozone layer, causes crop and forest damage, and
increases climate change. Constant exposure to such toxins and chemicals in the
air could be deemed detrimental to trees and plants could eventually lead to
extinction of certain plants in specific areas. Pollution and chemical leaks also
effect the fruits of trees and would cause them to be poisonous and therefore,
inedible.

Effects of Biomedical Waste on Environment :

Improper segregation of biomedical waste and different medical waste streams

from the point of origin can trigger a domino-like effect on the environment that
incurs dangers to people, animals, or soil and water sources.

Improper segregation and disposal of biomedical waste has the potential to

contaminate groundwater sources, which in turn may infect humans and
animals alike. From a hospital’s waste and storage receptacles to landfills,
biomedical waste needs to be properly contained to keep it away from birds,
rodents, and stray animals (as well as humans). This enhances packaging and
labeling of contaminants and helps prevent the spread of illness through human
and animal populations – by air, land, or water.

If not properly contained, segregated, and incinerated through on-site or off-site

incineration, environmental hazards associated with improper healthcare waste
management can contaminate the air we breathe through dangerous airborne
particles. Radioactive particles produced with diagnostic technologies has the
potential to reach a landfill or other areas of the environment, especially air.
How To Manage Medical Waste :

Although, medical waste is generated from medical institutions such as

hospitals, it still should be regarded as waste! All waste is waste, no matter the
degree of toxicity or its matter formation; therefore, it is imperative that
healthcare and medical institutions, waste handlers and the community at large,
seek to ensure that it is treated, stored and above all, disposed of accurately.

Medical waste is waste derived from healthcare and other such medical
activities (for instance; treatment, testing of biologicals, immunization of
humans and animals, diagnosis); these wastes are usually generated in hospitals,
clinics, blood banks, or other such health or medical related facilities. If they
are not properly handled, they may ultimately run high risks of infections and
may become hazards.

Medical Waste, Health Care Waste and Clinical Wasre are all interrelated.
Medical Waste is indeed a very broad heading and comprise of a number of
distinct, yet broad sub-headings which include sharps, cultures and stocks,
pathological and anatomical waste, selected isolatation waste, pharmaceutical
products (example drugs), human blodd/blood products or bodily fluids (swabs
or dressings), excretions including animal waste or contaminated animal
carcasses, bedding, chemicals and other waste called ‘regulated waste’.
Medical Wastes also include a variety of waste materials such as, diagnostic
samples, discarded lancets, blood, blood-soaked bandages, culture dishes and
other glassware, used needles and syringes and medical devices just to name a
few.

In order to ensure that people are not at risk of contracting any illnesses,
hospital personnel, waste handlers and the general public must try to maintain
proper storage and disposal techniques.

Case in point syringes and needles. These materials should be placed into
‘sharps’ containers at all times. ‘Sharps’ containers are specifically created to
handle and collect materials of such sort.

Medical Waste Management is the proper containment, storage, treatment and

disposal of infectious waste generated at human and animal health care
facilities. Acceptable Treatment Methods of Medical Waste are techniques or
processes specially designed to alter the biological nature or
structure/composition of medical waste. If this is done successfully, the wastes
will no longer be infectious or biologically dangerous. See Biomedical Waste
Regulations
The most effective and commonly used method of waste treatment is
incineration. Medical Waste Incineration is the process whereby medical waste
is treated thermally, (by heating methods) at extreme temperatures, in a
controlled environment. A Medical Incinerator is a furnace or other closed fire
chamber used to dispose of wastes generated at medical facilities by burning.

Another commonly accepted method and one practiced in Saint Lucia is by

active steam sterilization. Active steam sterilization is the process whereby
medical wastes are subjected to the pressures and temperatures of saturated
steam inside a pressure vessel (steam sterilizer, autoclave retort).

There are other methods such as, microwave radiation, thermal inactivation and
chemical disinfection though they not as popular as those previously mentioned,
can be used. Additionally, it is imperative that the treatment operative is
entirely aware that a successful sterilizing treatment involves an absolute
understanding of the circumstances for sterilization; which vary according to
load type and operating conditions.

Thank You !

**************