David Salomon

Data Privacy and Security

With 122 Illustrations

Springer
Contents
KrfiTacfi VI1

Tnt.rnrhirtinn 1
Basic Concepts 4
The Caesar Cipher 7
The Affine Cipher 8
The One-Time Pad 11
Kerckhoffs' Principle 15

rt I. Data Encryption 19
lVTonoalnhahptir Substitution dinhprs 21
1.1 Letter Distributions 22
1.2 Breaking a Monoalphabetic Cipher 24
1.3 The Pigpen Cipher 28
1.4 Polybius's Monoalphabetic Cipher 29
1.5 Extended Monoalphabetic Ciphers 30
1.6 The Playfair Cipher 30
1.7 Homophonic Substitution Ciphers 35
Transnnsition C!inhprs 39
2.1 Simple Examples 40
2.2 Cyclic Notation and Keys 44
2.3 Transposition by Turning Template 45
2.4 Columnar Transposition Cipher 48
2.5 Double Transposition 49
2.6 A 2-Step ADFGVX Cipher 52
2.7 An Approach to Decryption 53
2.8 Conclusions 56
xii i Contents

Pnlyalnhahpt.ir. Substitution Cinhprs 59

3.1 Self-Reciprocal Ciphers 60
3.2 The Porta Polyalphabetic Cipher 60
3.3 The Beaufort Cipher 62
3.4 The Trithemius Cipher 63
3.5 The Vigenere Cipher 64
3.6 Breaking the Vigenere Cipher 66
3.7 Long Keys 72
3.8 A Variation on Vigenere 74
3.9 The Gronsfeld Cipher 75
3.10 Generating Permutations 76
3.11 The Eyraud Cipher 77
3.12 The Hill Cipher 80
3.13 The Jefferson Multiplex Cipher 82
3.14 Strip Ciphers 85
3.15 Polyphonic Ciphers and Ambiguity 85
3.16 Polybius's Polyalphabetic Cipher 87
3.17 The Index of Coincidence 88
Ranr|nm lViimhprs 91
4.1 Manually Generated Random Numbers 92
4.2 True Random Numbers 93
4.3 Pseudo-Random Number Generators 97
4.4 Statistical Tests for Randomness 100
ThP F.nip-mn 107
5.1 Rotor Machines 107
5.2 The Enigma: History 111
5.3 The Enigma: Operation 113
5.4 Breaking the Enigma Code 117
Strpam Cinhprs
i
131
6.1 Symmetric Key and Public Key 133
6.2 Stream Ciphers 134
6.3 Linear Shift Registers 136
6.4 Cellular Automata 139
6.5 Nonlinear Shift Registers 139
6.6 Other Stream Ciphers 145
6.7 Dynamic Substitution 145
6.8 The Latin Square Combiner 147
6.9 SEAL Stream Cipher 148
6.10 RC4 Stream Cinher 150
 Contents xiii
Rlork Cinhprs 155
7.1 Block Ciphers 155
7.2 Lucifer 161
7.3 The Data Encryption Standard 162
7.4 Blowfish 175
7.5 IDEA 178
7.6 RC5 181
7.7 Rijndael 183
Pnhlir-Kpv Crvntop-ranhv 195
8.1 DifHe-Hellman-Merkle Keys 195
8.2 Public-Key Cryptography 198
8.3 RSA Cryptography 199
8.4 Rabin Public-Key Method 203
8.5 El Gamal Public-Key Method 204
8.6 Pretty Good Privacy 205
8.7 Sharing Secrets: Threshold Schemes 206
8.8 The Four Components 212
8.9 Authentication 214
8.10 Elliptic Curve Cryptography 218
9 Quantum Cryptography 235
Part II. Data Hiding 243
10 Data Hiding in Text 245
10.1 Basic Features 247
10.2 Applications of Data Hiding 250
10.3 Watermarking 251
10.4 Intuitive Methods 252
10.5 Simple Digital Methods 255
10.6 Data Hiding in Text 255
10.7 Innocuous Text 258
10.8 Mimic Functions 262
11 Data Hiding in Images 269
11.1 LSB Encoding 269
11.2 BPCS Steganography 280
11.3 Lossless Data Hiding 285
11.4 Spread Spectrum Steganography 294
11.5 Data Hiding by Quantization 297
11.6 Patchwork 298
11.7 Signature Casting in Images 299
11.8 Transform Domain Methods 301
11.9 Robust Data Hiding in JPEG Images 303
11.10 • Robust Frequency Domain Watermarking 309
11.11 Detecting Malicious Tampering 312
xiy Contents

11.12 Wavelet Methods 314

11.13 Kundur-Hatzinakos Watermarking: I 321
11.14 Kundur-Hatzinakos Watermarking: II 323
11.15 Data Hiding in Binary Images 325
11.16 The Zhao-Koch Method 325
11.17 The Wu-Lee Method 328
11.18 The CPT Method 329
11.19 The TP Method 332
11.20 Data Hiding in Fax Images 336
12 Data Hiding: Othpr MpthoHs 339
12.1 Protecting Music Scores 339
12.2 Data Hiding in MPEG-2 Video 341
12.3 Digital Audio 344
12.4 The Human Auditory System 347
12.5 Audio Watermarking in the Time Domain 351
12.6 Echo Hiding 353
12.7 The Steganographic File System 356
12.8 Ultimate Steganography? 361
12.9 Public-Key Steganography 362
12.10 Current Software 362
Part III. Essential Resources 367
Appendixes
A Convolution 369
A.I One-Dimensional Convolution 369
A.2 Two-Dimensional Convolution 373
R Hashing 377
B.I Hash Tables 377
B.2 Hash Functions 378
B.3 Collision Handling 379
B.4 Secure Hash Functions 381
C Cyrlir Rednnrlanry Cnrlps 383
D Qalois Fiplds 387
D.I Field Definitions and Operations 387
D.2 GF(256) and Rijndael 395
D.3 Polynomial Arithmetic 399
Answers to Exercises 401
Cryptography Timeline 419
Glossary 429
Bibliography 441
Index 453

Each memorable verse of a true poet has

two or three times the written content.
—Alfred de Musset