Solution

PHYSICS

Class 12 - Physics

1.
(d) -q and Q + q
Explanation:
-q and Q + q

2.
(b) 4.5 × 106 N/C towards + 5μC
Explanation:
At the midpoint, the fields of the two charges are in opposite directions. The resultant field is directed from a larger charge to a
smaller charge.
q2 − q1
E= 4πε0
1

2
r
−6

109 = 4.5 × 106 N/C

(10−5)×10
=9× 2
−2
(10× 10 )

3. (a) all the charges are in unstable equilibrium

Explanation:
The net force on each charge is zero. Therefore, all the charges are in equilibrium. If we slightly displace the charge -q to the
right, the net force of attraction will further displace it to the right i.e., away from its mean positive. The equilibrium is,
therefore, unstable.
4.
3 N
(c) − (1.0 × 10 C
^
) i

Explanation:
Using E = F

3 N
E= − (1.0 × 10 C
^
) i

−−
m
−
5. (a) √ mQ
P

Explanation:
−−
m−
P
√ mQ

6. (a) P0 (E2 + E1) k

^

Explanation:
perform the cross product:
torque = p × E = |ijk|
So, the torque experienced by the electric dipole in the given electric field is:
P0 (E2 + E1)k
^

7.
(d) 1.0 × 10-7 Cm-1
Explanation:
Using E = λ

2π ε0 r

E= 1.0 × 10-7 Cm-1

8. a. Net outward flux = -2ϕ + ϕ

= -ϕ
Charge enclosed = −ϕε o

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Chemistry
 b. No
There may be charges (positive and negative) and net charge is zero.
9. Field lines of an electric dipole.

10. Let us find the force on the charge Q at the point C

Force due to the other charge Q
2 2
Q Q
F1 =
4πε0
1

2
=
4πε0
1
(
2
) (along AC)
(a√2) 2a

Force due to the charge q (at B), F2

qQ
=
1
along BC
4πε0 a2

Force due to the charge q (at D), F3

qQ
=
1
along DC
4πε0 a2

Resultant of these two equal forces

qQ( √2)
F23 =
4πε0
1

2
(along AC)
a

∴ Net force on charge Q (at point C)

Q Q –
F = F1 + F 23 =
4πε0
1

2
[
2
+ √2q]
a

This force is directed along AC. (For the charge Q, at the point A, the force will have the same magnitude but will be directed
along CA)

11. The charge on anybody is always an integral multiple of e. Here

q −19

n= e
=
0.8× 10

−19
C
= 0.5
1.6× 10 C

This is not an integer. So a body cannot have a charge of 0.8 × 10-19 C.

12. Torque is maximum when the dipole is held perpendicular to the electric field.
13. Let a be the radius of a sphere A, Q be the charge on the sphere and C be the capacitance of that sphere. Let b be the radius of
A A

a sphere B, Q be the charge on the sphere, and C be the capacitance of that sphere. Since the two spheres are connected by a
B B

wire, their potential (V ) will become equal. Let E be the electric field of sphere A and E by the electric field of sphere B.
A B

Then,
2
E Q b 4π ε0
A A
= ( ) × ( )
EB 2 QB
4πε0 a

EA QA 2

EB
=
Q
×
b

2
...(i)
B a
Q C V
However, QB
A
=
CB V
A
...(ii)
C a
and CB
A
=
b
...(iii)
Putting the values of (ii) and (iii) in (i), we get,
EA b
=
EB a

Therefore, the required ratio of electric fields at the surface of the spheres is b

a
.
14. Particles (1) and (2) are negatively charged and particle (3) is positively charged since the charged particles are deflected towards
oppositely charged plates.
e
Further, as the displacement y ∝ m
therefore, particle (3) having a maximum value of y has the highest charge to mass ratio.

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Chemistry
 −→
q
15. By Gauss's law, ϕ E = ∮
S
⃗
E ⋅ dS =
ε0

i. ϕ E does not change because it depends only on the total charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface and not its shape or size.
ii. ϕ E does not change because the total flux is determined by the charge inside the surface and not on the charge outside.
iii. ϕ E will change because the total charge inside the surface has changed.
iv. ϕ E
becomes zero, because a dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges and so the net charge inside the surface is zero.
16. a. i. Two electric field lines never cross each other because if they do so, we can draw two tangents at the same point, it means
there will be two directions of electric field at the same point of intersection which is not possible.
ii. Since the electric field lines start from positive charge and terminate at the negative charge hence closed loops are not
possible.
qE
b. a = m
−6 ^
2× 10 (80 i +60j)
= −3
1.6×10

∵ v⃗ = u⃗ + a⃗t
v = 4^i + (10^i + 7.5 j)× 10-2 × 5
v = 4.5^i + 0.375 j

17.

i. If we place the third charge 2q between A and B the direction of the force on 2q due to A and B on C will be same.
So the net force cannot be zero, so the charge q cannot be placed between A and B.
ii. If 2q is placed the right side of A then rAC > rBC as qA < qB. So FCA < FCB always as the direction of FCA is towards right and
FCB is left so, FCA + FCB ≠ 0 we can not obtain required condition.
iii. Now consider 2q at the C to left of q at distance x from q.
Force on 2q at C (left of q) is in opposite direction so net force will be zero if magnitude is equal. So,
⇒ FCA + FCB = 0 or FCA = - FCB

KqC qA −KqC qB
⇒ =
2 2
r CA r CB

2qq −2q(−3q)
⇒ =
x2 (x+d)
2

2 2
2q 6q 1 3
⇒ = ⇒ =
2 2 2 2
x (x+d) x (x+d)

⇒ 3x2 = x2 + d2 + 2xd
⇒ 2x2 - 2xd - d2 = 0
2 2
+2d± √(−2d) −4.2⋅(− d )

⇒ x =
2.2

2 2
+2d± √4d +8d
2d±2d√3
⇒ x = =
4 4

d(1± √3)
⇒ x =
2
–
So, x = d

2
(1 + √3) m to the left of q, it will not experience any force
18. i. (d)
q −18
3.2×10
ii. (b): From, q = ne, n = e
=
−19
= 20
1.6×10

As n is an integer, hence this value of charge is possible.

iii. (d): Charge on the body is q = ne
= 6.25 × 109
q −9

∴ No. of electrons present on the body is n = e

=
1× 10 C

−19
1.6× 10 C

iv. (c): Here, n = 109 electrons per second

Charge given per second, q = ne = 109 × 1.6 × 10-19 C
q = 1.6 × 19-10 C
Total charge, Q = 1 C(given)
= 6.25 × 109 s
Q
∴ Time required = q
=
1

−10
s
1.6×10
9
6.25×10
∴
3600×24×365
year = 198.19 years

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Chemistry
 −7

v. (a): As q = ne, n = 3.2×10

−19
1.6×10

⇒ n = 2 × 1012 electrons
19. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Conservation of electric charge states that the total charge of an isolated system remains unchanged with time.
20.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
The total electric flux out of a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity, according to Gauss'
law.
Inverse square dependency of the electric field on distance isthe basis of Gauss' theorem.
Therefore, both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not correct explanation of assertion.

21.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

22. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
⃗
qE
a⃗ =
m

As E⃗ changes, a⃗ also change but it does not depend on the velocity of the charged particle.

23.

Suppose the 4 charges are placed at the corners of ABCD. The total force on q4.
Here AB = BC = CD = AD = 0.2 m
q1 = q2 = q3 = q4 = 16 μC = 16 × 10-6 C
Force exerted on q4 by q1 is
9 −6 −6

F1 = 9× 10 ×16× 10

2
×16× 10

(0.2)

= 57.6 N, along AD produced

Force exerted on q4 by q2 is given by
9 −6 −6

F2 = 9× 10 ×16× 10

2
×16× 10

2
(0.2) +(0.2)

= 28.8 N, along BD produced

Force exerted on q4 by q3 is
9 −6 −6

F3 = 9× 10 ×16× 10

2
×16× 10

(0.2)

= 57.6 N, along CD produced

As F1 and F3 are perpendicular to each other, so their resultant force is
−−−−−−− −−−−−−−−− −
F' = √F 1
2
+ F
3
2 2
= √57.6 + 57.6
2

–
= 57.6√2 = 81.5 N, in the direction of F2
Hence total force on q4 is
F = F2 + F' = 28.8 + 81.5
= 110.3 N, along BD produced.

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Chemistry
24. Gauss's law states that the electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the net charge enclosed by the surface divided by
Qen
permittivity of vacuum. i.e ϕ = ϵ0

Let P be any point at a distance r from the sheet.

Let the small area element E = dsn
E and 'n' are perpendicular, on the surface of imagined cylinder, so electric flux is zero. E and 'nn' are parallel on the two
cylindrical edges P and Q, which contributes electric flux.
∴ Electric flux over the edges P and Q of the cylinder is

→
q
2 ∮ E⃗ ⋅ ds = ϵ0

→
q
2 ∮ Eds = ϵ0
[∵ E⃗ ⊥ ds ]

2Eπ r2 =
q

ϵ0

q
→
2
2πϵ0 r
q
∴ The charge density σ = S

⇒ q = π r2 σ [where S - area of circle]

2

E= πr σ

2
2πϵ0 r

E= σ

2ϵ0

∴ vecotrically E⃗ = σ

2ϵ0
^
n

25. Let q and Q - q be the charges on the two objects. Then force between the two objects is
q(Q−q)
F= 4πε0
1
⋅
2
where r is the distance between the two objects.
r

For F to be maximum,
dF

dq
=0

or 4πε0
1
⋅
1

2
⋅
d

dq
(qQ - q2) = 0
r

or d

dq
(qQ - q2) = 0
or Q - 2q = 0
Q
or q = 2

i.e., the charge should be divided equally on the two objects.

26. An electric dipole is a separation of positive and negative charges. The electric dipole moment is the product of the magnitude of
the charge and the distance between the centres of positive and negative charges.
Let AB be an electric dipole of charges -q and +q and distance between them be 2l. Dipole makes an angle θ in the electric field

E in the direction of field. Force on the charge +q due to electric field is given by F = qE Due to both forces are equal and
opposite. Hence resultant force is zero, but they from a couple. Therefore, moment of restoring couple or torque is given by
∴ τ = force × perpendicular distance = qE × BC BC = AB sinθ = 2l sinθ
∴ τ = qE × 2l sinθ = pE sinθ (∵ p = q × 2l), where p is electric dipole moment.

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Chemistry
27. i.

Now,
τ = either force × perpendicular distance BC between parallel forces

τ = qE(2l sin θ)

τ = (q × 2l)E sin θ or τ = ρE sin θ

In vector notation,
τ = p × E

SI unit of torque is newton-metre (N-m) and its dimensional formula is [ML2T-2]. The torque acts perpendicular to both p and
E.
ii. If the field is non-uniform the net force is not zero.
iii. a) If the field is increasing parallel to p, the torque would also increase in the same direction.
b) When the ​field is increasing anti parallel to p, the torque would also increase in the opposite direction.

28.

Let us consider q is displaced slightly by z along the axis of the ring. The motion is simple harmonic if q must be proportional to Z
and is directed towards O.
a. A slight push on q along the axis of the ring gives rise to the situation shown in Fig (b). A and B are two points on the ring at
the end of a diameter
−Q
Force on q due to line elements 2πR
at A and B is
−Q 1 1
FA+B = 2 ⋅ ⋅ q ⋅ ⋅ cos θ
2πR 4πε0 2
r

−Oq 1 z
= ⋅ ⋅
πR⋅4πεo 2 2 1/2
(z +R ) 2 2
(z +R )

Total force due to ring on q = (FA+B)(π R)

−Qq 1 z
= ⋅ ⋅
4πεo 2
(z 2 + R ) 2 1/2
(z 2 + R )

−Qq
= f orz << R
4πε0

Thus, the force is proportional to the negative of displacement. The motion under such forces is harmonic.
b. From results in option (a),
2 Qqz 2 Qq
m
d

2
z
= −
3
or d

2
z
= −
3
z
dt 4πεo R dt 4π εo m R

Qq
That is, ω 2
=
3
4π εo m R
−−−−−−
4π εo mR
Therefore, T = 2π√
Qq

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