Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering

Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage

2025-2024
Lecture No 4
Simple Random Sample (SRS)
If we have samples 𝑥1, 𝑥2 … … 𝑥𝑛 with size n , it is called (Simple Random Sample )
if were all the samples which have the size n , having the same chance in choosing
(the same probability) and the probability = 1/N , and the samples must be taken
from the population size N .
There are 3 method of sample withdrawal
1- Pull sample without return with no arrangement.
If we have samples 𝑥1, 𝑥2 … … 𝑥𝑛 with size n , it is called (Simple Random
Sample ) if were all the samples which have the size n , which are pulling
from the population having the same chance in choosing (the same
1/𝑁
probability) and the probability = 𝐶𝑛
𝑁!
 Combinations 𝐶𝑛𝑁 =
𝑛!(𝑁−𝑛)!
𝑁= population size
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
And the result will be representing the number of pulling samples.

2- Pull sample without return with arrangement.

If we have samples 𝑥1, 𝑥2 … … 𝑥𝑛 with size n , it is called (Sample Random
Sample ) if were all the samples which have the size n , which are pulling
from the population having the same chance in choosing (the same
1/𝑁
probability) and the probability = 𝑃𝑛
𝑁= population size
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑁!
 Permutations 𝑃𝑛𝑁 =
(𝑁−𝑛)!

And the result will be representing the number of pulling samples.

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 Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
3- Pull sample with return.
If we have samples 𝑥1, 𝑥2 … … 𝑥𝑛 with size n , it is called (Sample Random
Sample ) if were all the samples which have the size n , which are pulling
from the population having the same chance in choosing (the same
probability) and the probability= 𝑁 𝑛

Ex.1 if we have the population (A, B, C), make samples from this population,
for samples n=2 in cases:
1- Pull sample with return
Solution:
A B C
A A,A A,B A,C
B B,A B,B B,C
C C.A C,B C,C

Number of samples with return given by the following formula:

𝐾 = 𝑁𝑛 K=number of samples N= population size n = sample size

𝐾 = 32 =9
And the probability of pulling any sample is: 1/K=1/9
And the chance of choosing any sample equal with the other samples 1/9

2- Pull sample without return with no arrangement.

𝑁!
𝐾 = 𝐶𝑛𝑁 = A B C
𝑛! (𝑁 − 𝑛)!
A A,B A,C
3! 3∗2∗1 6
K= 𝐶23
= = = =3 B B,A B,C
2!(3−2)! 2∗1(1∗1) 2
C C.A C,B
And the probability of pulling any sample is: 1/K=1/3

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 Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
3- Pull sample without return with arrangement.

𝑁!
𝐾 = 𝑃𝑛𝑁 = A B C
𝑛! (𝑁 − 𝑛)!
A A,B A,C
B B,A B,C
3! 3∗2∗1
𝑃23 = = =6 C C.A C,B
(3−2)! (1)!

And the probability of pulling any sample is: 1/K=1/6

 The Binomial Distribution

Is a random experiment with only two results, the first called success (S), the second
called failure (F), the symbol of the probability of success with the symbol
𝑝 = 𝑝(𝑆) and the symbol of the possibility of failure symbol 𝑞 = 𝑝(𝐹)
And must note that possibility of failure = 1- probability of success
𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝 Note that p + q = 1. In statistical terms,
𝑛
𝑝(𝑦 = 𝑦0 ) = ( ) 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞𝑛−𝑦
𝑦

y= the random variable, distributed with 2 limits,

y= 0,1, 2……n
n= number of frequency the test.
A Bernoulli trial is each repetition of an experiment involving only 2 outcomes.

For example, in an experiment all the outcome can be classify to happening or not
happening and the result will be S or F and the number of happening F&S is n,
Suppose the variable y representing the number of succeed or number of happen the
variable from n times, this type of variable called (Binomial variable) because its
classified to Success or Failure and it’s also Discrete because taking Count from zero
to n.

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 Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
Ex.1 Throw a coin 3 times (n=3)
and suppose the success here to obtain on the picture (S)
the failure trying here is obtain on writing face (F)
so y representing number of pictures in 3 times n.
P(y)probability of each possible cases possible cases No. of y
1/8 1/8 FFF 0
1/8 SFF
3/8 1/8 FSF 1
1/8 FFS
1/8 SSF
3/8 1/8 SFS 2
1/8 FSS
1/8 1/8 SSS 3
1.0 1.0 8
Number of probabilities is =8

3/8

2/8

1/8

0 1 2 3 y
Fig.1: the graphical chart of Binomial Distribution to the number of happened picture in coin (S) in
Throw a coin 3 times.

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 Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024

Ex.2 test of throwing Dice three times n=3

Suppose the success is to obtain the face of 2 point and give it symbol (S), the
random variable y its represent the number of faces which have 2 points (S) that
will appear throw throwing Dice 3 times, and give to the other faces which not
having 2 point (F).
Solution: probability of success with the symbol 𝑝 = 𝑝(𝑦)
P(y) probability of every cases Cases probability Number of y
5 3 5 3 FFF 0
( ) ( )
6 6
1 5 2 1 5 2 SFF 1
3( )( ) ( )( )
6 6 6 6
1 5 2 FSF
( )( )
6 6
1 5 2 FFS
( )( )
6 6
1 2 5 1 2 5 SSF 2
3( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
6 6 6 6
1 2 5 SFS
( ) ( )
6 6
2 FSS
1 5
( ) ( )
6 6
1 3 1 3 SSS 3
( ) ( )
6 6

f(y)
0.58

0.35

0.07

0.00

0 1 2 3 y
Fig.2: the graphical chart of Binomial Distribution to the number of happened 2 points side of
Dice in Throw 3 times.

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 Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
From the 2 examples above we can use the procedure to any question with
Binomial Distribution and we can summaries that by:
1- Finding the space of sample to the all experiment, if there is 5 times to the
test so will be (2)5 =32 point in the space of sample.
2- Finding probability of every cases.
3- Find the value of random variable for each point in the space of sample.
4- Summation of the all probabilities to the points that represent that value for
the random variable.
5- These probabilities give us the probability of distribution for the random
variable with 2 sides.
Sometimes it’s difficult to making all these calculations for all the question
with Binomial Distribution, so from the better to find general formula to this
distribution.

Advantages the tests of 2 limits:

1- The experiment repeated n times.
2- The repeated experiment be independent.
3- The result of each experiment either the happening success (appear)
Or failure (not appear).
4- Probability of success giving the symbol (p) and the failure (q)
And still constant from experiment to another.

Ex.3 in example number 1 of throw coin 3 times.

n=3, p=1/2=q
so the probability of success >>>>> y= 3, y=2, y=1, y=0
so we can find it by applied the formula: 𝑝(𝑦 = 𝑦0 ) = (𝑛𝑦) 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞𝑛−𝑦

1 0 1 3 1
𝑝(𝑦 = 0) = (30) ( ) ( ) = =0.125
2 2 8

1 1 1 2 3
𝑝(𝑦 = 1) = (31) ( ) ( ) = =0.375
2 2 8

1 2 1 1 3
𝑝(𝑦 = 2) = (32) ( ) ( ) = =0.125
2 2 8

1 3 1 0 1
𝑝(𝑦 = 3) = (33) ( ) ( ) = =0.125
2 2 8

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 Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
Ex.4 also from example No.2 to the Dice that:
p=1/6, q= 5/6, n=3, y= No. of appearance the required face with 2 points.
Also we can find it with applied the formula:
3 1 0 5 3 5 3
𝑝(𝑦 = 0) = ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( )
0 6 6 6
1 1 5 2 1 1 5 2
𝑝(𝑦 = 1) = (31) ( ) ( ) =3( ) ( )
6 6 6 6

1 2 5 1 1 2 5 1
𝑝(𝑦 = 2) = (32) ( ) ( ) = 3( ) ( )
6 6 6 6

3 1 3 5 0 1 3
𝑝(𝑦 = 3) = ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( )
3 6 6 6
Ex.5 if the probability of get goal to player of basketball from one throw is ¾, what
the probability to get goal 2 times from 4 free throw?
Solution:
p= ¾, q=1/4, n=4, y=2
3 2 1 2
𝑝(𝑦 = 2) = (42) ( ) ( ) = 10/16
4 4

Ex.6 in family consist from 5 children, calculate the probability to be 3 males

between them, note that the ration of the male to female is 1:2
p=1/2, q=1/2, n=5, y=3
1 3 1 2
𝑝(𝑦 = 3) = (53) ( ) ( ) = 3/8
2 2

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 Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024

 Cumulative Distribution Function (c.d.f) to Binomial Distribution

The most common use of binomial distribution in the statistical conclusion

is in a cumulative form.
So the (c.d.f) its:
𝑛
𝑛
𝑝(𝑦 ≤ 𝑦0 ) = ∑ ( ) 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞𝑛−𝑦
𝑦
𝑦=0
It is probability to be y equal or less than specific value 𝑦0 ,
And also can be make chart to the (c.d.f)

Ex.1 In the experience of throwing a coin 4 times, if we giving symbol to the

number of appearance the picture y which is meaning (S).
Solution:
n=4, p=1/2, q=1/2, y=1,2,3,4
the Probability distribution of all values of y are:
1 0 1 4 1
𝑝(𝑦 = 0) = (40) ( ) ( ) = = 0.0625
2 2 16
1 1 1 3 4
𝑝(𝑦 = 1) = (40) ( ) ( ) = = 0.25
2 2 16
1 2 1 2 6
𝑝(𝑦 = 2) = (40) ( ) ( ) = = 0.375
2 2 16
1 3 1 1 4
𝑝(𝑦 = 3) = (40) ( ) ( ) = = 0.25
2 2 16
1 4 1 0 1
𝑝(𝑦 = 4) = (40) ( ) ( ) = = 0.0625
2 2 16
a- Not that the summation of all probabilities must be = 1
1 𝑦 1 4−𝑦
∑4𝑦=0 (𝑦4 ) ( ) ( ) =1
2 2

Y P(y)
0 1/16
1 4/16
2 6/16
3 4/16
4 1/16
Sum. 1.0

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 Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024

Also we can be representing this in chart:

F(y)
6/16

5/16

4/16

3/16

2/16

1/16

0 1 2 3 4 y
Fig.3 the chart of Probability distribution to the number of appear the
picture when throw the coin 4 times.

And the Cumulative Distribution Function (c.d.f) to this experience is:

y (c.d.f)
0 1/16
1 5/16
2 11/16
3 15/16
4 16/16

0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 ≤ 0
1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
16
5
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2
16
(c.d.f) 𝐹 (𝑦 ) = 11
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 3
16
15
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 3 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4
16
{1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 4 ≥ 𝑦

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 Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024

16/16

14/16

12/16

10/16

8/16

6/16

4/16

2/16

0 1 2 3 4 y
Fig.4 the chart representing to the c.d.f to the number of appearance the picture
when the throwing coin 4 times.

Ex.2 in family consist of 4 children account the probability of:

a- At least having one child male.
b- At most 2 child male.
Solution:
a- P=1/2, q=1/2, n=4,
𝑝(𝑦 ≥ 1) = 𝑝(𝑦 = 1) + 𝑝(𝑦 = 2) + 𝑝(𝑦 = 3) + 𝑝(𝑦 = 4)
1 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 0
=(41) ( ) ( ) + (42) ( ) ( ) + (43) ( ) ( ) + (44) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

= 1/4 + 3/8 + 1/4 + 1/16 = 15/16

b- 𝑝(𝑦 ≤ 2) = 𝑝(𝑦 = 2) + 𝑝(𝑦 = 1) + 𝑝(𝑦 = 0)
1 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 0 1 4
=(42) ( ) ( ) + (41) ( ) ( ) + (40) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 3/8 + ¼ +1/16 = 11/16

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 Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
Ex.3 if the probability of someone sick from a disease is = 0.4
If there are 5 persons having this disease inter the hospital, what is the
probability to:
a- No one heals from them.
b- Heal just one of them.
c- Heals one at least.
Solution:
a- p=0.4, q= 0.6 n=5, y=0
𝑝(𝑦 = 0) = (50)(0.4)0(0.6)5 = 0.08
b- p=0.4, q= 0.6 n=5, y=1

𝑝(𝑦 = 1) = (51)(0.4)1(0.6)4 = 0.26

c- p=0.4, q= 0.6 n=5, y≥1
𝑝(𝑦 ≥ 1) = 𝑝(𝑦 = 1) + 𝑝(𝑦 = 2) + 𝑝(𝑦 = 3) + 𝑝(𝑦 = 4) + 𝑝(𝑦 = 5)
𝑝(𝑦 ≥ 1) = (51)(0.4)1(0.6)4 + (52)(0.4)2(0.6)3 + (53)(0.4)3(0.6)2 +
(54)(0.4)4(0.6)1 + (55)(0.4)5 (0.6)0 = 0.92

Not that in the in the Binomial Distribution the

number of times of success + number of failure = n
and the probability of success y is:
𝑛
( ) 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞𝑛−𝑦
𝑦
n-y=x (the number of failure times)

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 Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
 Arithmetic Mean μ or E(y) of Binomial Distribution.
It is representing the number of successes probability that can be obtain
from n cases.
𝑛

𝜇 = 𝐸 (𝑦) = ∑ 𝑦𝑃(𝑦)
𝑦=0
Ex.1 the arithmetic Mean to the experience of throwing coin 4 times is:

y P(y)
0 1/16
1 4/16
2 6/16
3 4/16
4 1/16

𝜇 = 𝐸 (𝑦) = ∑𝑛𝑦=0 𝑦𝑃(𝑦)

1 4 6 4 1
= 0( )+ 1( )+ 2( )+ 3( )+ 4( )
16 16 16 16 16

=0+0.25+0.75+0.75+0.25
∴𝜇=2

Home work: Prove the 𝝁=np

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