Lab 01

Q1

CODE

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication for output

// Create an array with 12 integer values

int myArray[12] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120};

// Arrays are 0-indexed, so the 8th position is index 7

int valueAt8th = myArray[7];

// Print the value

Serial.print("Value at 8th position: ");
Serial.println(valueAt8th);
}

void loop() {
// Nothing to do here
}

OUTPUT

Value at 8th position: 80

Q2

CODE

int SensorValue = 30; // Example value of sensor temperature

// Pin Definitions
const int fanPin = 8; // Digital pin connected to fan control
const int heaterPin = 9; // Digital pin connected to heater control

void setup() {
pinMode(fanPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(heaterPin, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
float temperatureC = SensorValue;

Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(temperatureC);
Serial.println(" °C");

// Control logic
if (temperatureC > 25.0) {
digitalWrite(fanPin, HIGH); // Turn ON fan
digitalWrite(heaterPin, LOW); // Turn OFF heater
Serial.print("Fan turned ON");
}
else if (temperatureC < 10.0) {
digitalWrite(fanPin, LOW); // Turn OFF fan
digitalWrite(heaterPin, HIGH); // Turn ON heater
Serial.print("Heater turned ON");
}
else {
digitalWrite(fanPin, LOW); // Turn OFF both
digitalWrite(heaterPin, LOW);
}

delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second before next loop

}

OUTPUT

Temperature: 30 °C
Fan turned ON
 Lab 02

CODE

Q1

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Start the Serial Monitor
}

void loop() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 99; i++) {
if (i % 3 == 0 && i % 5 == 0) {
Serial.println("Mechatronics");
}
else if (i % 3 == 0) {
Serial.println("Mechanical");
}
else if (i % 5 == 0) {
Serial.println("Electronics");
}
else {
Serial.println("-");
}
}

// Run the loop only once

while (true); // Infinite loop to stop after one run
}

OUTPUT

-
-
Mechanical
-
Electronics
Mechanical
-
-
Mechanical
Electronics
-
Mechanical
-
-
Mechatronics
- Mechanical
- -
Mechanical Electronics
- Mechanical
Electronics -
Mechanical -
- Mechanical
- Electronics
Mechanical -
Electronics Mechanical
- -
Mechanical -
- Mechatronics
- -
Mechatronics -
- Mechanical
- -
Mechanical Electronics
- Mechanical
Electronics -
Mechanical -
- Electronics
- -
Mechanical Mechanical
Electronics -
- -
Mechanical Mechatronics
- -
- -
Mechatronics Mechanical
- -
- Electronics
Mechanical Mechanical
- -
Electronics -
Mechanical Mechanical
- -
- -
Mechanical
Electronics
-
Mechanical
-
-
Mechatronics
Q2

CODE

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Start the Serial Monitor

// Example usage
calculateAndPrint(4, 5, 10); // (4 * 5) + 10 = 30
}

void loop() {
// Nothing here for now
}

// Custom function
void calculateAndPrint(int a, int b, int c) {
int result = (a * b) + c;
Serial.print("Result: ");
Serial.println(result);
}

OUTPUT

Result: 30

Q3

CODE

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);

int score = 75; // Example score (you can change this)

// Divide score by 10 to simplify switch cases

int category = score / 10;

switch (category) {
case 6:
Serial.println("Grade: B");
break;
case 7:
Serial.println("Grade: A");
break;
 case 8:
Serial.println("Grade: A*");
break;
default:
Serial.println("Grade: Not in range (60–90)");
break;
}
}

void loop() {
// Nothing here
}

OUTPUT

Grade: A
 Lab 03

Q1

CODE

void setup() {
// Example: Using pins 8 and 9 with a 500ms delay
pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
pinMode(9, OUTPUT);

// Call the function in setup (or you can call it in loop for continuous
blinking)
blinkTwoLEDs(8, 9, 500);
}

void loop() {
// Nothing here for now
}

// Function to blink two LEDs alternately with specified delay

void blinkTwoLEDs(int ledPin1, int ledPin2, int delayTime) {
digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH); // Turn on LED 1
digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW); // Turn off LED 2
delay(delayTime);

digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW); // Turn off LED 1

digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH); // Turn on LED 2
delay(delayTime);

// Optional: you can loop this function if continuous blinking is needed

}

Q2

CODE

void setup() {
int ledPin = 9; // Must be a PWM-capable pin (e.g., 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, or 11 on
most Arduino boards)
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
int ledPin = 9;
fadeLED(ledPin); // Call the fade function
}

// Function to fade LED in and out

void fadeLED(int pin) {
// Fade in
for (int brightness = 0; brightness <= 255; brightness++) {
analogWrite(pin, brightness);
delay(10); // Controls fade speed
}

// Fade out
for (int brightness = 255; brightness >= 0; brightness--) {
analogWrite(pin, brightness);
delay(10); // Controls fade speed
}
}
 Lab 08

Q1

CODE

void loggingHumidity() {
DateTime now = rtc.now();
float humidity = dht.readHumidity();

if (isnan(humidity)) {
Serial.println("Failed to read humidity from DHT sensor!");
return;
}

// Format timestamp
char timestamp[32];
sprintf(timestamp, "%02d:%02d:%02d %02d/%02d/%04d",
now.hour(), now.minute(), now.second(),
now.day(), now.month(), now.year());

// Open file and write data

myFile = SD.open("HUMIDITY.txt", FILE_WRITE);
if (myFile) {
myFile.print(timestamp);
myFile.print(",");
myFile.println(humidity);
myFile.close();
} else {
Serial.println("Error opening HUMIDITY.txt");
}

// Also print to serial for debugging

Serial.print(timestamp);
Serial.print(", ");
Serial.print(humidity);
Serial.println(" %");
}
Q2

ANSWER

1. Rotating Equipment – Condition monitoring e.g. Vibrations data

2. Thermal Systems – Temperature monitoring e.g. Temperature data
3. Structures – Health monitoring e.g. Strain or displacement data
4. Automotive Testing – Brakes, Fuel, RPM monitoring
5. Robotics – Video storage
6. Renewable Energy – Long term environmental data