ELE 271

Electrical Machines

Dr. Ali Selim

Assistant Professor
Faculty of Engineering, Galala University

Spring 2025

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 Course Details

Instructor: Dr. Ali Selim

Email: [email protected]
Lecture &Tutorial: Tuesday 09:00am – 12:20pm → Engineering
(N141)
Lab: Tuesday 1:10 pm – 4:30pm Electrical Circuits Engineering Lab
(N325)

Textbook:
▪ Stephen J. Chapman,, “Electric Machinery Fundamentals, (5th
Edition).
▪ Theodore Wild “Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems”
(6th Edition).

Office hours: (2nd floor at Faculty of Engineering, Room N220):

Wednesday 10:00 am – 12:00 pm
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 Biography

Hello, I’m Dr. Ali Selim, and I’m thrilled to be your instructor for
this course. Let me start by sharing a bit about my
background. I earned my B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Electrical
Engineering from Aswan University, Egypt, in 2010 and 2016,
respectively. In 2021, I completed my Ph.D. at the University of
Jaen, Spain. Between 2021 and 2024, I served as an Assistant
Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at Aswan
University. Currently, I am an Assistant Professor at the Faculty
of Engineering, Galala University.I have authored two book
Ali Selim chapters and published over 84 papers in internationally
Mohamed recognized journals and conferences. I am also supervising
more than nine graduate students across various areas of
power systems.My goal is to make this course both enjoyable
and valuable for you. If you have any questions or concerns,
please don’t hesitate to reach out. Together, we’ll make the
most of this learning experience!

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 Course Objectives

• Understand electromechanical energy conversion

principles.
• Analyze construction and operation of DC machines.
• Evaluate transformer performance and efficiency.
• Apply theoretical concepts to solve practical problems.
• Perform laboratory experiments to characterize DC
machines and transformers..

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 Syllabus

Week Lecture Topic Sheet

1 introduction to machinery principles 1
2 Magnetic Circuits 2
3 DC Generators (Part 1) 3
4 DC Generators (Part 2) 4
5 DC Motors (Part 1) 5
6 DC Motors (Part 2) 6
7 Armature Windings 7
8 Midterm Exam
9 AC power 8
10 Transformer and its Theory 9
11 Three-Phase Transformers 10
12 AC Machine (Induction machine) 11
13 AC Machine (Synchronous machine) 12
14 Review
15 Lab exam
 Grading

Final Exam 40
Term Work 60
Quizzes 10
Mid-Term Exam 20
Lab Reports 10
Lab Exam 10
Other Activities
(Participation, Project, Assignments..) 10

▪ Dedicate around 10 hours per week for this course.

▪ 75% attendance is required.
▪ Lab report: Required weekly for each lab experiment.
▪ There will be also a Lab Exam (Last week of Semester).
▪ Final Exam: The final exam will be a comprehensive
exam given during finals week and will cover all of the
studied material.
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 Basic Concepts

➢ Introduction
➢ Linear and Rotational Motions
➢ Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law
➢ Production of Induced Force and Voltage on a Wire
➢ Real, Reactive, Apparent Power and Three-Phase
Circuits

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 Introduction

Electrical Machines
➢ Electric Machines converts mechanical energy to
electric energy or vice versa

Mechanical Electrical
energy energy
Motor
➢ Generators convert Mechanical energy to Electric energy

➢ Motors convert electric energy to mechanical energy

➢ There is also another machine called transformer

which converts ac electric energy at one voltage
level to ac electric energy at another voltage level.
 Introduction

Electrical Machines
➢ Motors and generators convert energy from one form
to another through the action of a magnetic field.
Electrical Machines

AC Machines DC Machines

Poly Single
phase phase
Linear and Rotational Motions
 Linear and Rotational Motions

Angular Position θ

• Like linear displacement, the angular position of an object is the angle

at which it is oriented, measured from some arbitrary reference point.
• The angular position is usually measured in radians (rad) or in degrees.
It is similar to the linear concept of distance along a line.
• Conventional notation:
• Positive value for anticlockwise rotation
• Negative value for clockwise rotation
 Linear and Rotational Motions

Angular Speed ω
• The angular speed is defined as the velocity at which the
measured point is moving. Similar to the concept of standard
velocity :
Linear : v =
dr
Rotation:  =
d
dt dt
• Notation for speed also are used:
• Revolution per second (RPS)
• Revolution per minute (RPM)

f =
 RPS n=
  60 RPM
2 2
 Linear and Rotational Motions

Angular Acceleration α

• The angular acceleration is the rate of change in

angular velocity with respect to time.

• The angular acceleration is assumed positive if the

angular speed is increasing in an algebraic sense

dv Rotation:  =
d rad / s 2
Linear : a = m / s2
dt dt
 Linear and Rotational Motions

Torque

• Torque is known as a rotational

force applied to a rotating body
giving angular acceleration,
‘twisting force’.

• Torque (Nm): ‘Product of force

applied to the object and the
smallest distance between the
line of action of the force and
the object’s axis of rotation’
 Linear and Rotational Motions

Torque: Example

Torque is
zero
F F
 Linear and Rotational Motions

Torque: Example

Torque is
counterclockwise
F F
 Linear and Rotational Motions

Torque: Example

T = (forceapplied)  (perpendicular distance)

T = rF sin

r sin(180− )= r sin
180− 

F
 Linear and Rotational Motions

Newton’s Law of Linear Motion

Newton’s law for objects moving in a straight line

gives a relationship between the force applied to the
object and the acceleration experience by the object
as the result of force applied to it. In general,

F = ma
where:
F Force applied
m mass of object
a resultant acceleration of object
 Linear and Rotational Motions

Newton’s Law of Rotation

similar equation describes the relationship between the

torque applied to an object and its resulting angular
acceleration, the relation is called Newton’s Law of Rotation:

 = J
where:
 Torque
J Moment of inertia
 Angular acceleration
 Linear and Rotational Motions

Work (Linear Motion)

• The work (W) is defined as the application of Force

through a distance. Therefore, work may be
defined as:

W =  Fdr

• Assuming that the direction of F is collinear (in the

same direction) with the direction of motion and
constant in magnitude, hence,
W = Fr Joule
 Linear and Rotational Motions

Work (Rotational motion)

• Similarly for rotational motion, the work (W) is defined
as the application of torque through an angle:

W =  d

• Assuming that the direction of F is collinear (in the

same direction) with the direction of motion and
constant in magnitude, hence,

W =  Joule
 Linear and Rotational Motions

Power

The power is defined as the rate of doing work per unit time:

P = dW watt
dt
For linear motion:

P = (Fr ) = F = Fv
d dr watt
dt dt
For rotating objects:
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

The magnetic Field

• Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism

by which energy is converted from one form to
another in the following machines:

• Motors
• Generators
• Transformers
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

The Basic Principles

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area

around it.
(2) A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in a coil of
wire if it passes through that coil. (this is the basis for
transformer action)
(3) A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic filed has a
force induced on it. (this is the basis of motor action)
(4) A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic filed has a
voltage induced in it. (this is the basis of generator action)
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Ampere’s Law

• The basic law governing the production of a magnetic field

by a current

 Hdl = Inet
• H is the magnetic field intensity produced by the current
Inet and dl is a differential element of length along the path
of integration. H is measured in Ampere-turns per meter.
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Consider a current currying conductor is wrapped around a

ferromagnetic core;

Ampere's Law
Hlc = Ni

H= Ni
lc
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

The magnetic filed intensity, H (Ampere turns per metre), is

known as the effort required to induce a magnetic field. The
strength of the magnetic field flux produced in the core also
depends on the material of the core. Thus,

B = H
B Magnetic flux density (webers per square meter, Tesla (T))
µ Magnetic permeability of material (Henrys per meter) H Magnetic field
intensity (ampere-turns per meter)
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Relative Permeability

The relative permeability can be defined as below:


 r = o
• 0 Permeability of free space (Air)
• The value of relative permeability is dependent upon the type of
material used.
• The higher the amount permeability, the higher the amount of flux
induced in the core.
• Relative permeability is a convenient way to compare the
magnetizability of materials.
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Relative Permeability

• Also, because the permeability of iron is so much higher than

that of air, the majority of the flux in an iron core remains
inside the core instead of travelling through the surrounding
air, which has lower permeability.

• The small leakage flux that does leave the iron core is
important in determining the flux linkages between coils and
the self-inductances of coils in electrical machines.
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Flux and Flux Density

 =  BdA
Assuming that the flux density in the ferromagnetic core is constant
throughout A, the equation simplifies to be:

 = BA  = HA =  Ni A = NiA
lc lc

Ni = lc   = 
A
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Magnetic Circuits
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

• The magnetomotive force (MMF) is similar to

Electromotive force in an electrical circuit (EMF).

• The polarity of the MMF will determine the direction of flux. To

easily determine the direction of flux, the ‘right hand curl’ rule
is utilised:
• The direction of the curled fingers determines the current
flow.
• The resulting thumb direction will show the magnetic flux flow.
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Ni = lc   =  = Ni =
lc
A A
MMF = ReluctanceFlux EMF (voltage) =ResistanceCurrent
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

• The element of  in the magnetic circuit analogy is similar in

concept to the electrical resistance.
• It is basically the measure of material resistance to the flow
of magnetic flux.
• Reluctance in this analogy obeys the rule of
electrical resistance (Series and Parallel Rules).
• Reluctance is measured in Ampere-turns per weber.

1 1 1 1
 eq = 1 +  2 + 3 + ... = + + + ...
eq 1 2 3
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Accuracy of Magnetic circuits Analogy

• Calculations of the flux in a core performed by using the

magnetic circuit concepts are always approximations.
• At best, they are accurate to within 95% of the real answer.
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Reasons for Inherent Accuracy

• The magnetic circuit assumes that all flux are confined within the
core, but in reality, a small fraction of the flux escapes from the
core into the surrounding low-permeability air, and this flux is
called leakage flux.
• The reluctance calculation assumes a certain mean path length
and cross sectional area of the core. This is alright if the core is
just one block of ferromagnetic material with no corners, for
practical ferromagnetic cores which have corners due to its
design, this assumption is not accurate.
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Reasons for Inherent Accuracy

N
• In ferromagnetic materials, the
permeability varies with the amount
of flux already in the material. The
material permeability is not constant S
hence there is an existence of nonlinearity
of permeability.
For ferromagnetic core which has airgaps,
there are fringing effects that should be
taken into account as shown:
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

A ferromagnetic core is shown in

Figure. Three sides of this core are
of unifonn width. while the fourth side
is somewhat thinner. The depth of
the core (into the page) is 10 cm.
and the other dimensions are shown
in the figure. There is a 200 turn coil
wrapped around the left side of the
core. Assuming relative permeability
𝜇 r of 2500. how much flux will be
produced by a 1-A input current?
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Figure 1-9a shows a simplified rotor and
stator for a dc motor. The
mean path length of the stator is 50 cm,
and its cross-sectional area is 12 cm2. The
mean path length of the rotor is 5 cm, and
its cross-sectional area also may be
assruned to be 12 cm2. Each air gap
between the rotor and the stator is 0.05 cm
wide, and the crosssectional area of each
air gap (including fringing) is 14 cm2 . The
iron of the core has a relative penneability
of 2000, and there are 200 turns of wire on
the core. If the current in the
wire is adjusted to be I A, what will the
resulting flux density in the air gaps be?
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials

 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials

 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core

The hysteresis loop traced

out by the flux in a core
when the current i(t) is
applied
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core

1- Hysteresis Losses

Within the metal, there is an existence of small regions

known as domains where in each domain there is a
presence of a small magnetic field which randomly
aligned through the metal structure.
 Magnetic Field and Faraday’s Law

(1) A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in the area around it

Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core

2- Eddy Current Losses
A time-changing flux induces voltage within a ferromagnetic core. These
voltages cause swirls of current to flow within the core. Energy is
dissipated in the form of heat because these eddy currents are flowing
in a resistive material (iron).
 Production of Induced Force and Voltage on a Wire

(2) Faraday’s Law – Induced Voltage from A Time-Changing Magnetic Field

Lenz’ Law

Note the negative sign at the equation of Faraday’s

Law which is in accordance to Lenz’ Law which
states: “‘The direction of the build-up voltage in the
coil is as such that if the coils were short circuited, it
would produce current that would cause a flux
opposing the original flux change.”
 Production of Induced Force and Voltage on a Wire

(2) Faraday’s Law – Induced Voltage from A Time-Changing Magnetic Field

Lenz’ Law
 Production of Induced Force and Voltage on a Wire

(2) Faraday’s Law – Induced Voltage from A Time-Changing Magnetic Field

• Faraday’s law is the fundamental property of magnetic

fields involved in transformer operation.

• Lenz’s Law in transformers is used to predict the polarity of

the voltages induced in transformer windings.
 Production of Induced Force and Voltage on a Wire

(3) A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic filed has a force

induced on it. (this is the basis of motor action)

The production of induced force in a wire

A current carrying conductor present in a uniform magnetic field

F = i (l  B) Thumb
(resultant force)

F = ilB sin  Index Finger

(current direction)

Middle
Finger
(Magnetic Flux Direction)
 Production of Induced Force and Voltage on a Wire

(3) A current-carrying wire in the presence of a magnetic filed has a force

induced on it. (this is the basis of motor action)
 Production of Induced Force and Voltage on a Wire

(4) A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic filed has a voltage induced
in it. (this is the basis of generator action)

• If a conductor moves or ‘cuts’ through a magnetic field, voltage will be

induced between the terminals of the conductor at which the magnitude
of the induced voltage is dependent upon the velocity of the wire
assuming that the magnetic field is constant. This can be summarized
in terms of formulation as shown:
eind =(v x B) l
where:
v – velocity of the wire
B – magnetic field density
l – length of the wire in the magnetic field
 Production of Induced Force and Voltage on a Wire

(4) A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic filed has a voltage induced
in it. (this is the basis of generator action)

eind = (v x B) l
eind = vBl sinθ