Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE

Signal and Systems Lecture 1

Department of ECE

Solomon T. Mawcha
Address:

[email protected]

Mekelle University-Mekelle Institute of Technology

March 12, 2017

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Introduction

Outline

1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Introduction

Introduction

The intent of this introduction is to give the reader an idea

about Signals and its applications. But we must first, at least
vaguely define what signals and systems are. Signals are
functions of one or more variables .
Signals are functions of one or more independent
variable(s) .
Anything which carries information
A quantitative description of a physical phenomenon

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Introduction

Representation of signal

x(t) : for continuous Signal, x[n] : for discrete signal

where t is continuous time value and n discrete time value

Figure 1 : Continuous and Discrete Signals

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Introduction

Examples of signals include

Speech signal: is a function of time.

A voltage signal: voltage across two points varying as a
function of time.
A photograph: color and intensity as a function of
2-dimensional space.
A video signal: color and intensity as a function of
2-dimensional space and time.

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification

Outline

1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification

Discrete-time and Continuous-time Signal

Signals may be classified as:
1 Discrete-time signals
1 are defined only at discrete time
2 the independent variable takes on only a discrete set of
values
3 Symbol n is used to denote the discrete-time independent
variable
4 represented by x[t]
2 Continuous-time signals
1 the independent variable is continuous
2 symbol t is used to denote the continuous-time independent
variable
3 represented by x(t)

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification

Figure 1 : Continuous Signals

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification

Figure 1 : Discrete Signals

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification

Energy and Power signals

Energy Signal
1 SignalR ∞energy is represented by Ex
2 Ex = −∞ x(t)2 dt for Continuous-time signal
P∞
3 Ex = n=−∞ x[n]2 for Discrete-time signal
4 If total energy is finite energy signal has zero power
Power Signal
1 Signal energy is represented by Px
2 power signal has infinite energy
1
RT
3 Px = limT →∞ 2T −T
x(t)2 dt for Continuous-time signal
T
Px = limT →∞ T1 0 x(t)2 dt for periodic Continuous-time
R
4

signal
1
PN 2
5 Px = limT →∞ 2N+1 n=−N x[n] for Discrete-time signal

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification

Figure 1 : Energy Signals

Example: The discrete-time signal

(
1 if 0 ≤ n ≤ 10
x[t] =
0 if otherwise

for which E∞ = 11 is a finite-energy signal.

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification

Figure 1 : Power Signals

Example 1: The constant signal x(t) = 4 has infinite

energy, but a total average power of 16:
1
RT 2 1
RT 2
P∞ = limT →∞ 2T −T x(t) dt = limT →∞ 2T −T 4 dt
1
limT →∞ 2T 2T ∗ 16 = 16
Example 2: For x(t) = Cejw0 t , the total average power is
C2
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification

Periodic and non-period signals

Periodic Signals
1 periodic signal x(t) is a function that satisfies the condition
2 Ex = x(t + T ) for for all T
3 A discrete time signal x[n] is periodic if there is an integer
constant N > 0 such that x[n] = x[n + N] for all n.
4 the smallest value of T , T0 is called the fundamental period
5 f = T1 is fundamental frequency...measured in Hertz(Hz)
6 w = 2πT is angular frequency measured in radians per
second

Figure 1 : Continuous Sinusoidal Signals

Non-periodic
1 A signal Px that for which there is no value of T to satisfy
the above equations is aperiodic or non-periodic 3 / 10
Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification

Even and Odd Signals

Even Signals
1 is represented by Xe (t)
2 Xe (t)= x(t) = x(−t) for for all T
3 Xe (t)= 12 (x(t) + x(−t))
4 x(t) = t 2 − 40 is an even signal
Odd Signals
1 is represented by Xo (t)
2 Xo (t)= x(t) = −x(−t) for for all T
3 X0 (t)= 12 (x(t) − x(−t))
1 3
4 x(t) = 10 t is an odd signal
every signal can be represented as a sum of even and odd
components
x(t) = e0.4t is neither odd nor even
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification

Figure 1 : Even and Odd Signals

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Signal Classification

Deterministic and Random Signals

Deterministic Signals
1 is a signal about which there is no uncertainty with respect
to its value
Random Signals
1 is a signal about which there is uncertainty before its actual
occurence

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals

Outline

1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals

Unit step
represented by u(t) for the continuous signals and u[n] for
discrete
and is defined as
(
1 if t > 0
u(t) =
0 if t < 0

Figure 1 : Unit Step

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals

Discrete-time Impulse and Step signal

Unit Step Discrete-time signal is represented by u[n]

and is defined as
(
1 if n > 0
u[n] =
0 if n < 0

Unit Impulse Discrete-time signal is represented by δ[n]

and is defined as
(
1 if n = 0
δ[n] =
0 if n < 0

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals

Figure 1 : Unit Impulse and step Signal-Discrete

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals

A pulse signal

1 expressed using two step functions

2 example x(t) = u(t-2)-u(t-4)

Figure 1 : Impulse Signal

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals

Rectangle

(
A if − 12 <= t <= 1
2
x(t) =
0 otherwise

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals

Unit Impulse signal

the dirac delta function is represented by δ(t)
is defined as
(
0 if t is different from zero
δ(t) =
∞ if t = 0
R∞
where −∞ δ(t)dt = 1

Figure 1 : Impulse Signal

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals

Exponential signal

very important in signal and systems

is defined as x(t)=Cest where
√ s is a complex variable
given by s= a + jw and j = −1
est = eat ejwt =eat (cost(wt) + jsin(wt))
the conjugate of s is given by s∗ = a − jw
e∗st = eat e−jwt =eat (cost(wt) − jsin(wt))
cos(θ) = 21 (ejθ + e−jθ )
1
sin(θ) = 2j (e
jθ − e−jθ )

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals

Figure 1 : Real-valued Exponential

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals

Sinusoidal Signals

probably the most important elemental signal that you will

deal with is the real-valued sinusoid
in its continuous-time form, we write the general form as:
x(t) = Acos(wt + φ)
where A is the amplitude, w is the frequency, and φ
represents the phase
wt replaced with 2πft
Since sinusoidal signals are periodic, we can express the
period of these, or any periodic signal, as:
T = 2π
w

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic(useful) signals

Ramp Signals
is the integral of the step function u(t)
commonly denoted by r (t)
and is defined as
(
t if t ≥ 0
r (t) =
0 otherwise

Figure 1 : Ramp Signal

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic operations performed on signals

Outline

1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic operations performed on signals

1 Operations performed on the dependent variable

2 operations performed on the independent variable

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on dependent variable

Outline

1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on dependent variable

Amplitude Scaling

1 y(t) = Cx(t)
2 Example Amplifier

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on dependent variable

Addition

1 for signals x1 (t) and x2 (t)

2 y(t)=x1 (t) + x2 (t)
3 Eg. Audio Mixer

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on dependent variable

Multiplication

1 for signals x1 (t) and x2 (t)

2 y(t)=x1 (t)x2 (t)
3 Eg. AM radio where x1 (t) is Audio signal and x2 (t) is
carrier wave

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on the independent variable

Outline

1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on the independent variable

Time Scaling

y(t) = x(at)
if a >= 1, the signal y(t) is compressed version of x(t)
0 < a < 1, the signal y(t) is expanded version of x(t)

Figure 2 : Continuous and Discrete Signals

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on the independent variable

Time reversal(Reflection)

replace time t of the signal x(t) by −t

y(t) = x(−t)
Odd and even?

Figure 2 : Time Reversal

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Operation performed on the independent variable

Time shift
let x(t) denote a continuous time signal
the shifted version of x(t) will be y (t) = x(t − t0 )
t0 is the time shift
if t0 > 0, x(t) is shifted to the right with respect to the time
axis
if t0 < 0, x(t) is shifted to the left with respect to the time
axis

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections

Outline

1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections

What is System?

a system is a mathematical model of a physical process

that relates the input signal to the output signal
is interconnections of subsystems
Systems are used to process signals to modify or extract
information
Interconnections of Systems
1 to analyze the operation and behavior of the overall system,
it is important understand the interconnection of
subsystems

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections

A series or Cascade Interconnection

the output of one systems is the input to the next system

Eg. Radio receiver followed by amplifier

Figure 3 : Cascade Interconnection

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections

A parallel Interconnection
the same input signal is applied to two or more than two
systems
the output of the systems is added
eg. simple audio systems with several microphones..
speaker system

Figure 3 : Parallel Interconnection

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections

Combined Interconnection

contains both Series and parallel

Figure 3 : Combined Interconnection

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections

Feedback Interconnection
the output of system 1 is the the output and input to system
2
the output of system 2 is added to the external input
Electrical circuits

Figure 3 : Feedback Interconnection

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties

Outline

1 Introduction
2 Signal Classification
3 Basic(useful) signals
4 Basic operations performed on signals
5 Operation performed on dependent variable
6 Operation performed on the independent variable
7 Systems and Frequently encountered Interconnections
8 Basic System Properties

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties

System with/out memory

Memoryless
1 its output for each value of the independent variable at
given time is dependent on the input at the same time
2 Eg1. y[n] = (2x[n] − x 2 [n])2
3 Eg2. y(t) =Rx(t) where R is resistor, x(t) is current and
y (t) is voltage
System with memory
1 its output depends on theP past values
n
2 eg1. Accumulator y[n] = k=−∞ x[k ]
3 eg2. Delay y[t] =x[n − 1]
Rt
4 eg3. Capacitor y (t) = C1 −∞ x(t)dt

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties

Invertibility and Inverse Systems

let a system S produces y(t) with input x(t), if there exists
another system Si which produces x(t) from y (t), then S is
invertible
a systems is said to be invertible if distinct input leads to
distinct output
if a system is invertible, then an inverse system exists
y(t) = 2x(t) and w(t) = 21 y(t)
eg. channel coding

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties

Causality

present output depends only on the past and present

inputs, not on the future inputs
output depends at t0 depends on x(t) for t <= t0
y(t) = x(t − 1) + x(t)
y(t) = x(t + 1) + x(t) and y[n]) = x[−n] are not causal

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties

Stability

bounded input results in bounded output

a system is said to be stable in the BIBO sense OR
small input leads to responses that do not diverge
pendulum

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties

Time Variance

time-invariant system is one whose parameters do not

change with time
if the behavior of the system is fixed overtime
y(t) is the output if x(t) is the input then
y(t − t0 ) is the output if x(t − t0 ) is the input
eg1. y(t) = sin[x(t)]
1 y1 (t) = sin[x1 (t)]
x2 (t) = x1 (t − t0 )
y2 (t) = sin[x1 (t − t0 )]
y1 (t − t0 ) = sin[x1 (t − t0 )]
eg2. y(t) = x(2t)

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties

Example time variance system

Figure 4 : Time variance

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties

Linearity

possesses the Superposition property

if the input contains the weighted sum, then the output is
the weighted sum of each of the signal
Superposition property contains scaling and additivity
property
1 the response to x1 (t) + x2 (t) is y1 (t) + y2 (t)
2 the response to a1 x1 (t) is a1 y1 (t) where a1 is any complex
constant
these two properties defining a linear system
a1 x1 (t) +a2 x2 (t) leads to a1 y1 (t) +a2 y2 (t)

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties

Figure 4 : Linear System

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties

Example 1 -Linearity
Consider a system S whose input x(t) and output y(t) are
related by
y (t) = tx(t)
Determine if it is linear or not.
Solution
y1 (t) = tx1 (t)
y2 (t) = tx2 (t)
x3 (t) = a1 x1 (t) + a2 x2 (t)
y3 (t) = tx3 (t)
y3 (t) = t(a1 x1 (t) + a2 x2 (t)) = a1 tx1 (t) + a2 tx2 (t)
which is equal to
a1 y1 (t) +a2 y2 (t)
so it is linear
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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE
Basic System Properties

Example 2 -Linearity

Given y(t) = x 2 (t), determine if it is linear or not.

Solution
y1 (t) = x12 (t)
y2 (t) = x22 (t)
x3 (t) = a1 x1 (t) + a2 x2 (t)
y3 (t) = x32 (t) = a12 x12 (t) + a22 x12 (t) + 2a1 a2 x12 (t)x22 (t)
which is not equal to
a1 y1 (t) + a2 y2 (t) = a1 x12 (t) + a2 x22 (t)
therefore, it is not linear

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE

”No one can do everything, but everyone can do

something”
Max Lucado, Outlive Your Life: You Were Made to Make A
Difference

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Signal and Systems Lecture 1 Department of ECE

Vielen Dank!

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