COMPUTER GRAPHICS

UNIT-1
OUTLINE

✤ Basic of Computer Graphic

✤ Applications of Computer Graphic

✤ Display device

✤ Random and Raster Scan Syste

✤ Graphics Input Device

✤ Graphics Software and Standards

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What is Computer Graphics ?

✤ The computer graphics is one of the most effective and commonly used
way to information in form of graphics object such as pictures, charts,
graphs and diagram instead of simple text.

✤ Computer graphics is a process of generating, manipulating, storing and

displaying graphics object. Ex: Such as pictures, charts, graphs, diagrams.

✤ Thus we can say that computer graphics makes it possible to express data
in pictorial form

✤ In computer graphics objects are presented as a collection of discrete picture

elements

✤ Picture Element = Pixel = Pel

✤ The pixel is the smallest screen elements.

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✤ Graphics should be generated by controlling the pixel.

✤ The control is achieved by setting the intensity and colour of the pixel
which compose screen.

✤ The process of determining the appropriate pixels for representing picture

or graphics object is known as “rasterization”.

✤ The process of representing continuous picture or graphics object as a

collection of discrete pixels is called “scan conversion”.
What you can do with graphics before
displaying it on screen?
✤ Graphics allows rotation, translation, scaling and performing various
projections before displaying it

✤ It also allows to add effects such as hidden surface removal, shading and
transparency to the picture

✤ User can edit (modify content, structure or appearance) graphics object with
using keyboard, mouse or touch sensitive panel on the screen

✤ There is close relationship between input devices and display devices

✤ Graphics Devices = Input Devices + Display Devices

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ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS

✤ High quality graphics displays on P

✤ It provides tools for producing picture

✤ Produce animation using static image with computer graphic

✤ Produce 1-D image in 2-D or 3-D using different simulators

✤ Using motion dynamics tool, user can make object stationary and the viewer moving around
them

✤ Using update dynamics, it is possible to change the shape, colour or other properties of
object.
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Presentation Graphics

✤ In this application reports are generated on slides or transparencies

✤ It is normally used to summarize nancial, statistical, mathematical,

scienti c, and economics data for research

✤ Graphs and charts can be in 3-D formats to make the presentation.

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Graphic User Interface

✤ Major component of GUI interface is a window manager that allows a user

to display multimedia window areas

✤ Interface generally comes with a menu and icons for fast selection of
processing options

✤ Icon is a graphics symbol designed to look like a processing options.

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Auto-CAD

✤ Use of computer graphics is in design process of engineering and

architecture system

✤ Auto cad applications are design to create building, automobiles, aircraft,

spacecraft, textiles and more models.
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Tele-Medicine

✤ In this application physician can consult with one another using video
conferencing capabilities, where all can see the data and images, it brings
together experts from a number of places in order to provide better care

✤ Also used in bio-medical instrument like cardiogram, CT-Scan reports, X-

ray.

Virtual Reality

✤ Virtual reality provides a very realistic effect using sight and sound, while
allowing the user to interact with the virtual world.
Computer Art

✤ Computer graphics widely used in ne arts and commercial applications

✤ Artist use a variety of applications like paint packages, mathematics

packages, desktop publishing software and animation program.
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DISPLAY DEVICES
✤ Display devices also known as output devices

✤ The most commonly used output devices in a graphics system is a video monitor

✤ Types of display devices:

CRT

Radom Scan

Raster Scan

Colour CRT

DVST (Direct view storage)

Flat Panel Display

Plasma Panel Display

LCD

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

 ✤ CRT stands for Cathode Ray Tube. CRT is a technology used in traditional
computer monitors and televisions. The image on CRT display is created by
ring electrons from the back of the tube of phosphorus located towards the
front of the screen

✤ Once the electron heats the phosphorus, they light up, and they are
projected on a screen. The color you view on the screen is produced by a
blend of red, blue and green light.
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Main Components of CRT :

✤ Electron Gun: Electron gun consisting of a series of elements, primarily a

heating lament (heater) and a cathode. The electron gun creates a source of
electrons which are focused into a narrow beam directed at the face of the
CRT

✤ Control Electrode: It is used to turn the electron beam on and off

✤ Focusing system: It is used to create a clear picture by focusing the

electrons into a narrow beam.
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✤ De ection Yoke: It is used to control the direction of the electron beam. It

creates an electric or magnetic eld which will bend the electron beam as it
passes through the area. In a conventional CRT, the yoke is linked to a
sweep or scan generator. The de ection yoke which is connected to the
sweep generator creates a uctuating electric or magnetic potential

✤ Phosphorus-coated screen: The inside front surface of every CRT is coated

with phosphors. Phosphors glow when a high-energy electron beam hits
them. Phosphorescence is the term used to characterize the light given off
by a phosphor after it has been exposed to an electron beam.

✤ The control grid voltage determines the velocity achieved by the electrons
before they hit the phosphor.
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✤ The de ection system of the CRT consists of two pairs of parallel plates,
referred to as the vertical and horizontal deflection plates.

✤ The voltage applied to vertical de ection of the electron beam and voltage
applied to the horizontal de ection plates controls the horizontal de ection
of the electron beam.

✤ There are two techniques used for producing images on the CRT screen :
Random Scan (Vector scan) and Raster Scan.
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Random Scan Display

✤ Random Scan System uses an electron beam which operates like a pencil to
create a line image on the CRT screen. The picture is constructed out of a
sequence of straight-line segments.

✤ Each line segment is drawn on the screen by directing the beam to move
from one point on the screen to the next, where its x & y coordinates de ne
each point.

✤ After drawing the picture. The system cycles back to the rst line and
design all the lines of the image 30 to 60 time each second.(Shown in g.)

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✤ Random-scan monitors are also known as vector displays or stroke-writing
displays or calligraphic displays.
✤ Advantages

1. A CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen
where an image is to be drawn

2. Produce smooth line drawings

3. High Resolutio

✤ Disadvantages

Random-Scan monitors cannot display realistic shades scenes

Color limitation.
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Raster Scan Display

✤ A Raster Scan Display is based on intensity control of pixels in the form of a
rectangular box called Raster on the screen. Information of on and off pixels is
stored in refresh buffer or Frame buffer. Televisions in our house are based on
Raster Scan Method.

✤ The raster scan system can store information of each pixel position, so it is suitable
for realistic display of objects. Raster Scan provides a refresh rate of 60 to 80 frames
per second

✤ Frame Buffer is also known as Raster or bit map. In Frame Buffer the positions are
called picture elements or pixels. Beam refreshing is of two types. First is
horizontal retracing and second is vertical retracing.
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✤ When the beam starts from the top left corner and reaches the bottom right
scale, it will again return to the top left side called at vertical retrace. Then it
will again more horizontally from top to bottom call as horizontal retracing
shown in g:
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Types of Scanning or travelling of beam in
Raster Scan :

1. In Interlaced scanning, each horizontal line of the screen is traced from top
to bottom. Due to which fading of display of object may occur. This
problem can be solved by Non-Interlaced scanning. In this rst of all odd
numbered lines are traced or visited by an electron beam, then in the next
circle, even number of lines are located

2. For non-interlaced display refresh rate of 30 frames per second used. But it
gives ickers. For interlaced display refresh rate of 60 frames per second is
used.
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✤ Advantages

Realistic imag

Million Different colours to be generate

Shadow Scenes are possible

✤ Disadvantages

Low Resolutio

Expensive
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Difference between Random and Raster Scan

display
Color CRT Monitors

✤ The CRT Monitor display by using a combination of phosphors. The

phosphors are different colours. There are two popular approaches for
producing colour displays with a CRT are

1. Beam Penetration Metho

2. Shadow-Mask Method
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Beam Penetration Method

✤ This technique is used with random-scan monitors.

✤ In this technique, the inside of CRT screen is coated with two layers of
phosphor, usually red and green.

✤ The displayed colour depends on how far the electron beam penetrates into
the phosphor layers.

✤ The outer layer is of red phosphor and inner layer is of green phosphor.
✤ A beam of slow electrons excites only the outer red layer.

✤ A beam of very fast electrons penetrates through the red layer and excites the
inner green layer.

✤ At intermediate beam speeds, combination of red and green light are emitted
and two additional colours, orange and yellow displayed.

✤ The beam acceleration voltage controls the speed of the electrons and hence
the screen colour at any point on the screen.
✤ Advantages

Inexpensiv

✤ Disadvantages

Only four colors are possibl

Quality of pictures is not as good as with another method.

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Shadow Mask Method

✤ The shadow mask technique produces a much wider range of colours than the
beam penetration technique.

✤ Hence this technique is commonly used in raster-scan displays including colour

TV.

✤ In a shadow mask technique, CRT has three phosphor colour dots at each pixel
position.

✤ One phosphor dots emits a red light, another emits green light and third emits
green light.
✤ This type of CRT has 3 electron guns, one for each color dot and a shadow mask grid just behind the phosphor coated
screen

✤ Shadow mask grid is pierced with small round holes in a triangular pattern.
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 Working

✤ Triad arrangement of red, green, and blue guns

✤ The de ection system of the CRT operates on all 3

electron beams simultaneously; the 3 electron beams are
de ected and focused as a group onto the shadow
mask, which contains a sequence of holes aligned with
the phosphor- dot patterns

✤ When the three beams pass through a hole in the

shadow mask, they activate a dotted triangle, which
occurs as a small color spot on the screen

✤ The phosphor dots in the triangles are organized so that

each electron beam can activate only its corresponding
color dot when it passes through the shadow mask.
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✤ Inline arrangement: Another

con guration for the 3 electron guns is an
Inline arrangement in which the 3 electron
guns and the corresponding red-green-
blue color dots on the screen, are aligned
along one scan line rather of in a triangular
pattern

✤ This inline arrangement of electron guns in

easier to keep in alignment and is
commonly used in high-resolution color
CRT's.
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✤ Advantage

Realistic imag

Million different colors to be generate

Shadow scenes are possibl

✤ Disadvantage

Relatively expensive compared with the monochrome CRT

Relatively poor resolutio

Convergence Problem
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Direct View Storage Tubes

✤ DVST terminals also use the random scan approach to generate the image on
the CRT screen.

✤ The term "storage tube" refers to the ability of the screen to retain the image
which has been projected against it, thus avoiding the need to rewrite the image
constantly

✤ In raster scan display we do refreshing of the screen to maintain a screen image.

✤ A DVST uses the storage grid which stores the picture information.
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Function of guns :
✤ Two guns are used in DVS

1. Primary guns: It is used to store the picture pattern

2. Flood gun or Secondary gun: It is used to maintain picture display.

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✤ A primary gun produces high speed electrons which strike on the storage
grid to draw the picture pattern.

✤ Continuous low speed electrons from flood gun pass through the control
grid and attracted to the positive charged areas of the storage grid.
✤ Advantages :

Refreshing of CRT is not required.

Complex picture can be displayed on high resolution.

It has at screen.

✤ Disadvantages:

Erasing requires removal of charge on the storage grid.

Selective or part erasing of screen is not possible.

The performance of DSTV is poor in compare to CRT.

Erasing of screen produces ash over the entire screen.

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Color Models

✤ “Color model is a 3D color coordinate system to produce all range of color through the
primary color set.”

✤ There are millions of colors used in computer graphics. The light displays the color. A Color
model is a hierarchical system in which we can create every color by using RGB (Red, Green,
Blue) and CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black) models. We can use different colors for
various purposes

✤ The total number of colors displayed by the monitor depends on the storage capacity of the
video controller card

✤ The Video controller card is used as an interface between the computer system and the display
device. It is also known as “Video Random Access Memory (VRAM).”
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Types :
Additive Color Model

✤ It is also named as “RGB model.” RGB

stands for Red, Green, Blue. The Additive
color model uses a mixture of light to
display colors. The perceived color
depends on the transmission of light. It is
used in digital media

✤ F o r E x a m p l e – C o m p u t e r M o n i t o r,
Television etc.
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 Subtractive Color Model

✤ It is also named as “CMYK Model.” CMYK

stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and
Black. The Subtractive model uses a
re ection of light to display the colors. The
perceived color depends on the re ection of
light

✤ The CMYK model uses printing inks

✤ For Example– Paint, Pigments, and color

lter etc.
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✤ Advantages

Easy to Implement

It uses color space for applications

No transformation for data display

✤ Disadvantages

We cannot transfer the color values from one to another device

Complex to determine the particular color.

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Input Devices

✤ The Input Devices are the hardware that is used to transfer transfers input to the computer. The
data can be in the form of text, graphics, sound, and text. Output device display data from the
memory of the computer. Output can be text, numeric data, line, polygon, and other objects.
These Devices include:

✤ Keyboar ✤ Light Pe

✤ Mous ✤ Digitize

✤ Trackbal ✤ Touch Panel

✤ Spacebal ✤ Voice Recognitio

✤ Joystic ✤ Image Scanner

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Keyboard :

✤ The most commonly used input device is a keyboard. The data is entered by
pressing the set of keys. All keys are labeled. A keyboard with 101 keys is
called a QWERTY keyboard

✤ The keyboard has alphabetic as well as numeric keys. Some special keys are
also available
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✤ Numeric Keys: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,

✤ Alphabetic keys: a to z (lower case), A to Z (upper case

✤ Special Control keys: Ctrl, Shift, Al

✤ Special Symbol Keys: ; , " ? @ ~ ?

✤ Cursor Control Keys: ↑ → ← ↓

✤ Function Keys: F1 F2 F3….F9

✤ Numeric Keyboard: It is on the right-hand side of the keyboard and used

for fast entry of numeric data.
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Function of keyboard :

1. Alphanumeric Keyboards are used in CAD. (Computer Aided Drafting

2. Keyboards are available with special features line screen co-ordinates entry,
Menu selection or graphics functions, etc

3. Special purpose keyboards are available having buttons, dials, and

switches. Dials are used to enter scalar values. Dials also enter real
numbers. Buttons and switches are used to enter prede ned function
values. .

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✤ Advantage

Suitable for entering numeric data

Function keys are a fast and effective method of using commands,

with fewer errors

✤ Disadvantage

Keyboard is not suitable for graphics input

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Trackball
✤ It is a pointing device. It is similar to a mouse. This is mainly used in notebook
or laptop computer, instead of a mouse.

✤ This is a ball which is half inserted, and by changing ngers on the ball, the
pointer can be moved

✤ Advantage

Trackball is stationary, so it does not require much space to use it

Compact Size
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Joystick

✤ A Joystick is also a pointing device which is used to change cursor position

on a monitor screen.

✤ Joystick is a stick having a spherical ball as its both lower and upper ends as
shown in g. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be
changed in all four directions.

✤ The function of a joystick is similar to that of the mouse. It is mainly used in

Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.
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Light Pen
✤ Light Pen (similar to the pen) is a pointing device which is used to select a
displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a
photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube. When its tip is
moved over the monitor screen, and pen button is pressed, its photocell
sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding
signals to the CPU.
Uses :

1. Light Pens can be used as input coordinate positions by providing

necessary arrangements

2. If background color or intensity, a light pen can be used as a locator

3. It is used as a standard pick device with many graphics system

4. It can be used as stroke input devices

5. It can be used as valuators

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Digitizers

✤ The digitizer is an operator input device, which contains a large, smooth

board (the appearance is similar to the mechanical drawing board) & an
electronic tracking device, which can be changed over the surface to follow
existing lines.

✤ The electronic tracking device contains a switch for the user to record the
desire x & y coordinate positions.

✤ The coordinates can be entered into the computer memory or stored or an

off-line storage medium such as magnetic tape.

✤ Advantages

Drawing can easily be changed

It provides the capability of interactive graphics

✤ Disadvantages

Costl

Suitable only for applications which required high-resolution graphics.

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Image Scanner

✤ It is an input device. The data or text is written on paper. The paper is feeded to
scanner. The paper written information is converted into electronic format; this
format is stored in the computer. The input documents can contain text,
handwritten material, picture extra

✤ By storing the document in a computer document became safe for longer period
of time. The document will be permanently stored for the future. We can change
the document when we need. The document can be printed when needed

✤ Scanning can be of the black and white or colored picture. On stored picture 2D
or 3D rotations, scaling and other operations can be applied.
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Types of image scanner :

✤ Flat Bed Scanner: It resembles a photocopy machine. It has a glass top on its top. Glass top in further
covered using a lid. The document to be scanned is kept on glass plate. The light is passed underneath
side of glass plate. The light is moved left to right. The scanning is done the line by line. The process is
repeated until the complete line is scanned. Within 20-25 seconds a document of 4" * 6" can be scanned.
✤ Hand Held Scanner: It has a number of LED's (Light Emitting Diodes) the LED's are arranged
in the small case. It is called a Hand held Scanner because it can be kept in hand which
performs scanning. For scanning the scanner is moved over document from the top towards the
bottom. Its light is on, while we move it on document. It is dragged very slowly over document.
If dragging of the scanner over the document is not proper, the conversion will not correct.
Output Devices

✤ It is an electromechanical device, which

accepts data from a computer and
translates them into form understand by
users.
Printers

✤ Printer is the most important output device, which is used to print data on
paper

✤ Types of Printers: There are many types of printers which are classi ed on
various criteria as shown in g:
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Plotters
✤ Plotters are a special type of output device. It is suitable for applications

1. Architectural plan of the building

2. CAD applications like the design of mechanical components of aircraft

3. Many engineering applications.

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✤ Advantages

1. It can produce high-quality output on large sheets

2. It is used to provide the high precision drawing

3. It can produce graphics of various sizes

4. The speed of producing output is high.

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Graphic Softwares :

✤ General Purpose Packages: Basic Functions in a general package include

those for generating picture components (straight lines, polygons, circles
and other gures), setting color and intensity values, selecting views, and
applying transformations

✤ Example of general purpose package is the GL (Graphics Library), GKS,

PHIGS, PHIGS+ etc.
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✤ Special Purpose Packages: These packages are designed for non

programmers, so that these users can use the graphics packages, without
knowing the inner details

✤ Example of special purpose package i

1. Painting program

2. Package used for business purpos

3. Package used for medical systems

4. CAD packages
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