Course code : CSE1006

Course title : Foundations of Data Analytics

Module-4
Data Analysis

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 Module-4
Data Analysis:
Data Import: Reading Data, Writing Data in R, data
cleaning and summarizing with dplyr package,
Exploratory Data Analysis: Box plot, Histogram, Pie
graph, Line chart, Barplot, Scatter Plot

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 Importing Data in R Script
• We can read external datasets and operate with them in our R
environment by importing data into an R script.
• R offers a number of functions for importing data from various file
formats.
• First, let’s consider a data set that we can use for the demonstration. For
this demonstration, we will use two examples of a single dataset, one in
.csv form and another .txt

data1 ->

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 Importing Data in R Script
• Reading a Comma-Separated Value(CSV) File:
Method 1: Using read.csv() Function Read CSV Files into R
• Syntax: read.csv(file.choose(), header)
• The function read.csv() has two parameters:
• file.choose(): It opens a menu to choose a CSV file from the desktop.
• header: It is to indicate whether the first row of the dataset is a variable name
or not. Apply T/True if the variable name is present else put F/False.

# import and store the dataset in data1

data1 <- read.csv(file.choose(), header=T)
# display the data
data1
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 Importing Data in R Script
• Reading a Comma-Separated Value(CSV) File:

• Output:

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 Importing Data in R Script
• Reading a Comma-Separated Value(CSV) File:
Method 2: Using read.table() Function
• Syntax: read. table(file.choose(), header, sep=“ , ”)
• This function specifies how the dataset is separated, in this case
we take sep=”, “ as an argument.
• Example: Assume that we have some data in txt file.

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Sample1.txt

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# import and store the dataset in data2
data2 <- read.table(file.choose(), header=T, sep=“,”)
# display the data
data2

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 Importing Data in R Script
• Reading a Comma-Separated Value(CSV) File :
Method 1: Using read.delim() Function
• Syntax: read.delim(file.choose(), header,sep=“”)
• The function read.delim() has two parameters:
• file.choose(): It opens a menu to choose a CSV file from the desktop.
• header: It is to indicate whether the first row of the dataset is a variable
name or not. Apply T/True if the variable name is present else put F/False.

# import and store the dataset in data3

data3 <- read.delim(file.choose(), header=T,sep=“,”)
# display the data
data3
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 Importing Data in R Script
• Reading a Tab-Delimited(txt) File in R Programming Language:

Method 2: Using read.table() Function

• Syntax: read. table(file.choose(), header, sep=“ \t ”)
• This function specifies how the dataset is separated, in this case we take
sep=”\t“ as an argument.

# import and store the dataset in data2

data4 <- read.table(file.choose(), header=T, sep=“\t”)
# display the data
data4

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 Importing Data in R Script
• Reading a Tab-Delimited(txt) File in R Programming Language:
• Output:

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 Importing Data in R Script
• Reading a excel File in R Programming Language:
Method 1: Using read_excel() from readxl
• read_excel() function is basically used to import/read an Excel file and it
can only be accessed after importing the readxl library in R language.
• Syntax: read_excel(path) or read_excel(file.choose(),sheet)
• The read_excel() method extracts the data from the Excel file and returns
it as an R data frame.
install.packages("readxl")
library(readxl)
Data_gfg <- read_excel(file.choose())
or
Data_gfg <- read_excel(file.choose(),sheet=1)
Data_gfg
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 Importing Data in R Script
• Reading a excel File in R Programming Language:
Method 1: Using read.xlsx() from xlsx
• read.xlsx() function is imported from the xlsx library of R language and
used to read/import an excel file in R language.
• Syntax: read.xlsx(path)
• The read_excel() method extracts the data from the Excel file and returns
it as an R data frame.

Data_gfg <-read.xlsx('Data_gfg.xlsx’)
Data_gfg

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 Importing Data Using R-Studio
• Here we are going to import data through R studio with the following
steps.
• Steps:
1. From the Environment tab click on the Import Dataset Menu.

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 Importing Data Using R-Studio
• Steps:
2. Select the file extension from the option.

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3. In the third step, a pop-up box will appear,
either enter the file name or browse the desktop.

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4. The selected file will be displayed on a new
window with its dimensions.

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5. In order to see the output on the console, type
the filename.

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 Exporting Data from R Scripts
• When a program is terminated, the entire data is lost.
• Storing in a file will preserve one’s data even if the program terminates.
• If one has to enter a large number of data, it will take a lot of time to
enter them all. However, if one has a file containing all the data, he/she
can easily access the contents of the file using a few commands in R.
• Exporting data to a text file:
• One of the important formats to store a file is in a text file. R provides
various methods that one can export data to a text file.
• write.table():
• The R base function write.table() can be used to export a data frame or a matrix to
a text file.
• In This section of R studio we get the data saved as the name that we gave in the
code. and when we select that files we get this type of output.
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 Exporting Data from R Scripts
• write.table():

• Syntax: write.table(x, file,sep = ” “, dec = “.”, row.names = TRUE, col.names =

TRUE,quote=TRUE/FALSE)

Parameters:
• x: a matrix or a data frame to be written.
• file: a character specifying the name of the result file.
• sep: the field separator string, e.g., sep = “\t” (for tab-separated value).
• dec: the string to be used as decimal separator. Default is “.”
• row.names: either a logical value indicating whether the row names of x are to be
written along with x, or a character vector of row names to be written.
• col.names: either a logical value indicating whether the column names of x are to be
written along with x, or a character vector of column names to be written.
• Quote: logical value which is by default TRUE used to represent whether quotes are
required or not
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 Exporting Data from R Scripts
• write.table():
• Example:
# R program to illustrate Exporting data from R
# Creating a dataframe
df = data.frame( "Name" = c("Amiya", "Raj", "Asish"),
"Language" = c("R", "Python", "Java"),
"Age" = c(22, 25, 45))

# Export a data frame to a text file using write.table()

write.table(df, file = "myDataFrame.txt",
sep = "\t",
row.names = TRUE,
col.names = NA)
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 Exporting Data from R Scripts
• write.table():
• Example:
# R program to illustrate Exporting data from R
# Creating a dataframe
df = data.frame( "Name" = c("Amiya", "Raj", "Asish"),
"Language" = c("R", "Python", "Java"),
"Age" = c(22, 25, 45))

# Export a data frame to a text file using write.table()

write.table(df, file = "myDataFrame.txt",
sep = "\t",
row.names = TRUE,
col.names = TRUE)
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 Exporting Data from R Scripts
• write.table():
• Example:
# R program to illustrate Exporting data from R
# Creating a dataframe
df = data.frame( "Name" = c("Amiya", "Raj", "Asish"),
"Language" = c("R", "Python", "Java"),
"Age" = c(22, 25, 45))

# Export a data frame to a text file using write.table()

write.table(df, file = "myDataFrame.txt",
sep = "\t",
row.names = TRUE,
col.names = TRUE,quote=FALSE)
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 Exporting Data from R Scripts
• write_tsv():
• This write_tsv() method is also used for to export data to a tab separated (“\t”) values by
using the help of readr package.
• Syntax: write_tsv(file, path)
Parameters:
• file: a data frame to be written
• path: the path to the result file
Example:
# R program to illustrate Exporting data from R
# Importing readr library
library(readr)
# Creating a dataframe
df = data.frame( "Name" = c("Amiya", "Raj", "Asish"),
"Language" = c("R", "Python", "Java"),
"Age" = c(22, 25, 45) )
# Export a data frame using write_tsv()
write_tsv(df, path = "MyDataFrame.txt")
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 Exporting Data from R Scripts
• write.csv():
• This write.csv() method is recommendable for exporting data to a csv file. It
uses “.” for the decimal point and a comma (“, ”) for the separator.
• Syntax: write.csv(file, path)
Parameters:
• file: a data frame to be written
• path: the path to the result file
Example:
# R program to illustrate Exporting data from R
# Importing readr library
library(readr)
# Creating a dataframe
df = data.frame( "Name" = c("Amiya", "Raj", "Asish"),
"Language" = c("R", "Python", "Java"),
"Age" = c(22, 25, 45) )
# Export a data frame using write.csv()
write.csv(df, file = "My_Data.csv")
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 Exporting Data from R Scripts
• write.csv2():
• This method is much similar as write.csv() but it uses a comma (“, ”) for the
decimal point and a semicolon (“;”) for the separator.
• Syntax: write.csv2(file, path)
Parameters:
• file: a data frame to be written
• path: the path to the result file
Example:
# R program to illustrate Exporting data from R
# Importing readr library
library(readr)
# Creating a dataframe
df = data.frame( "Name" = c("Amiya", "Raj", "Asish"),
"Language" = c("R", "Python", "Java"),
"Age" = c(22, 25, 45) )
# Export a data frame using write_tsv()
Write.csv2(df, file = "My_Data.csv")
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Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr package
• dplyr is a powerful R-package to transform and summarize tabular data with
rows and columns.
• The package contains a set of functions (or “verbs”) that perform common
data manipulation operations such as filtering for rows, selecting specific
columns, re-ordering rows, adding new columns and summarizing data.
• In addition, dplyr contains a useful function to perform another common
task which is the “split-apply-combine” concept.
• Install and load dplyr:
To install dplyr
install.packages("dplyr")
To load dplyr
library(dplyr)
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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr
package
• The below are some of the most common dplyr functions:
• rename() : rename columns
• recode() : recode values in a column
• select() : subset columns
• filter() : subset rows on conditions
• mutate() : create new columns by using information from other
columns
• summarise() : create summary statistics on grouped data
• arrange() : sort results
• count() : count discrete values
• group_by() : allows for group operations in the “split-apply-combine”
concept
%>%: the “pipe” operator is used to connect multiple verb actions together into a pipeline
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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr
package
• rename(): It is often necessary to rename variables to make them more
meaningful.
• Example :
#library(dplyr)
>sample <- data.frame (
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "Other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45)
)
> sample
>dplyr::rename(sample,PULSE1=Pulse,DURATION1=Duration)
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Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr package
• select(): The select() function is used to pick specific variables or features of a
Data Frame or a table.
• It selects columns based on provided conditions like contains, matches, starts
with, ends with, and so on.
• Syntax: select(data,col1,col2,…)
• This function returns an object of the same type as data.
• Example:
>dplyr::select(sample,Training) >dplyr::select(sample,Pulse,Training)

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Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr package
• select(): Select column list either by name or index number
sample <- data.frame (
Training = c("Strength", "Stamina", "Other"),
Pulse = c(100, 150, 120),
Duration = c(60, 30, 45))
dplyr::rename(sample,PULSE1=Pulse,DURATION1=Duration)
dplyr::select(sample,Training)
dplyr::select(sample,Pulse,Training)
dplyr::select(sample,1,3)
dplyr::select(sample,1:3)
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Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr package
• select(): Some additional options to select columns based
on a specific criteria include

1. starts_with() = Select columns that starts with a character string

2. ends_with() = Select columns that end with a character string
3. contains() = Select columns that contain a character string
4. matches() = Select columns that match a regular expression

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Example:

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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr
package
filter():
• The filter() function is used to produce a subset of the data frame, retaining all
rows that satisfy the specified conditions.
• The filter() method in R programming language can be applied to both grouped
and ungrouped data. The expressions include comparison operators (==, >, >= )
, logical operators (&, |, !, xor()) , range operators (between(), near()) as well as
NA value check against the column values.
• Syntax: filter(df , condition)
• Parameters :
• df: The data frame object
• condition: filtering based upon this condition
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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr
package
filter() Example:
#library(dplyr)
df=data.frame(x=c(12,31,4,66,78),
y=c(22.1,44.5,6.1,43.1,99),
z=c(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE,TRUE,TRUE))
df
# condition
dplyr::filter(df, x<50 & z==TRUE)

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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr package
• mutate(): mutate() function in R Programming Language is used to add new
variables in a data frame which are formed by performing operations on existing
variables.
• Syntax: mutate(x, expr)
• In R there are five types of main function for mutate that are discribe as below.
we will use dplyr package in R for all mutate functions.
• mutate() - adds new variables while retaining old variables to a data frame.
• transmute() - adds new variables and removes old ones from a data frame.
• mutate_all() - changes every variable in a data frame simultaneously.
• mutate_at() - changes certain variables by name.
• mutate_if() - alterations all variables that satisfy a specific criterion
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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr package
mutate() Example:
library(dplyr)
# Create a data frame
d <- data.frame( name = c("Abhi", "Bhavesh", "Chaman", "Dimri"),
age = c(7, 5, 9, 16),
ht = c(46, NA, NA, 69),
school = c("yes", "yes", "no", "no") )
print(d)
# Calculating a variable x3 which is sum of height and age printing with ht and
age
dplyr::mutate(d, x3 = ht + age)

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Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr package
transmute() Example:
# Use transmute to create a new variable 'age_in_months' and drop the 'age'
variable
result <- transmute(d,
name = name,
age_in_months = age * 12,
ht,school)
print(result)

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Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr package
mutate_all() Example: The mutate_all() function changes every variable in a data
frame at once, enabling you to use the funs() function to apply a certain function to every
variable.

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Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr package
The use of mutate_all() to divide each column in a data frame by ten is
demonstrated in the code below.

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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr package
mutate_at() Example: Using names, the mutate at() function changes particular
variables.
The use of mutate_at() to divide two particular variables by 10 is demonstrated in the code
below:

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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr package
• mutate_if() Example: All variables that match a specific condition are modified by the
mutate_if() function.
• The mutate_if() method can be used to round any numeric variables to the nearest whole
number using the following example code.

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mutate_if() Example: The mutate_if() function can be used to change any variables
of type factor to type character, as shown in the code below.

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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr
package
summarise_all():
• The summarise_all method in R is used to affect every column of the data
frame. The output data frame returns all the columns of the data frame where
the specified function is applied over every column..
• Syntax: summarise_all(data, function)
• Arguments :
• data – The data frame to summarise the columns of
• function – The function to apply on all the data frame columns.

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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr
package
Summarise_all() Example:

# creating a data frame

df <- data.frame(col1=c(1:10),col2=c(11:20))
print("original dataframe")
print(df)
print("summarised dataframe")
dplyr::summarise_all(df, mean)

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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr package
arrange():
• arrange() function in R Language is used for reordering of table rows with the help of
column names as expression passed to the function.
• Syntax: arrange(x, expr)
• Parameters:
• x: data set to be reordered
• expr: logical expression with column name
• Example:
#library(dplyr)
d <- data.frame( name = c("Abhi", "Bhavesh", "Chaman", "Dimri"),
age = c(7, 5, 9, 16) )
# Arranging name according to the age
d2<- dplyr::arrange(d, age)
print(d2)
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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr
package
• arrange(): arrange() function in R Language is used for reordering of table
rows with the help of column names as expression passed to the function.

• To arrange in a descending order:

• arrange(d1, desc(age))

• To arrange in order using col1 and then by col2:

• arrange(d, age, rollno)

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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr
package
• The count() function is part of the dplyr package, which is widely used for
data manipulation in R. It provides a convenient way to count the
occurrences of unique combinations of variables in a data frame.

• SYNTAX: count(data, ..., sort = FALSE)

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• count example:

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 Data cleaning and summarizing with dplyr
package
Group_by():
• Group_by() function belongs to the dplyr package in the R programming language, which
groups the data frames.
• Group_by() function alone will not give any output. It should be followed by summarise()
function with an appropriate action to perform. It works similar to GROUP BY in SQL and
pivot table in excel.
• Example:
library(dplyr)
df = read.csv("Sample_Superstore.csv")
df_grp_region = df %>% group_by(Region) %>%
summarise(total_sales = sum(Sales),
total_profits = sum(Profit),.groups = 'drop')

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 Exploratory Data Analysis
• Exploratory Data Analysis or EDA is a statistical approach or technique for analysing data
sets in order to summarize their important and main characteristics generally by using
some visual aids.
• The EDA approach can be used to gather knowledge about the following aspects of data:
• Main characteristics or features of the data.
• The variables and their relationships.
• Finding out the important variables that can be used in our problem.
• Exploratory Data Analysis in R:
• In R Language, we are going to perform EDA under two broad classifications:
• Descriptive Statistics, which includes mean, median, mode, inter-quartile range, and so on.
• Graphical Methods, which includes Box plot, Histogram, Pie graph, Line chart, Barplot, Scatter
Plot and so on.

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 Exploratory Data Analysis
• Diagrammatic representation of data:
• The diagrammatic representation of data is one of the best and attractive way of
presenting data.
• It caters both educated and uneducated section of the society.

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 Histograms
• A histogram contains a rectangular area to display the statistical information
which is proportional to the frequency of a variable and its width in
successive numerical intervals.
• We can create histograms in R Programming Language using the hist()
function.
• Syntax: hist(v, main, xlab, xlim, ylim, breaks, col, border)
• v: This parameter contains numerical values used in histogram.
• main: This parameter main is the title of the chart.
• col: This parameter is used to set color of the bars.
• xlab: This parameter is the label for horizontal axis.
• border: This parameter is used to set border color of each bar.
• xlim: This parameter is used for plotting values of x-axis.
• ylim: This parameter is used for plotting values of y-axis.
• breaks: This parameter is used as width of each bar.
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 Histograms
• Example:
# Create data for the graph.
v <- c(19, 23, 11, 5, 16, 21, 32, 14, 19, 27, 39)
# Create the histogram.
hist(v, xlab = "No.of Articles ",col = "green", border = "black")

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 Histograms
• Example:
# Create data for the graph.
v <- c(19, 23, 11, 5, 16, 21, 32, 14, 19, 27, 39)
# Create the histogram.
hist(v, xlab="No.of Articles ",col = "green", border = "black“,xlim=c(0,50),ylim=c(0,5),break=5)

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 Pie graph
• A pie chart is a circular statistical graphic, which is divided into slices to illustrate
numerical proportions.
• It depicts a special chart that uses “pie slices”, where each sector shows the relative
sizes of data.
• A circular chart cuts in the form of radii into segments describing relative
frequencies or magnitude also known as a circle graph.
• Syntax: pie(x, labels, main, col, clockwise)
• x: This parameter is a vector that contains the numeric values which are used in the pie chart.
• labels: This parameter gives the description to the slices in pie chart.
• main: This parameter is representing title of the pie chart.
• clockwise: This parameter contains the logical value which indicates whether the slices are
drawn clockwise or in anti-clockwise direction.
• col: This parameter give colours to the pie in the graph.

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 Pie graph
• Example:
bitmap(file="out.png")
Temp<- c(23, 36, 50, 43)
Cities <- c("Banglore", "Pune", "Chennai", "Amaravati")
# Plot the chart.
pie(Temp, Cities)

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 Pie graph
• Example:
bitmap(file="out.png")
Temp<- c(23, 36, 50, 43)
Cities <- c("Banglore", "Pune", "Chennai", "Amaravati")
# Plot the chart.
pie(Temp, Cities, main = "City pie chart",
col = rainbow(length(Temp)) )

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 Barplot
• Bar charts are a popular and effective way to visually represent categorical data in a
structured manner.
• R uses the barplot() function to create bar charts. Here, both vertical and Horizontal
bars can be drawn.
• Syntax: barplot(H, xlab, ylab, main, names.arg, col)
• H: This parameter is a vector or matrix containing numeric values which are used in bar chart.
• xlab: This parameter is the label for x axis in bar chart.
• ylab: This parameter is the label for y axis in bar chart.
• main: This parameter is the title of the bar chart.
• names.arg: This parameter is a vector of names appearing under each bar in bar chart.
• col: This parameter is used to give colors to the bars in the graph.

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 Barplot
• Example:
bitmap(file="out.png")
# Create the data for the chart
A <- c(17, 32, 8, 53, 1)
# Plot the bar chart
barplot(A, xlab = "X-axis", ylab = "Y-axis", main ="Bar-Chart")

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 Barplot
• Example:
# Create the data for the chart
A <- c(17, 32, 8, 53, 1)
# Plot the bar chart
barplot(A, horiz = TRUE, xlab = "X-axis", ylab = "Y-axis", main ="Horizontal Bar Chart" )

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 Scatter Plots
• A "scatter plot" is a type of plot used to display the relationship between two
numerical variables, and plots one dot for each observation.
• It needs two vectors of same length, one for the x-axis (horizontal) and one for the
y-axis (vertical).
• Syntax: plot(x, y, main, xlab, ylab, xlim, ylim, axes)
• x: This parameter sets the horizontal coordinates.
• y: This parameter sets the vertical coordinates.
• xlab: This parameter is the label for horizontal axis.
• ylab: This parameter is the label for vertical axis.
• main: This parameter main is the title of the chart.
• xlim: This parameter is used for plotting values of x.
• ylim: This parameter is used for plotting values of y.
• axes: This parameter indicates whether both axes should be drawn on the plot.

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 Scatter Plots
• Example:
# Get the input values.
input <- mtcars[, c('wt', 'mpg')]
# Plot the chart for cars with weight between 1.5 to 4 and mileage between 10 and 25.
plot(x = input$wt, y = input$mpg,
xlab = "Weight",
ylab = "Milage",
xlim = c(1.5, 4),
ylim = c(10, 25),
main = "Weight vs Milage"
)

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 Line Graphs
• A line graph is a chart that is used to display information in the form of a series of
data points.
• It utilizes points and lines to represent change over time.
• Line graphs are drawn by plotting different points on their X coordinates and Y
coordinates, then by joining them together through a line from beginning to end.
• Syntax: plot(v, type, col, xlab, ylab)
• v: This parameter is a contains only the numeric values
• type: This parameter has the following value:
• “p” : This value is used to draw only the points.
• “l” : This value is used to draw only the lines.
• “o”: This value is used to draw both points and lines
• xlab: This parameter is the label for x axis in the chart.
• ylab: This parameter is the label for y axis in the chart.
• main: This parameter main is the title of the chart.
• col: This parameter is used to give colors to both the points and lines.
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 Line Graphs
• Example:
# Create the data for the chart.
v <- c(17, 25, 38, 13, 41)

# Plot the bar chart.

plot(v, type = "o")

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 Boxplots
• A box graph is a chart that is used to display information in the form of distribution
by drawing boxplots for each of them.
• This distribution of data is based on five sets (minimum, first quartile, median, third
quartile, and maximum).
• Syntax: boxplot(x, data, notch, varwidth, names, main)
• x: This parameter sets as a vector or a formula.
• data: This parameter sets the data frame.
• notch: This parameter is the label for horizontal axis.
• varwidth: This parameter is a logical value. Set as true to draw width of the box proportionate
to the sample size.
• main: This parameter is the title of the chart.
• names: This parameter are the group labels that will be showed under each boxplot.

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 Boxplots
• Example:
# use head() to load first six rows of mtcars dataset
head(mtcars)

# boxplot for mpg reading of mtcars dataset

boxplot(mtcars$mpg)

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 Boxplots
• Example:
# add title, label, new color to boxplot
boxplot(mtcars$mpg,
main="Mileage Data Boxplot",
ylab="Miles Per Gallon(mpg)",
xlab="No. of Cylinders",
col="orange")

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