Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering

Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2 rd stage

2025-2024
Lecture No 5
Arithmetic Mean 𝛍 or E(y) of Binomial Distribution.
It is representing the number of successes probability that can be obtain
from n cases.
𝑛

𝜇 = 𝐸 (𝑦) = ∑ 𝑦𝑃(𝑦)
𝑦=0
Ex.1 the arithmetic Mean to the experience of throwing coin 4 times is:

y P(y)
0 1/16
1 4/16
2 6/16
3 4/16
4 1/16

𝜇 = 𝐸 (𝑦) = ∑𝑛𝑦=0 𝑦𝑃(𝑦)

1 4 6 4 1
= 0( )+ 1( )+ 2( )+ 3( )+ 4( )
16 16 16 16 16

=0+0.25+0.75+0.75+0.25
∴𝜇=2

The Variance of Binomial

Generally, the Variance is

𝜎𝑦2 = 𝐸 (𝑦 2 ) − [𝐸 (𝑦)]2 𝑛
∑𝑛𝑦=0 𝑦 2 𝑝(𝑦) − 𝜇 2 𝜎𝑦2 = ∑ 𝑦 2 𝑝(𝑦) − 𝜇 2
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 𝑦=0

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2 rd stage
2025-2024
Ex. The variance to the experiment to the throwing the coin 4 times is:
N=4, p=1/2, q=1/2
number of samples is 𝐾 = 𝑁 𝑛 = 24 =16 the No. of probability.
y= (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
𝑛

𝜎𝑦2 = ∑ 𝑦 2 𝑝(𝑦) − 𝜇 2
𝑦=0
μ = np = 4*1/2 = 2

1 0 4! 1 4 1 1
𝑝(𝑦0 ) = (40) ( ) ( ) = 0!(4−0)! *1*(16) = 16
2 2
1 1 4!1 3 1 1 4
𝑝(𝑦1 ) = (41) ( ) ( ) = 1!(4−1)! *(2)*(8) = 16
2 2
1 2 4! 1 21 1 6
𝑝(𝑦2 ) = (42) ( ) ( ) = 2!(4−2)! *(4)*(4) = 16
2 2
1 3 4! 1 11 4
𝑝(𝑦3 ) = (43) ( ) ( ) = 3!(4−3)! *(8)*1 = 16
2 2
4 1 4 1 0 4! 1 1
𝑝(𝑦4 ) = (4) (2) ( ) = 4!(4−4)! *(8)*1 = 16
2

𝜎𝑦2 = 𝑦0 2 𝑝(𝑦0 ) + 𝑦1 2 𝑝(𝑦1 ) + 𝑦2 2 𝑝(𝑦2 ) + 𝑦3 2 𝑝(𝑦3 ) − 𝜇 2

1 4 6 4 1
𝜎𝑦2 =(0)2 + (1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 + (4)2 - (2)2 = 1
16 16 16 16 16
And can find the Variance from another way:
𝜎𝑦2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞
= 4(1/2)(1/2)
=1

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2 rd stage
2025-2024
Poisson Distribution
It is considering Discrete Distribution which have continues number,
in some experiments may happening the Random Variable in part from period
or limited period of time, or in small region, for example, number of call
telephone in one-hour work in an office, or number of day-off the schools in
specific weather or number of goals in a football match.
The experiments which giving such as random variable called (Poisson
Experiments)

𝑒 −𝜇 𝜇 𝑦
𝑝 (𝑦 ) =
𝑦!

𝑦 = Poisson random variable representing the number of success which

happening in a specific period of time or specific region.

𝑦 = 1, 2, 3, … …
𝜇 = mean of the success, e = 2.71828

Table.1 Poisson table for various vales of 𝝁 to find 𝒑(𝒚)

𝝁 value
y 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
0 .9048 .8187 .7408 .6703 .6065 .5488 .4966 .4493 .4066
1 .0905 .1637 .2222 .2681 .3033 .3293 .3476 .3595 .3659
2 .0045 .0164 .0333 .0536 .0758 .0988 .1217 .1438 .1647
3 .0002 .0011 .0033 .0072 .0126 .0198 .0284 .0383 .0494
4 .0000 .0001 .0003 .0007 .0016 .0030 .0050 .0077 .0111
5 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0004 .0007 .0012 .0020
6 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0001 .0002 .0003
7 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000 .0000

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2 rd stage
2025-2024
Ex.1 if the mean of day-off to a school in cold weather city because of snow fall
in winter is 4, what is the probability of that schools in this city will take day-
off for 6 days during winter?
y=6, 𝜇= 4
𝑒 −𝜇 𝜇𝑦 𝑒 −4 46
𝑝(𝑦) = , 𝑝(6) = = 0.1042
𝑦! 6!

Ex.2 Number of cars arriving for a gasoline station with mean 3 cars every15
minutes, find: The probability that exactly 2 cars will arrive in the next 15
minutes?
𝑒 −𝜇 𝜇𝑦
y=2, 𝜇= 3 𝑝 (𝑦 ) = ,
𝑦!

𝑒 −3 32
𝑝(2) = = 0.224
2!

Ex.3 Records show that the probability of a tire will suffer a blowout in the first
10,000 miles is 0.005, if 100 tire are installed on a fleet of cars, what the
probability of exactly two blowouts?
Solution: Notice that the binomial requirements are satisfied, there is a constant
probability of success (0.005), a fix number of trails (100) and they are just
two outcome (the tire blow-out or not), and also here the results are
independent ( if the fifth tire blow-out , this is does not mean the 10th will do
the same ) , the mean can find it by (np) and the probability of exactly two
𝑒 −𝜇 𝜇𝑦
blow-out is (0.758) can find it by the formula : 𝑝 (𝑦 ) =
𝑦!

𝜇=np, = 100(0.005) =0.5

2.71828−0.5 0.52
𝑝(𝑦 = 2) = = 0.758 the probability of exactly two tires
2∗1
blowouts.

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2 rd stage
2025-2024

Normal Distribution
This distribution is a Continuous Distribution, and the results here can take any
value for the real numbers (+ or -), such as lengths and weights of persons, the
proportion of casting elements in the alloy steel, the proportion of fat in the blood
and so on ...

Properties of Normal Distribution

1- Graphical representation of curve distribution similar to the bell .
2- Mean, Median and Mode all are equal and located in the central.
3- The curve is Continuous.
4- The curve approaches the X axis, but it does not touch it.
5- The area under the curve equal 1 or 100%.

Fig.1 Normal distribution Fig.2 Curve of Discrete distribution Fig.2 Curve of Discrete distribution
Negative torsion, centered on the Positive torsion, centered on the left
right

Ex.4 from the following data find the distribution of the frequency, showing right
torsion, left torsion or normal distribution?
Solution: make curve to the data and find the form of data.

10 12 13 15 13 15 15 14 14
16 15 18 16 18 19 16 14 13
17 15 15 14 21 14 15 13 18
17 11 19 17 18 14 15 16 16

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2 rd stage
2025-2024
Ex.5 from the following data find the distribution of the frequency, showing right
torsion, left torsion or normal distribution?

Solution: making curve to the data and find the form of data.

This chart showing right torsion, left centered of data.

Experimental law this low describes another property to the Normal

distribution.

Max. value in
Normal distribution have Mean 𝝁 and
the middle 𝜇=𝑀𝑒
̅̅̅̅ =𝑀𝑜
̅̅̅̅
Standard deviation 𝝈.
 68% from data Located in the
period 𝜇 − 𝜎 & 𝜇 + 𝜎
 95% from data Located in the
period 𝜇 − 2𝜎 & 𝜇 + 2𝜎
 99% from data Located in the
period 𝜇 − 3𝜎 & 𝜇 + 3𝜎

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2 rd stage
2025-2024
Ex.6 the Mean for normal distribution is 34, and the Standard deviation is 5, find
the probability to increase the value of X randomly from 24 ?
Solution:
𝜇= 34, 𝜎 = 5, p(x>24)
The probability to find the random value is
𝜇 − 2𝜎
34-2(5) = 24
p(x>24) = (13.5+34+34+13.5+2+0.5)%
p(x>24) = 97.5%

Ex.7 Distributed length of 1800 young students normal distribution with mean =
𝜇 = 66 inch , and standard deviation 𝜎 = 2
a) what the number of young student who have range in length between 62
& 70 inch.
Solution: at first draw the chart
62 & 70 have distant of (2 𝜎) so 95% from
the data take place between 62 & 70
1800 * 95% = 1710 young student have the
length between 62 & 70 in.
b) what the probability to choosing one of young students
randomly with length more than 68in.
from the curve of normal distribution
we can find the value of bigger than 68in.
have one distant of 𝜎 from the 𝜇 .
so the probability will be:
p(x>68) = (13.5+2+0.5) = 16%
1800*16%= 288 young student have the
length more than 68 in.

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2 rd stage
2025-2024
Quiz. if the Weights of 100 employees in a company distributed in
Normal Distribution with mean = 70 kg. with standard deviation 𝜎 = 10
Find:
1) Approximate number of employees who they are between 60&80 kg.
Solution: by using Experiment Low
34%+34%=68%
So number of employees is: 100*68% = 68 between 60&80 kg
2) Approximate number of employees who they are less than 90kg.
Solution: by using Experiment Low
(0.5%+2%+13.5%+35%+35%+13.5)=97.5%
97.5%*100=

35% 35%

13.5% 13.5%

2% 2%

0.5% 0.5%

40 50 60 70 80 90 100