Laplace Transform – Introduction

Laplace Transform converts time-domain functions into s-domain for simplified analysis. It handles both transient and
steady-state behaviors. L[f(t)] = ∫■^∞ f(t)·e■■■ dt = F(s) Common transforms: L[1] = 1/s, L[t] = 1/s², L[e^at] = 1/(s-a), L[sin(ωt)] =
ω / (s² + ω²) Applications: Transient analysis, differential equation solving, signal modeling. This concept is heavily used in
real-world engineering applications such as signal processing, control systems, and filter design. During exams, it's often asked
in both numerical and derivation-based forms. Ensure you understand both how to apply this technique to circuits and how to
perform inverse transforms or identify transfer functions. Diagrams and step-by-step Laplace solution are often expected.

Analysis of Electrical Circuits using Laplace

Convert all time-domain elements to their s-domain equivalents: - R → R - L → sL (with initial current as voltage source) - C →
1/sC (with initial voltage as current source) Use mesh/nodal in s-domain and solve algebraically. This concept is heavily used in
real-world engineering applications such as signal processing, control systems, and filter design. During exams, it's often asked
in both numerical and derivation-based forms. Ensure you understand both how to apply this technique to circuits and how to
perform inverse transforms or identify transfer functions. Diagrams and step-by-step Laplace solution are often expected.

Standard Inputs and Responses

Common inputs: - Step: u(t) → L = 1/s - Ramp: t·u(t) → L = 1/s² - Impulse: δ(t) → L = 1 - Sinusoid: sin(ωt) → L = ω / (s² + ω²) Free
Response: system behavior due to initial energy only. Forced Response: output due to external sources only. This concept is
heavily used in real-world engineering applications such as signal processing, control systems, and filter design. During exams,
it's often asked in both numerical and derivation-based forms. Ensure you understand both how to apply this technique to circuits
and how to perform inverse transforms or identify transfer functions. Diagrams and step-by-step Laplace solution are often
expected.

Initial and Final Conditions

Initial condition: capacitor voltage or inductor current at t=0■. Final value theorem: f(∞) = lim■→0 s·F(s) Used to calculate
long-term circuit response after switching. This concept is heavily used in real-world engineering applications such as signal
processing, control systems, and filter design. During exams, it's often asked in both numerical and derivation-based forms.
Ensure you understand both how to apply this technique to circuits and how to perform inverse transforms or identify transfer
functions. Diagrams and step-by-step Laplace solution are often expected.

Inverse Laplace Transform

Used to bring s-domain solution back to time-domain: Methods: 1. Partial fraction expansion 2. Laplace table matching 3.
Complex inversion integral (rarely used) Applications: Time-domain circuit waveforms from algebraic expressions. This concept
is heavily used in real-world engineering applications such as signal processing, control systems, and filter design. During
exams, it's often asked in both numerical and derivation-based forms. Ensure you understand both how to apply this technique
to circuits and how to perform inverse transforms or identify transfer functions. Diagrams and step-by-step Laplace solution are
often expected.

Convolution Integral
If input x(t) and impulse response h(t) are known, output: y(t) = ∫■^t x(τ)·h(t–τ)dτ In Laplace: Y(s) = X(s)·H(s) Applications:
System modeling, response to arbitrary waveforms. This concept is heavily used in real-world engineering applications such as
signal processing, control systems, and filter design. During exams, it's often asked in both numerical and derivation-based
forms. Ensure you understand both how to apply this technique to circuits and how to perform inverse transforms or identify
transfer functions. Diagrams and step-by-step Laplace solution are often expected.

Transfer Function – H(s)

H(s) = Vout(s)/Vin(s) with all initial conditions = 0 Used to characterize system behavior. H(s) is ratio of polynomials in s.
Numerator zeros, denominator poles. Applications: Circuit design, control systems, stability analysis. This concept is heavily
used in real-world engineering applications such as signal processing, control systems, and filter design. During exams, it's often
asked in both numerical and derivation-based forms. Ensure you understand both how to apply this technique to circuits and how
to perform inverse transforms or identify transfer functions. Diagrams and step-by-step Laplace solution are often expected.

Poles and Zeros

Zeros: Roots of numerator → output becomes 0. Poles: Roots of denominator → system behavior dictated. Poles with negative
real part: stable Poles on jω axis: marginally stable Applications: Bode plot analysis, resonance design. This concept is heavily
used in real-world engineering applications such as signal processing, control systems, and filter design. During exams, it's often
asked in both numerical and derivation-based forms. Ensure you understand both how to apply this technique to circuits and how
to perform inverse transforms or identify transfer functions. Diagrams and step-by-step Laplace solution are often expected.

Frequency Response and Bode Interpretation

Evaluate H(s) at s = jω → H(jω): – |H(jω)|: magnitude – ∠H(jω): phase Used to determine gain and phase shift. Applications:
Filters, amplifiers, frequency-selective networks. This concept is heavily used in real-world engineering applications such as
signal processing, control systems, and filter design. During exams, it's often asked in both numerical and derivation-based
forms. Ensure you understand both how to apply this technique to circuits and how to perform inverse transforms or identify
transfer functions. Diagrams and step-by-step Laplace solution are often expected.

Series and Parallel Resonance

Series RLC: Z = minimum at resonance → high current Parallel RLC: Z = maximum → low current Resonant freq: ω■ = 1/√(LC)
Quality Factor Q = ω■L/R or 1/ω■RC Applications: Tuned circuits, filters, communication systems. This concept is heavily used
in real-world engineering applications such as signal processing, control systems, and filter design. During exams, it's often
asked in both numerical and derivation-based forms. Ensure you understand both how to apply this technique to circuits and how
to perform inverse transforms or identify transfer functions. Diagrams and step-by-step Laplace solution are often expected.

s-Domain Time-Domain Conversion Table (Compact)

Resistor: v(t) = R·i(t) → V(s) = R·I(s) Inductor: v(t) = L·di/dt → V(s) = sL·I(s) – L·i(0■) Capacitor: i(t) = C·dv/dt → I(s) = sC·V(s) –
C·v(0■) Voltage Source: v(t) = V → V(s) = V/s Current Source: i(t) = I → I(s) = I/s This concept is heavily used in real-world
engineering applications such as signal processing, control systems, and filter design. During exams, it's often asked in both
numerical and derivation-based forms. Ensure you understand both how to apply this technique to circuits and how to perform
inverse transforms or identify transfer functions. Diagrams and step-by-step Laplace solution are often expected.

Time-Domain vs s-Domain Table (Extended)

Below is a reference conversion of common circuit elements and sources between time domain and Laplace (s-domain): 1. Unit
Step: u(t) → L = 1/s 2. Ramp: t·u(t) → L = 1/s² 3. Exponential: e^(-at)·u(t) → L = 1/(s + a) 4. Sine Wave: sin(ωt) → ω / (s² + ω²)
5. Cosine Wave: cos(ωt) → s / (s² + ω²) 6. Impulse: δ(t) → 1 7. Resistor: v(t) = R·i(t) → V(s) = R·I(s) 8. Inductor: v(t) = L·di/dt
→ V(s) = sL·I(s) – L·i(0■) 9. Capacitor: i(t) = C·dv/dt → I(s) = sC·V(s) – C·v(0■) 10. Initial Voltage on Capacitor: v(0■) →
Current source C·v(0■)/s 11. Initial Current in Inductor: i(0■) → Voltage source L·i(0■) 12. DC Voltage Source: V → V/s 13.
DC Current Source: I → I/s 14. Transfer Function: H(s) = Output(s)/Input(s) These conversions are essential to perform circuit
analysis in the s-domain using mesh or nodal methods.