RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 2.1, INTRODUCTION To a common man the word relation has no special mathematical poe Be eh take it as‘is the father of’; ‘is the brother of” ; ‘is taller than’; ‘is friendly with neat maar enue all these are relations between two persons. In mathematics also, wacdse es pe many relations such as ‘ is perpendicular to’; ‘is greater than’ etc. which are relations ee ie aoe two numbers respectively. In the present chapter, we shall learn now! by unk pairs of objects from two sets and then introduce relations between the two objects in pair. We shall aleoeam about some special type of relations which are called functions. The concept of function is very important in mathematics. The whole development of calculus depends entirely upon the concept of functions, 2.2. ORDERED PAIR An ordered pair is a pair of objeets or elements taken in a specific order. An ordered pair is written by listing its two members or elements in a specific order, Separating them by a comma and enclosing the pair in parentheses. In the ordered pair (a,b),a is called the first element (or component) and b is called the second element (or component). Equality of two ordered pairs. Two a dered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) are said to be equal, iffa=candb=d. Thus (a, b)=(c,d) a=e and b=d. Remarks : 1. The word ordered pair implies that the order in which the tw occur is meaningful. For example, i ° which they are put on, does matter. 2. The ordered pairs (a, 6) and (b, a) are dift ferent unless a =}, 3. The two components of an ordered pair mn ay be equal. 4. Note that (a, 6) + (a, 6), since (a, 6) is a set when ; 2.3. CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF TWo sets 98 (4b) is an ordered pair. Let A and B be two non-empty sets, The cartes; : tes the set of all ordered pairs (4, b) which can be forn ci Product OF A and the second element b from B. med by taking the frret Symbolically, AxB=(@,:a6A, 5m B, denoted by A x B, ig element a from A angONS AND FUNCTIONS yam iy 53 For example, let A= (2, 4,6) and B= Whe (4,29, 6,29, (2, 9), Bx A = (ix, 2) (s, 4),(x, 6), (y, 2), ‘Then AxB=((2,x), +) (G, yd) of 0, 4,0, 6). rom the above example, we observe that serve that i) AxBeBxA i) (Ax B)=6 =n (B x aa n(Bx A). Thus A x Bare B x A arcequivalent (i) A x BY=6 = 3x 2=n(A) x nB), mee remarks = 1.AxB#Bx Aunless A=B, 2, IfA and Bare finite sets, then n(A x B) = n(A) x n(B) and n(Ax B)=n(B 3, Ax B= 6, when one or both of A, B are empty sets “es | 4,1f A and B are non-empty sets and either A or B is en infinite set, then so is A x B. s.tfthere oe € A,b € Bandc eC, then we form an ordered . triplet (a, 6, ¢). The set of all ordered tri is calle Es ental red triplets (a, b, c) is called the cartesian product of ie, AxBxC=((a,b,¢)| a¢A,b Band ee Ch 6 AxAxA=(GG,b,c)|aeA,be Ace Al Note. AxAxA-((a,a,a) | a eA), 7. If Ris the set of all real numbers, then cartesian product of R with itselfi.e., R x Ris the set of all ordered pairs (x, y), where x, y ¢ R. Inother words, R x R= ((x,y) | x,y € R) represents the co-ordinates of all the points in two dimensional space. Similarly, R x Rx R= (x,y, 2) | x y, 2 € R) represents dimensional space. the set of all points in three- 23.1. Graph of A x B Let A and B be two non-empty subsets of R. Then the graph of A x B is the set of all points in the plane represented by the ordered pairs of A x B. SET B For example, Let A= (2, 3, 4}, B= (8,5, 71, then AxB=((2,8),(2,5), (2,7) 8,3) (3, 5), (3, D, (4, 8), 4, 5) 4, DI which is represented by the graph given in fig. 2.1 TTor 2.4, SOME RESULTS ON CARTESIAN PRODUCTS ‘Theorem 1. i) ax(BUO)=(AxBIUAXO) Prove that: pp POMS Wi Proof.) Let (a, by AxBUC)+ then ,0) (abc Ax(BUC) 4 vanabe PW _Borbe sae ani e (oc bande ©) a enand hs abl? ax) (a, oe 4 atu? axware all) Again, 2) aapuaxocasBee ) From (1)and (2) pgucie eB i era, be AX (BOOD Hn eAandde (BOO) e,0eAxBOO?4 yg Aand(b € Band beC) (ec Aandb < B)and (@ eAandb <0) 2 4,6) € (Ax Band (@, 6) €(AXO) (ab) €(AxB) (Ax) _ Ax(Bn0)c(AxB)O(A xO) e(L) Again, (a b)e(AnB)n(hx 0) (a,b) €(AxB) and (0, b)e(AxC) => (a¢Aandb ¢B) and (ae Aandd ¢C) >aeAand(b¢B and b <0) >aeAandd < (BNC) = semalitene From (1. (and AXBAO)=AxB)AxO, (2)_paTiOns AND FUNCTIONS i ipheorem 2. Prove thal # ARB =O) (Ax B)-(Axe), proof, Lot (@. be AX ©). Then la bye ARB (BC) sae Aandb eMC) eae Aand(b¢ Band by C) (a Aandb« B)and(a¢ Aandby ©) (a, bye (Ax Band (a,b) ¢ (Ax C) = (a, b) e (Ax B)-(AxG) Ax(B~C)c(AxB)~(Ax0) : similarly, we ean show that (A x B)~(Ax0)CAx(B-C) rs ° 12) prom(1)and@2), Ax (B=C)=(AxB)-(Ax€), neorem 3. Prove that : (AxB)(CxD)=(AnC)x(BrD). proof. Let (a, b) ¢(AxB)A(CxD). Then (a,b) €(AxB)9(CxD)= (a,b) € (Ax B) and (a, b) €(CxD) >(a¢Aandb Band(aeCandb ¢D) > (ac Aanda €C)and(b Bandb ¢ D) ae (AnC)andb e(BOD) (a,b) e(AN0)x(BaD) (Ax B)a(CxD)c(An0)x (BOD) AD Similarly, we can show that (An0)x(BaD)c(AxB)O(CxD) 2) From (1) and (2), (Ax B)(C xD) = (A) xBOD)- theorem 4. If Ac Band CD, then AxC< BxP- Proof. Here Ac B,C cD. Let (a, ¢) ¢ Ax C. Then (ace AxoaacAandce’ saeBandceD (:AcBandCcDI =(a,c)eBxD AxCcBxD Hence the result. B, then (AxA) =(AxB)a(BxA). b)e Ax A. Then ‘Theorem 5. If AS Proof. Here ACB. Let (a, (a, peaxAa(ecAandd cA)ove A,be A) and (a Abe A) >a A,be B) and (a ¢ B,be A) su, b)e (AxB) and (@,6)eBxa) ASQ) >(a, be (Ax B)a (Bx A) AxAc(AxB)a(BxA) Sumlarly, an show that (yy (Ax B)o Bx Adc Axed (2) Prom (1) and (2), AxA=(AxB)0 (BxA). rem 6. [fA and Bare any two non-empty sets, then Theo AxB=BxA @A=B. Proof, Let A=B, We have to prove that Ax B= Bx A AzBo> AxB=AxA and BxA=AxA > AxB=BxA Conversely, let AxB=Bx A, Wehave to prove that A=B Let x be any element of A. Then red > (4 b)eAxB forallb © B = (1,0)€BxA [v AxB=BxAl] => eB AcB 1) gain, ety be any element f B. Then yeB 3 @,y)eAxB foralla A 2 (ay) eBxA [v AxB=BxAl ayes BcA (2) From (1) and 2), weave A=B. —— rmeour] (NCERT 2) (51 Example 1. ofgor3}-5} find the values ofx and J. 2 3) definition of equality of ordered pairs, (fe ) Gs) Solution. Byxe2 and ys gsample 2 TF A= 2.3, B= 14,0), then shory hat «Ba Bx A gotion, — AXBS (12,315 14, 5) 5 1, 4) (1,5), (2,49, (2, 6 hs PN (2, A), (2, 5), =(4,0, (NCERT| (3, 4),(3, 5)) Bx A= (4,5) (1, (1,23) (4,2) (4,3), (6,1), (6,2),(5,3)) a AxBaBxd, prample 3 If A=(,-1); find Ax Ax A, solution. Here A = (1,-1) ARAKA = UL—Ux (Lt) (1,23) *(Q10,0,1-0,0,-19,0,-1,-0,6 LUD, ©44-0,C1,-1,0,61,- 4-D). 12, 3, 5, 6,7) and C= (BOC)= (2, 3,5, 6,7) 65, 6, 7,8, 9} Ax(BOC)= (a, b} x {5,6,7} gxample4. If A= (a, b), B= Solution. (5,67, 8,9), find Ax (Bac), = (5,6, 7) =((@, 5),(@, 6),(a, 7), 6, 5),(, 6), @, 7), Example 5. If A=(a,d), B=(b, 6, and C=(b, 6, f\ then verify that @ Ax BUC)=(AxB)U(AxC) W Ax(BAC)=(AxB)n(AxC) (ii) Ax(B-C)=(AxB)-(AxC) Solution. (i) (BUC)= (b,c e)U (bo fl= 1b, e¢ f) Ax(BUC)= 1a, d} x (beef) =(@, b), (@, ¢), (a, €), (a, f),(d, b),(d, ©), (d, €),(d, f)) (Ax B)=((a, ), (a, ¢), (a, ), (d, b), (d, €),(d, e)) (Ax C)={(q, 6), (a, ¢), (a, fh, (d, 6), (4, ¢), (d, (AxB)U(Ax C)= ((a, b), (a, ¢), (a, ), (a, f), (d, 6), (d, c), (d, e), (d, :. From (1) and (2), Ax (BUC) =(AxB)U(AxC). i) (BOC)= 1b, ce) 4b, ¢, fl=(b, c} Ax(BAC)={a, d} x {b,c} = ((a, ),(a, ©), (d, b), (d, 0) Also, (A x B) (Ax C)= (a, b), (a, ¢), (d, 6), (d, c)} Ax(BOC)=(AxB)n(Ax). A) Also, (2)(BC) i eel Ibe Als lel PS ASB Che (la, 04d, 0 VW (AS CI= (la, 0, (4,0) Als AN (BC) = (Ax B)-(Ax0), Byample 6. If A =10, 4, 6),B =U, Sdand C=, 2,6), then find WANB-O) WA-BxA-0) A= (3, 4, 6), B={1, 3) and C= (1, 2, 6) 4, 6) - [1,31 = (4, 6) , 3) - (1, 2, 5) = (3) Solution, Here and A-C=(8,4,6)~(1, 2,6) = 13,4) “ Ax(B-C)=13, 4,6) x (3) = (03,3) 4,8), (6, 3)). (i) (A-B)x(A-C)= (4,6) x (3,4) = ((4, 3), (4,4), 6,3), (6, Example 7. If A=1,2,3,B= 0.3, ,C= 12 3 4) and D= (2,4 51, then verify thy (Ax B)n(CxD)=(AN0)x(BoD). (AxB)={1, 2,3) x (2,3, 4 = ((1, 2), (1,8), (1,4), (2 2), (2 3), (2, 4), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4)} (CxD)=(1,3, 41% 24,5) = [(1, 2) (1,4) (1s 8), 8, 2s (8,4), (B, 5) (4 2) 4, 4), (4, 5)) Solution. (4x B)A(CxD)= (4, 2), (1,4), 8,2 8, 4) Also, (An0)= (1,3) and (BO D)= (2,4) (AC) x(BAD)= 1,2) (1,4) (8,216, 4) Hence, (Ax B) 0 (CxD) = (AN ©) x BoD). Example 8, Let A= (i, 2,3,4)andS=((a,b):a¢Ab eA and a divides 6). Write Sexplicitly. ) and S=((a, 6):0.€ A, € A,a divides 6) Solution. Here A=(1,2,3,4) $= (1, D,(1, 2), (1,8) (1,4), (2,2), (2,4), (8, 3), (4, 4}. tAxB=AxC, Show that B=C. Then, Example 9. Let Abea non-empty set such that Solution. Let b be an arbitrary: element of B. Then (a, 6) Ax BforallacA > (a,6)eAxCforallae A [: AxB=AxC] > be ‘Thus beB > beC oo) Bc Again, let be an arbitrary element of C. Then (a,c)¢AxCforallacA > (a,c)eAxBforallacA => ceBThus ceC > ceR ; CcB rom (1) and (2), We get Bac. 3. 0) prample 10. For any three sets 4, pp es Band ¢, a Ax(BUCy =UxDvane fy AXBOCY SUB ce, golution. (1) Let (a,b) © Ax (Go (a,b)e AX (BUCY ‘ ee Prove that s Then SEA and bey Sac and ucy BY cy By De-M y ack and bonne forgan's law (AW BY = eA and (beB and beC) Bi =S(@eA and beB) and Wea and beC) = (a,b) €(AxB) and (a,b) e(AxC) > GB) E(AxB)N(AxC} Ax (BUCY c(AxB)A(Ax 0) Similarly, we can show that (A xB) (Ax C)c Ax@'UCy Fi From (1) and (2), A x (B! UC)’ = (AxB) (Axo) “ (i) Let (a,b) € Ax (BN CYY. Then (a, b)eAx(B'OCY Sac and be Bacy => aeA and be BYVICY aeA and be(BUC) Le AnBy=A'uR > = acA and (beB or b<0) = (aeA and beB) or eA and beO => (a,b)e(AxB) or (a,b) (Ax) => (a,b) €(AxB)U(Ax 0) Ax (BIA Cy (Ax B)U(AxC) AL Similarly, we can show that (A x B)U(Ax 0) cAxB acy (2 From (1) and (2), Ax(B'ACY =(AxB)UIAxC) = Example 11. The cartesian product AA has 9 elements among which are fou Ce and (0, 1). Find the set Aand the remaining elements ofA x A Fin i Since (- 1, 0) and: (0, 1)areinAxA, itimplies that elements — 1° Also ee the question, A has exactly three elements. Azt-100 AxA 2 (1,0, 1xE 101) ay. (e1,-2. (1,0), C1, gtd, 1(0, 000, (1s BACHONE eeemai” 1, (- N Hence, the 1, Dy (0,—D, (0, 0), (1,- 1) (1, 0) and (1, 1), 2, Some elements of Ax Bare (, 7), (1, 10), (3, 12). IfA = Example 12. eee ents of dx B such thad n(A xB) is least rnaaining le? (1,7, (0, 10) and (3, 12) are some elements of A x B, th rete ag % nd 12are the only elements of B ie, B= (7,19 +10, 19) ( l,2 8 Solution, Since » ane elements of B. lsc B)is least if7, 10.00 2,3) and B=IT, 10, 12) 1,12) 0,1 (2 10) 2 12) 8,7 (8,10) (3, 19) (1,12), (2, 7), (2 10) (2, 12), (8, 7) and (a, mn A=Il, AxB =((1, 7 (1 10) ‘Thus, remaining elements of A x B are ae 1. Find x andy, if Wi) Og at y= 6,2) i) @+1 y-D2 BY 2m 1.5] and B= (2,9), then show that A x B# Bx A 3. IF A= (a, b), B=6,d}, C= eh then find W Ax(BuC). (i) AxBo0. 4. Let A= (1,2, 8}, B=(8,4) and C= 5 6. Find () AxBoO) (i) AxBuC) 5, Let A=U,2,3}, B= (2,8, 4) and C= (61. Verify that () AxBaC=(AxB)n(axc) i) AxBuC)=(AxB)UAxC). € If A=(1,2,3), B= ld), C= (6), then verify that G AxBuC)=AxBUAxO Wi) AxBnO)=(AxBIn(Ax0) (ii) AxB-C)=(AxB)-(AxO) 7. If A=(1,4),B= 2,3, 6) and C= (2,3, 7), then verify that : (i) AxBUO=AxBUAxO) i) Ax(BC)=(AxB)(Ax 0). 8. If A= (2,3), B= (6,8), C=(1, 2) and D= (6, 9}, then verify that (Ax B) 9 (Cx D)=(AnC)x (BoD). 9. Aand Bare two a ees a Sa aa : ee — : Bests 6 elements. If three elements 0. IfA CB, prove that Ax Cc Bx C for any set C. . How many elements in A x B and B x Howe A are common if n elements are common to A1@ 22% 1 (i) xe, Gy lla, 0 ( Bs (0, 0D, 0 1b, a, 1, 4), 2, 8, 40) eo wane Wi) (la, d),, a) i) (1, 8), Ly Ay Cy BY CL, 6, (2, 8), (2 4), (2, 6), (2, 5), (3,6) a (1, 8, (2, 8), (2, 4), (2, 5), ( a 1 (2y 6), (2, 6), (8, 3), (3, 4), (3, 6), 2 (3, 4), (3, 6), (3, : 3.5 Len? " e word relation in lite i 5 ween two persons. If wi ral sense indicates a family tie bets i Al a i cE je are considering a set of persons, then there a y types of fami re many typi ily rel y ypes of family Seine . acer ul relationships that may or may hold between two persons, such as “is father of”, “is mother of”, “is brother of” ete. For example, if we have a set of chil of children A = _ (Subhash, Shyam, Krishan i ese a eras a mn) then there is a relation “is child of” = x Sree o - rite R for “is child of”, then the above rel renee sa gutach Raw Shyom tah ean relations can be written as: hus, a Thus, R =((Asha, Subhash), (Ram, Shyam), (Hari, Krishan)) vm tre R =((x,y) |x A,y ¢ Bandx Ry} .us, the relation “is child of” from set A 0) eee set B gives rise to subset R of A x B, such that Definition. Let A, B ie, 0 Let A,B vo non-empty sets. Then any subset R of A x B is cal relation from set A fo set B. Thus, R is a relation from A to Bif and only tn cA a B. a TPR is a relation from A to Band if(a,b) « R, then we write a Rb and say thata is related b) ¢ R, then we write a Fb and say that a is not related to b. Let N be the set of natural numbers. Consider the relation “has ‘ube as 1; 2 has its cube as 8, ..... Writing R’ in tob and if (a, Illustrative Example: its cube as”, from set N to N. Thus 1 has its ¢ place of “has its cube as” we get 1R1,2R8,3R27,4R 64 R={(, 2), 2,8) 8, 27), (4, 64). - 4 Raley) |xeN yeNandy=2) ie, 2,5.1. Representation of a 1. Roster Form. In this which belong to the given relation. eg., Let A=(1,2,3 4,5, 6) and B=(1,2, B, sever 30} and let R be the relation “has » from A to B, then R in the roster form can be written as Be (tp Ds (24s (8s 9) 4 18), 25) Form. In this form, the relation is represented a8 ny}, where the plank is to be replaced by the rule whieh Relation form, a relation is represented by the set of all ordered pai square as 2, Set- Builder i sociat! x,y):x € Avy € By® and y.81 We (6,6, Mand R= (1,3), (3, 5) (4, 8), (6,7), th oF builder form ean be written as He llsy) ox A, y © Byx is two less than y} 8. Arrow Diagram, In this form, the relation is represented by drawing roy the first components to the second components of all ordered pairs which belong to the, fey A Biv, relation, eg. LetAs (1,2, 3,4) and B=(1, 4,9, 16, 20) and A be the relation *is square root * from A to B, then R= (1,0, (2, 4),(8, 9), (4, 16)). This relation R from A to B can be represented by the arrow diagram as shown in the adjoining figure. 252, Domain and Range of a Relation Fie22 Let and B be any tuo non-empty sets and R bea relation from A tB, then the dam, ofthe relation isthe set ofa it components of te ordered pairs which Belong to and rangeofthe relation Ris the set ofall second components of the ordered pairs which belong gg Thus, Domain of R= (x: € A, (x,y) € R for some y < B) and Range of R = (y:y € B, (x,y) € P for some x ¢ A} Clearly, we can observe thatthe domain of Ris a subset of A and range of Rigg subset of B. If Risa relation from A to B, then B is called co-clomain of R. Clearly, range of Ris a subset of co-domain of R. #6 (LAA (123,79, Be12,3,6,8) and R= (4,2) (2,8), (8, 9,7, 6)) then Domain of R = {1, 2, 3, 7} Range of R = (2, 3, 6) and co-domain of R = (2, 3, 6, 8} (i) Let A= (1, 8, 27, 64, 125), B= (1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6) and R the relation “ is cube of” from AtoB, then R=((1, 1), (8,2), (27, 8), (64, 4), (125, 5D). Here, Domain of R= (1,8, 27, 64, 125) Range of R= (1,2, 3,4,5) and codomain of R=11,2,3, 4 5, g 2.5.3. Relation on a Set Let A be a non-empty set, The eae 7 led a relation on A. Maton from set A toitselt ie + @subset of A x A isyp FUNCTIONS : 63 and R= (a,b), (0,0), ea) cas relation on sot A. oF RELATIONS dation + w al : we tity Rel A relation R in 4 set A is called identity relation an A jan an A i 1,2, 4), then the i st hen the identity relation on A )4(2, 2) (4, 4). a jversal Relation : Are aot a mn: Arelation R in a set A is called universal rel relat (2, 3), then universal relation on A is eee ve = ((2,2),(2,3),(8, 2), (8,8), “_ id Relation : ion Ri Void Relation : A relation R in a set Ais called void relation if R nif R=o. {averse Relation : 1/ Ris a rel lation from set ae as the inverse relation, It aT 3 set B, then the relation R* from ={(6,a): (a, b) eR) if R= (1, 2 (8,4), (6, 6))is arelation in A, then {(2, 1), (4, 8), 6, 5d). 4) =rangeR and range (R?)= domain R. ‘on: A relation R on set A is reflexive if a R a for all a cA por examples Gi) @ roses eg re Clearly, domain (RT Reflexive Relati / (ga) e Rforall a « 6 4 symmetric Relation : 4 relation Ron set A is symmetric if ie, Ae a,b)sR > (a)eR. (viiy Transitive Relation: ie, fb) eR and & oeR 2 @ Remark, We shall study the above types of rel 27. TOTAL NUMBER OF RELATIONS Let A and B be two non empty finite sets having ™ and n elem ‘Then, inAxBemn aRb=> bRa “Arelation R on set A is transitive ifaRbandbRe = aRe ceR. jJations in detail in Class XIL. cents respectively. ‘umber of ordered pairs j Bemn er of elements in Ax subsets of a set having :. Numt nelements = a e know that number of 81 er of subsets ofa set having 7 elements = 2"" B, there! Now, we Num! Since each subset of Ax Bisa relation from A to fore total number of relations from A to B is 2™"¢&, LetA=(1,3), Be {4, 6, 6) Then, n(A x B)=n(A) x n(B)=2x35 6 ’ Number of relations from AtoB= 25-64, se followings are relations fr Example 1. // A = (1, 2, 3), B= (4, 6), then which of Ato B? Give reasons for your answer, © R=, 4), 7, 6), 2, 6) WW) Ry= (1, 4), (2, 6), (6, 4)) (ui) Ry =, &, (1, 6), (2, 4), (3, 6)) Wi) Ry= (2, %, (2, 6), (2,9), (3, 2) Solution. We have A = (1, 2,3) and B= (4,6) (3, 6)} Ax B= (1,4), 2,4), (8,4 (0,6) 2 6) ( (i) Here Ry =((1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 6) Clearly, R,cAxB ‘Thus, R, is a relation from A to B. (ii) Here R, =((1,4), (2,6), (6, 4)) Weobserve that (6,4) R, but (6,4) ¢AxB Ry GAxB Thus, Ry isnot a relation from A to B (G) Here R= 0, 4, (1,6), 0, 4), (3, 6) Clearly, RycAxB Thus, isa relation from A to B, (i) Here Ry = (2,4), (2,6),(2, 2), (3, 2) (2,2) €R, but QMeanB %QeaxR We observe that 2) eR, butwo te we ye R, then wes oy and r4%=0 = 4 2y, whore y oN swe have Fe-Q-dyg, CAVER HA MER Cay, R, 2.16 R whereas 2,1) 0 Ni Now RYENXN hus: Ris not a relation on N. Hence Jo 3. Let A=(1, 2,3, d)and B a 2), (3, x), (4, y)}. %% 2) Let R bea relation frum A into B defi ) Find the domain and range of R, i ‘ ) Draw the arrow diagram of relation R Wj iii) Represent R in the tabular form, Wii solution. (i) Here A=(1, 2,3, 4), B= | 9, 2) and Ris a relation from A to B defined by ={Q,»), (1,2), (3, *), (4, y)} Domain of R= (1,3, 4) Range of R = |x, y, z) (ii) The arrow diagram of relation R is as shown in fig. 2.3 A Fig. 2.3 (iii) The relation R can be represented in tabular form as under : R x y z 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 4 0 1 0 Note. We write 1 if (a, b) € Rand 0 if (a, b) ¢ R.(x, y) npers BY Example ple A, Define a relation Bon the set N of natural a Visa natural nun ral number less than Land x, y-« Nh and the rans. INCE, 8 Denet th n pret this relation using roster form, Write douon the dome A Soluti ‘olution. Here y=4145, ve Nand <4 When v= 1, y =145=6 Fig. 24 defined bY When v=3 R= (0,6),(2, 7),(3,9)) 216,708! relation 0” A aly aivisile 9 a} (ji) Find the range of R. f ee (CERT, Domain of R = (1, 2,8} and Range of i 11,234 6), Let R be the Example 5. Let A= a,b eA, bisexm (ia, 6): (i) Write R in roster form Solution. (i) Here A= (1,2 ((a,b):0€ A, BEA 3, 3), (3: 6s R=((, 1,(2, 2) (3), 4,1, 6), (2,2) (2,4),(2 6), 34,6124 4,6)=4. rain and the range of the relation R defined by 2345) 4,5) (ii) Domain of R = {1,2 ii) Range of R= (1, 2.3, ' INCERT] Example 6. Determine the do! Rela 42 O 1, Solution. Here R= (ix, x +5):¥ € (0,123) R=((0,5), (1,6) (2 1), (3, 8), (4,9) 10)) Domain of R= (0, 152 3, 4,5) Range of R= (5, 8,7, 8,9, 10). id 45)and R be the relation “is square of ”in A. Write R Example 7. Let A= (J, 2,3, a subset of Ax A. Alb find the doriain and range of Here A= (1, 2,3,» 45) and P is the relation “is square of” 1R1,4R2,9R3, 16R 4, 25 R5, 36 RG R=((1, ),(4, 2), (9, 3), (16, 4), (25, 5), (36, 6)) Solution. Domain of R= (1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36) and Range of R = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.snes he rel plo RIS ation “in greater than" fom A «I, 3 7 vd pairs Also find! 4, D]to B= (1, 3, fl write (GbR fac Abe Bandash ae R= (121,03 : R= (21,03, 0,4, 1), (6, 19,4, 39), (5,3), (5, 49) a RoN= (2,01, 3), (1,4), (1,8), (8,4), (3, 5), (4,5) Let A be the set of firs rf no 1 set of first ten natural numbers and let Rb ti sa p meer a be a relation on A jin ai iy Bsoress Rand Ras sets of ordered pairs. «iyDetermine the domains and ranges of R and R~! gations Hore A= (23,0 0)andR=(ey):xeAyeA and x42) = 10) pease > rts = ye SE yea, patting #= 1 Orhan sen Linrejected, putting ¥= 2, QM eR putting = 3, x= 9 is rejected. Putting = 4, (4,3) eR Putting x= 5, ie Sisteleted. Putting x = 6, ‘aneR Putting x= 7, x= Tis rejected. Potting =8, DER Putting =9, is rejected. _ x = lis rejected. Putting x = 10,), (8, DI 4), (4,3), (6, RTS14,2,8,9 eee oof oman of 6, 8] = Range 0 ; Domain of 8 nin of! py ifand only 7a~b is gy, and Range of R = (4, 3, 2,1) = Do aefinca 09 08 4 non Ze Example 10, Let R be the relation 0” ii) range ol fig an even integer} (iil see Jinof Rand ita integer. Find (i)R ‘een va Fa en or both odd. ion. Here R= ((a, 0): 6 i Solution. Her aand even or both odd simultaneny, Now, (a ~ 6) isan even integer, rr paeite both be Zand, : (i) Clearly, R = {(a, 6):4, [::bivany ae (ii) Domain of R = Z ‘1 ing rettion i) 22. of the follow (iii) Range of R pedomainondaret ee Example 11. Determine ony ceZand [zl eae 1),x Zand [2] $3) x1), Solution. Here R= (ts 9): é Since |x]<3 ands € Z 2,-1,0,1,23, ‘xcan take the values -3,~2,~1, 4 y=[-3-1= 41 = yela-tl= 1-3 =8 yz [1-1] =|-2] =2 y= ]0-1[=|-1]=1 1-1] = |0] =0 =[2-1[=[1 21 y= [8-1] = [2] =2 R= (3,4) (2,3), 1, 2), (0, ), (1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 2)) Domain of R = {~3,- 2,- 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 Range of R= (0,1, 2, 8, 4) Example 12. Let A= (x,y, z)and B= (1,2) Find the ‘number of relations from A into B. INCERT) Solution, Here A= y 2) and B= {1, 2) AxB= (Gs, 0), 2), 1,042), 0, 2) Since n (A x B) = g, the number of subsets FA XBis 8 i0 gy Hence, the numberof relations from A into B are 64, ~—_—————__Ee MEEEESOAF FUL oO je 13. #0" EE PEHALON betivg pea by R=M0.2(- 1,5), (9 i the comyy ge Ponents of the ordered pairs of the " et y= ax 4b be the re ot gions UAE Y= AEH OTHE reALIEGL Hhyy robation, we sol R= MO 2M TB, ay, + Where ad are real numbers ere : He Q.2hE 1B) Ry Choretore tay % ym and § sine 2 and for ma nse weaves in YAN +b we have hyog st rm 2eab > bee Bab 3 Be uyy ane al veo Sv + 2, which is the r . require, linear relation aple 14. Let R bea relation fy e rom Q to Q define Bxam Ty (aa) © forall @ ae Qdefined by R =a, b)sa, b Q pha and a~b« 7% ai) (a,b) € R implies that (.aeR (ii) (@, 6) € Rand (b,c)e R implies that tabey eR. solution. (i) Here R= ((a,b):a,b © Q@anda—b ez) ; CERT since, a-a=0 € Z,it follows that(a,a) ¢ R for alla 'Q, ) @DeR > 4-beZsb-aez 5 (a)eR (a,b) €R implies (a) eR ii) (a,b) ¢R and ,c)eR => a-~beZandd—cez 2 a-c=(@-b)+b-eZ Sacer, GER CER > GceR Example 15. Let R be the relation on the R=((a,6):4,b € Zand a~b is divisible by n}, Prove th @@aeR forallacz set Z of all integers defined by at @WGaKNeER > GER forallabeZ (ii) (a, 6)e Rand(b,c)ER => (ace Rforalla,b,ceZ Solution. Here RF = ((a, 6): a,b « Zanda—bis divisible by n} (i) Fora € Z, a —a = 0, which is divisible by n. “(aa)e R for allac Z (ii) - Let (a,b)eR a—bis divisible by n. (b,a) ER. > = -(b—a)is divisible by n. > = (b,a)eRforalla,beZ @,beRa vn we. pare divisible by n (ti) Let ——— — (bye Rand (bere > a ddand ub bos divisible by m. ge ivdiviible BY >» aoe R : PR for alla, pce % tab) Rand (bere Rs ae & AwAbyR EY =H) Le Let = 41,2,8, 4,56) Define a reaton EP down the domain and range of & , yy) AX Bs 3h, B=t,23, hand B= bod? ® a write 2 in roster form tt R by arrow diagram. y=xtH), then Let A= 11,2, i) Find Ax B i (iv) Represe” at Ris a relation on N. ii) Write domain and range of ® th of” in A. Write R as a subs Ris ais adivisor of Let A= (0, 2 Spon 261 and Bis the relation of Ax A. Also find the domain and range of B. zs, let R be the relation gefned as a 86 ifand only ifa, 5 Ga) Rforalla,beZ i G0), 0,0) €R => (a,c) € Rforall a, b,c ¢ Z.