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1. 1. What is MicroPython?
1. Why Micro?
2. Why Python?
 3. MicroPython Genesis
4. Dive In!
2. 2. PyBoard
1. The Hardware
2. Developer Setup
3. 3. BBC micro:bit
1. The Hardware
2. Developer Setup
4. 4. Adafruit Circuit Playground Express
1. The Hardware
2. Developer Setup
5. 5. ESP8266 / ESP32
1. The Hardware
2. Developer Setup
1. ESP8266
2. ESP32
6. 6. Thinking Embedded
1. Human Drives
2. Abilities of Enchantment
3. Steps on the Ladder of Enchantment
7. 7. Idiomatic MicroPython
1. The Zen of MicroPython
2. Memory
3. Performance
Programming on MicroPython
Embedded Programming on the Handheld ARM-Powered Computer

Nicholas H. Tollervey
Programming on MicroPython
by Nicholas H. Tollervey

Copyright © 2017 Nicholas H. Tollervey. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc. , 1005 Gravenstein Highway North,

Sebastopol, CA 95472.

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or [email protected] .

Editors: Brian Jepson and Jeff Bleiel

Production Editor: FILL IN PRODUCTION EDITOR
Copyeditor: FILL IN COPYEDITOR
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Indexer: FILL IN INDEXER
Interior Designer: David Futato
Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest

January -4712: First Edition

Revision History for the First
Edition
2017-04-07: First Early Release
2017-06-01: Second Early Release

See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781491972694 for release

details.

The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc.

Programming on MicroPython, the cover image, and related trade dress are
trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.

While the publisher and the author(s) have used good faith efforts to ensure that
the information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the
publisher and the author(s) disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions,
including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use
of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained
in this work is at your own risk. If any code samples or other technology this
work contains or describes is subject to open source licenses or the
intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that
your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.

978-1-491-97269-4

[FILL IN]
Chapter 1. What is MicroPython?
MicroPython is a reimplementation of the Python programming language that
targets microcontrollers and embedded systems.

Microcontrollers are computers shrunk onto a single, very small chip.

Embedded systems are computers that function within a larger mechanical or
electrical system. Embedded systems often use microcontrollers.

This book introduces, explores and explains MicroPython through four typical
yet different devices1, all of which have a microcontroller at their core.

Such devices are very different to other sorts of computer. Most computers
contain lots of parts: memory, storage and processing are physically separate
components containing various specialist chips. They may also contain
additional parts for sound, graphics and networking capabilities. Such
computers are significantly more powerful than the microcontroller based
devices used in this book.

This raises two important questions:

Why use such small underpowered microcontroller based devices?

Why use Python?

Answering these questions illustrates why there is so much excitement

surrounding MicroPython.
Why Micro?
Computers are amazing and seemingly magical things.

For example, it is commonplace to make video calls to the other side of the
world yet, just twenty years ago this was the realm of science fiction.

Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.

Arthur C.Clarke Hazards of Prophecy: The Failure of Imagination.

The quote from science fiction author Arthur C.Clarke suggests advanced
technology appears as awe inspiring magic. He forgot to mention that any
sufficiently advanced technology is boring if it’s everywhere. Familiarity and
ubiquity banish any sense of wonder for all but the most inquisitive.

What do I mean?

I am just old enough to remember a world without computers everywhere. First

encounters with computers felt like magic. For instance, when I was at
university in the 1990s I spent hours connected to multi-user text based virtual
worlds2 collaborating with people connected to the server from all over the
globe. It felt amazing to work, in real-time, with such a diverse and far flung
group of friends. I was especially pleased to discover I could chat with my
fellow users; albeit in a textual sense. Being British I always enquired about
the weather and found it strangely satisfying to instantly know conditions in
San Francisco, Tel Aviv or Singapore (usually, better than the weather in
London). Knowing this information and, more importantly, knowing how to get
such information felt like magic.

Depending on your age, you probably experience one of two reactions to my

example:

1. A tingle of nostalgia for those wonderful, exciting and amazing early days
of the Internet.
2. Spare us reminiscences of the “good old days”, haven’t you heard of
 social media, grandpa?

Today, my own children are unsurprised when they video-call their

grandparents from mobile phones. There is no longer a sense of amazement or
wonder at such extraordinary feats of engineering. Rather, like generations of
children before them, they’re more impressed, intrigued and entertained by the
magic found in stories, legends and fairy tales.

Why?

It captures their imagination whereas the use of every-day objects is humdrum

and unremarkable.

Take the world of J.K.Rowling’s Harry Potter books -- a world populated by

enchanted objects, magical forces and incantations that bestow upon the user
the ability to transform the world around them. Readers are drawn into the
world because they imagine, “wouldn’t it be amazing if I owned an invisibility
cloak, flying broom or could cast a spell that allowed me to breathe under
water?” There is a sense of wonder in the magic found in Rowling’s world.
The same could be said of Tolkien’s Middle Earth, ancient Greek legends, any
number of super heroes and “Force” wielding Jedi in the Star Wars movies.
It’s fun to be immersed in such magical realms -- they entertain by encouraging
a sense of wonder while giving imagination the freedom to wander. It’s an
opportunity to ask yourself, “what would I do if I were the magic wielding
hero?”

What has this to do with microcontrollers?

Such computing devices allow programmers to ask a similar question.

Imaginations are set free to roam but, just as in literature and life, there is
always a tension between right and wrong, good and evil, yes or no.

How?

Everyday objects containing small, embedded microcontrollers become

programmable. If they are programmable, they have agency (the state of being
in action) and autonomy (the capability of choosing how to act given certain
situations). Rather than being static, dead objects, they become independent
and demonstrate behaviours that bring them to life. Microcontroller-based
devices are small enough to be stuck, sewn, soldered and screwed in and on to
other objects, turning every-day things into programmable “enchanted”
objects3. Most importantly, anyone with the right knowledge can “cast a spell”
in code to modify the activities and behaviour of such objects.

Just as in literary worlds, embedded systems appear magical in ways that

engage and inspire. Consequently, our world becomes programmable in a way
that is similar to how make-believe spells control a fictional, magical world.
Imagination and a sense of wonder for computing is, in a sense, restored. We
regain the opportunity to ask ourselves, “what would I do if I could program
these devices?”

Objects containing embedded and potentially networked microcontrollers are

“enchanted” in the same way objects are in fictional magical worlds -- you
simply give them instructions. Just like in magical stories, it is important to
understand how such incantations in code make enchanted embedded objects
work for you.

That’s where Python comes into the picture.

Why Python?

Figure 1-1. In 2016 Python was ranked 3rd most popular programming language in the world by the
IEEE. Guido van Rossum (the inventor of Python) correctly points out the omission of the
“Embedded” flag thanks to MicroPython4 .

Python is an easy to learn, widely used and expressive programming language -

- it’s easy to write what you mean in Python with concise and simple code.
Additionally, Python flourishes because it has a well-organised, proactive,
diverse and welcoming global community.
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
dead, would recognise me. I might walk down the streets of
Daneford to-morrow, and talk about my own sad end to my most
intimate friend, and he would not recognise me. The Daneford Bank
would open an account for me to-morrow in the name of Grey, and
observe no likeness between their new customer and their old
master. I am a new man already. I feel new blood in all my veins,
new sinews in all my limbs; the nightmare of the past is vanishing; I
shall sleep now of nights, and whistle once more while I dress of
mornings. Ten thousand times better this feeling than all the pomp
my ambition longed for with the canker and the care."
He took from the pocket of the coat he had removed a small packet,
thinking: "All I want is the money. Twenty thousand pounds will be a
large fortune in either Spain or Italy."
He threw the clothes he had worn on the bed, opened the cupboard,
and took out one after another four cans. Two of these he emptied
over his own bed, one on the floor and furniture, and one on the
landing and first flight of the stairs. Turpentine!
He then threw the four cans on the bed, wrenched off the gas-
brackets and set fire to the gas at the ends of the broken pipes.
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"All right!"
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A little spirt of flame shot out of the counterpane to the match. The
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up over that bed.
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cried in a husky voice:
"Saved!"
He looked out of the window.
"All right."
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"Quite firm."
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No.
He put his hand on his breast.
"The money is here," he whispered to himself, "but I have forgotten
something. What is it?" A few seconds passed and he yelled: "I
know! I know! What I forgot is on the roof."
With furious speed he dashed up the noisome stairs.
As he did so there arose a soft flapping sound at the door on the
landing, and a lazy serpent of white flame crawled across the
landing and climbed up the stairs.

A sweetheart of one of the maid-servants, leaving the Manor House

by the side door at half-past nine, saw fire issuing from the window
on the first floor of the tower, ran back to the servants' hall, and
gave the alarm.
By that time the fire raged madly, rioting on the parched woodwork
of the staircase and the dry joists and planks of the floors. The
staircase was a cavern of white flame. In front of the glare rushed a
fierce column of black suffocating smoke. Twice already had a man
tried to force his way down, and twice had he been driven back
before the scalding vapour. Now he crouched on the roof in the
corner furthest from the tank.
By ten a small crowd had assembled and he could hear men at
work. The roof was getting hot; now and then the opening from the
staircase panted forth a cloud of sparks.
"If they see me they will try to save me. They will come here, find
out all, and save me—for the gallows. Better the fire."
He crouched closer and held his breath lest they should hear him
breathe. He had no memory of how he came to that roof. He must
have rushed there in one of those unconscious moments.
At half-past ten red tongues began to issue from the opening in the
roof.
By a quarter to eleven the weight of the tank told on the sapped
roof. That portion showed signs of subsidence.
Still the man crouched low, his eyes now fixed in agonised
expectation on the tank.
The man on the roof heard the clocks of Daneford strike eleven. Just
then the tank trembled, swayed a moment, then shot downward
with a roar. Up the hole made by it danced a cloud of flame.
The man on the roof sprang to his feet, and with a shout leaped on
the parapet crying:
"Help! Help! For God's sake, help!"
With that tank the evidence against him had vanished.
A groan came up from the people below, and then a cheer.
"The fire-escape is coming. Have courage!"
Shading his eyes with his hands he looked in the direction of the
lodge, and saw approaching by the carriage-way the fire-escape.
"Help! Quick!"
"Courage, Wat! We will save you!"
Another crash. Something warm struck his back. He turned round.
All the roof was gone now. He looked into a pool of flame.
A fiercer blow than the former. Sight gone. Head giddy. Ah!
They saw the flame touch him; they saw him thrust his arms before
his face. They saw him sway, and fall into the crater.
They knew he had lost his life in the tower that night, but they never
knew that tower was the tomb of husband and wife.

"Well, Maud, as we are not leaving home for our honeymoon, and
there is only one place in the Castle where you have never been—
the top of the Tower of Silence, suppose we take lanterns and go
there for an hour. I am curious to see this historic tower, this Weird
Sister dowered with a legend of blood. You are not afraid to go."
"I should like to go. There is nothing I would like better. It will be an
adventure."
When they were there he said: "I am glad we came. We are
promised a glorious view presently. There is the moon rising."
"The moon does not rise there. It rises here," pointing.
"Then there must be a fire."
"That is the direction of the Manor House——."

THE END.
 CHARLES DICKENS AND EVANS, GREAT NEW STREET, FETTER
LANE, E.C.

NOTICE.
Now ready, at every Library in the Kingdom,

THE MYSTERY OF KILLARD.

A New Novel.

By RICHARD DOWLING,
Author of "The Weird Sisters." In Three Vols.

"A noticeable book; it contrives to arouse and maintain interest

with a very small number of incidents and personages,
dramatically handled. Hugo might in his younger days, and
before he had learnt the fatal lesson of setting his own
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"All things being taken in consideration, it may be pronounced a
decided success ... This work alone would have been enough to
have established the author's claim to a place amongst the first
of living writers of exciting fiction of the more intense kind."—
Morning Post.
"Full of dramatic action. Clever delineations of strongly
contrasted human eccentricities, interwoven with which is a
love-story of singular freshness."—Illustrated London News.
"The nature of the novel is indeed uncommonly fine."—World.
"Novels are so apt to belie their name by running in the most
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 TINSLEY BROTHERS' NEW
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