common questions

five marks

explain simplex, half duplex and full duplex(2)

->simplex communication
the simplest is one way communication normally referred to as simplex
in simplex communication information is transferred only in one direction
a typical example of simplex communication is radio and TV broadcasting,
another example is information transmitted by the telemetry system of a
satellite to earth.
transmission of signal from microcomputer to a printer is also an example
of simplex mode of communication
duplex communication
two way communication is known as duplex
in duplex transmission, information/data flow is in both direction
if the transmision goes one way at a time, it is called as half duplex
if transmission goes in both ways simultaneously,it is called as full
duplex
example of half duplex communication are radiocommunication used in
militaru,police and other services int the form of walky-talky
normal telephone conversion is a good example of duplex transmission each
one can transmit and hear simultaneously
transmission between two computers or between a computer and a terminal
is full duplex

TDM(2)
->Time Division Multiplexing may be used with both digital and analog
signal.
in case of TDM, the multiple signals are transmitted in different time
slots.
In TDM,each sihnal can occupy the entire vandwidth of the channel
However, each signal is transmitted for only short interval of time.
TDM signals are transmitted turn by turn.
three signals are transmitted over a single channel. Each signal is
allowed to use the channel for a fixed period of time one after the
another. Once all the signals have been transmitted the cycle repeats
again and again.
equal time slots are given for each signal.
signal transmission of each signal completes one operation called a
frame.
The cycle repetition rate is kept high so that the original signal can be
reassembled at the receiving end.
In case of conventional method of data transfer the base band signal is
transmitte one after the other

differentiate between asynchronous and synchronous communication.(2)

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explain with block diagram electronic communication system(2)

->wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or
more points generally situated at large distance which are not connected
directly by an electrical conductor.

elements of communication system:

1.information source
the information generated by human is in the form of sound waves for
electrical communication this information needs to be converted into the
more suitable form of transmission.
2.transmitter
the transmitter has to transmit the information.the transmitter is a
collection of electronic components and circuits are designed to comvert
the information into a signal suitable for transmission over a given
communication medium. a transmitter is required to process and encode the
incoming information so that it becomes more suitable for transmission
and the reception.
3.communication channel
communication channel is the medium through which signal goes from
transmitter to receiver.the medium between transmitter and receiver may
be wireless such as in movile telephony, radio and television
communication.wireless communication uses ellectromagnetic spectrum to
communicate from one point to another
4.noise
noise is basically unwanted, undesired electric signal along with desired
signal, noise is usually of random character. noise in a communication
system is undesirable electric energy that enters the communication
system via the communication medium and interferes with the transmitted
message
5.receiver
receiver has to pick up the desired signal from the channel and pass it
to the destination. receiver can be defined as the collection of
electronic components and circuits that accpt transmitted message from
the channel and convert it back into a form understandable by humans

explain with block diagram QPSK modulator

->QPSK is a type of modulator in which input of 2 bits is applied and
acquring 4 phase shift can be observe at the output.
QPSK modulator consists of 1st block of bit splitte PSKI and PSKQ phase
shifter carrier and add at a time two bits can be applied at the input
the 1st block that is bilt spilter seperates the two bit data for binary
zero there will be no phase shift that i/p is applied to PSKI.
If i/p is binary 1 it is applied to PSKQ which gives phase shift of 90
degree using phase shifter both of the output PSKI or PSKQ is given with
reference to carrier the output from FPSKI and PSKQ is added using adder
to obtain final output for phase shift output will be 0 degree,90 degree,
180 degree,270 degree for respective i/p

explain FDM technique used in communication system(2)

->frequency division multiplexing(FDM) is based on the idea that the
number of signal can share the bandwidth of common commuication channel.
FDM allows many voice or base band channel (300Hz to 3 KHz) to share sace
in much larger space in much larer total band.
This vand of channels is then send via radio or fiber optic cable to a
receiving station, where the band is demultiplexed into individual
channels and these channels are destined for specific end user.
In case of frequency division multiplexing, each base band signal is
modulated on separate carrie, Each carrier has different frequency.
The modulated carriers are the added together to form a single complex
signal that is transmitted over the single channel.
In its simplex form frequency division multoplexing is represented by
frequency-shift key(FSK) modem.
In case of FSK two sine wave frequencies are used to represent binary 0
and 1.
In a full duplex system we require fout frequencies two on each side
representing 0 and 1.
the band width of telephone line is shared by four signal frequencies.
the first channel in FDM system occupies the frequency band from 0 to 4
Khz.
A second channel could the begin at 4 KHz and end at 8 KHz. The second
band also has 4 KHz bandwidth and contain the same guard band area, the
total bandwidth of two channels will be 8 KHz.
The original information signal such as sound (300 Hz to 3KHz} is known
as base band signal.
Those system that allow many channels to share the sustems vandwidth are
known as broad band system.
Broad band is a communication channel having a bandwith greater than a
voice grade channel and is capable of much higgher transmission rates.

2.5 marks repeted questions

Any two internal noise or types of noise(2)

->basically there are two types of noise one is internal noise and other
one is external noise.
Internal noise is of two types: white noise and shot noise.
A pactical example of white noise are whirring fan, humming air
conditioner, hissing radiator which is in communication system a random
signal having equal intensity at different frequencies.
In electonic communication system, electronic devices results unavoidable
random statistocal fluctuations of the electric current due to flow of
electrons across barrier, which echibits noise, called as shot noise.
External noise is also of two kinds one a natural noise and second is
human made noise.
Natural noise comes from the atmosphere i.e from lighting solar flares
and various kinds of radiation in space; thunderstorms etc. which emits
various kinds of radiations that can interfere with communication.

token passing protocol(2)

->in token passing method tha stations in a network are structured in a
logical ring
at each station there is a predecessor and a successor station
the predecessor is the station which is logically before the station in
the ring.
the successor is the station which is after the station in the ring
a token is a speial bit pattern or a small message, which circulate from
one station to the next in the some predefined order
the current station is the one tha is accessing the channel currently.
adter sending a frame each station must wait for all N stations including
itself to send the token to their neighbours and the other N-1 stations
to send a frame if they have one.
when station has no more data to send it releases the token passing it to
the next logical station inthe ring.
In this method, token management is needed for access. Stations must be
limited in the time they can have possession of the token.
The token must be monitored to ensure it has not been lost or destroyed,
otherwise it will to infinite loop.
The stations are conneted by ring topology or sometimes star topology.

networking device switch/switch networking device(2)

-> A switch is multiport bridge with buffer and a design that can boost
its efficiency and performance.
They connect devices in a network and use packet switching to send,
receive or forward data packets or data frames over the network.
A switch has many ports
when a data frame arrives at any port of a network switch, it inspect the
destination address, performs necessary checks and sends the frame to the
corresponding device.
multicasting through switch makes it possible to connet receiver to
sender
it uses MAC addresses to send data packets to selected destination ports.
It uses packet switching tehnique to receive adn forward data packets
from the source to the destination device.