Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering

Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage

2025-2024
Lecture No 2

Pictorial description of data.

When we collected initial data (row data) which are special for study phenomenon,
we will not able to benefit from it as it, so it is must to put in a simple tables or
we can express them by Forms or Graphs to be more easy to study and then can
analysis.

1- Tabular presentation.
There are two types from statistical tables are:
a- Simple table: Is the table in which the data is distributed by one attribute,
usually consisting of two columns
-The first represents divisions of character or phenomenon into classes or
groups.
-The second shows the number of vocabulary for each classes or group.
As indicated in the following tables: (1-1) & (1-2)

Table (1-1) Distribution of the 100 students of a university according to their weights in
kilograms
Weight categories) kg) Number of students
60-62 5
63-65 15
66-68 45
69-71 27
73-75 8
Sum: 100

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
Table (1-2) distribution of students sent abroad by specialization for the year 2017-2018
Number of students Specialization
20 civil engineering
25 Petroleum Engineering
40 Mechanical Engineering
35 Fuel and Energy Engineering
50 Environmental Engineering
20 General Medicine
30 Human sciences
Sum: 220

b- Composite Table: A table that distributes data by two samples or two

phenomena or more at the same time.
Table (1-3) showing the distribution of students according to the characteristics of height and weight

Weight(kg) 51-60 61-70 71-80 Sum

Length (cm)
121-140 20 6 4 30
141-160 2 40 10 52
161-180 2 6 10 18
Sum 24 52 24 100

This table is consisting of Row and Column

Rows :represent categories or totals of one of the two categories.
Columns: represent categories or totals of the other category.
The squares corresponding to the rows and columns in the table contain the number
of common words or duplicates in the categories and totals of both categories.

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
2- Frequency Distribution or Frequency Table

Definition of Frequency table:

It is sample table consist of two columns
first one the values of the variable are divided into sections or groups
called (Classes)
The second shows the vocabulary of each category and is called
(Frequency).

For example: Table (2-1) frequency distribution table for lengths of 80 samples of cotton plant,
measured in centimeters

Length categories (cm) Frequency (No of plant)

31-40 1
41-50 2
51-60 5
61-70 15
71-80 25
81-90 20
91-100 12
n= 80

 Some of importance definition:

 Ungrouped Data: The Initial or original data (row data) collected and not
Classified.
 Grouped Data: it is Classified data and organized in distributing Frequency
table.
 Classes: the groups which are divided into variable values and each class
taking a specific range from the variable. table (2-1) contain 7 classes.
 Class limits: for each class two boundary, lower class limit & upper class
limit.
 Class limit or True class limits: for each two true limits, lower class limit &
upper class limit.

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
 Class length or Class width: it is the amount of range between two sides of the
class, from the better to be the lengths of the classes equal to make the
calculation easier.
 Class mark or Class mid-point: each class have mid-point (𝒚𝒊 ) it is represent
the center of range between the two sides of class.
 Class Frequency: number of Vocabulary or values which are between in the
range of this class , and the sample of it is (𝒇𝒊 )
And the summation of frequency must be equal to the summation of appearance
value.

From Frequency table (2-2) can explain above for lengths of cotton plants, true limits and class
mid-point.
No of Class Classes True Class Limits Class Mark Frequency
(mid-point)
1 31-40 30.5-40.5 35.5 1
2 41-50 40.5-50.5 45.5 2
3 51-60 50.5-60.5 55.5 5
4 61-70 60.5-70.5 65.5 15
5 71-80 70.5-80.5 75.5 25
6 81-90 80.5-90.5 85.5 20
7 91-100 90.5-100.5 95.5 12
n=80

 Let’s take the 4th Class (61-70)

Lower class limits is 61
upper class limits is 70

 Class Length (L)

First: when class limits are true numbers only:
Length of class= upper limit-lower limit+1
70-61+1=10
Second: Class Length= upper true limit-lower true limit
70.5-60.5=10

Third: Difference between 2 lower limit. 71-61=10

Or Difference between 2 upper limit. 80-70=10

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
Fourth: Length of class= Difference between 2 lower true limit.
70.5-60.5=10
Or Difference between 2 upper true limit.
80.5-70.5=10

Fifth: Length of class(L) = Difference between Centered two consecutive

categories.
L=85.5-75.5=10

 True limit we can calculate the true limit to any class by on of the following
methods:
First method
1- Lower true limit = class mark-0.5(L)
=65.5-0.5(10)
=60.5
2- Upper true limit= class mark+0.5(L)
=65.5+0.5(10)
=70.5

Second method
𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠+𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
1- 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 2
60 + 61
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 4𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = = 60.5
2

𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠+𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠

2- 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 2
70 + 71
𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 4𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = = 70.5
2

Note: if the limits of classes were true number (60,70,80….) then:

−𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 − 0.5
−𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 + 0.5

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
 Class Mark or mid-point(𝒚𝒊 ): we can find it from two formula :
𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
First: 𝑦𝑖 =
2
61+70
𝑦4 = = 65.5
2

𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

Second: 𝑦𝑖 =
2
60.5+70.5
𝑦4 = = 65.5
2

General Rules for Constructing Frequency Table

To constructing frequency table must follow the following rules:
1- Must find the Rang of variable.
2- Choosing fixing Number of Classes.
3- Finding Class length or width.
4- Class limits.
5- find frequency for each Class
Ex.1: we have the students' exam scores for the 4th stage in the statistic for 40
students
exam scores for statistic
93 63 82 57 64 75
47 82 80 79 77 88
54 84 68 76 67 81
66 94 80 94 92 94
56 43 45 76 87 66
73 75 76 59 87 71
78 50 74 57

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
From table (2-3) We can make this data easier to use, by divided the data to classes.
Class Frequency
40-49 3
50-59 6
60-69 6
70-79 11
80-89 9
90-100 5
n=40
And we can get information from this table as estimates for student in in this
exam
(40-49) failure, (50-59) acceptance, (60-69) medium, (70-79) good, (80-89) very
good, (90-100) excellence.

And also we can see here from the class (40-49):

40 represent the lower class limit
49 represent upper class limit

Ex. 2: We have in this table the scores for 80 students in mathematics and the
required to constructing Frequency Table to these scores:

80 87 98 81 74 48 79 80

78 82 93 91 70 90 80 84

73 74 81 56 65 92 70 71

86 83 93 65 51 85 68 72

68 86 43 74 73 83 90 35

75 76 72 90 72 61 80 91

77 71 59 80 95 99 70 74

63 89 67 60 82 83 63 60

75 79 88 66 70 88 76 63

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
Solution/ by following the steps below:
a- finding the Range from all the scores:
Range = Highest value – Lowest value
Highest =99, Lowest= 35
R=64
b- choosing number of classes: there are many methods to find number of
classes
- Sturges method  Number of classes=1+(3.3xlog of n)
4
- Yule method number of classes =2.5x √𝑛
By the way, the two methods having advantage and disadvantage and we
will not be going to use any one of them, but we can estimate the Number of
classes between 5 to 15 class according to the natural, vocabulary and
variability in data. And in this example we will consider it 7.
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 99−35
c- Finding Class Length: = =9
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 7
From the better here to consider L=10, and must be equal to all classes.

d- Class Limits: when writing class limit must be all the values of variable fill
between first lower class limit & last upper class limit,
and from the better to writing the first lower class limit less than true lowest
value and also for the last highest upper class limit must to be larger from
true it.

e- Finding Class Frequency: doing this by writing the original value one by one
as a signal then convert them to numbers as represented in the table (2-4)
Classes Frequency(signals) Frequency(numbers)
31-40 | 1
41-50 || 2

And must to making sure that the summation of Frequencies equal to

number of the variables.

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024

Ex.3 : the follow values representing the Oil output × 103 oil barrel to the Oil
fields in Misan for the year 2017.

3.0 3.7 3.2 2.0 3.5 4.1 2.2 2.6

2.4 3.1 3.8 3.3 3.1 1.6 3.4 3.7
3.9 3.3 2.9 3.6 3.4 4.3 2.5 3.1
1.9 4.1 3.2 4.4 3.7 3.1 3.3 3.4
4.2 3.0 3.9 2.6 3.2 3.8 2.3 3.5

a- Finding the Range :

Range = Highest value – Lowest value >> R=4.4-1.6=2.8× 103 oil
barrel
b- Finding and Determination number of classes:
According to Sturges method  Number of classes=1+(3.3xlog of n)
Number of Classes =6.28
So we can take 7 Classes.

𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 2.8
c- Length of class: = = 0.4
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 7
So we can take 0.5 as a length of class.

d- Writing the limits of Classes: because the lowest value to the

variables 1.6 so we can starting with the lowest value of first class
is 1.5, so first class will be (1.5-1.9)
And the second one will be (2.0-2.4) and so on until the last class
will be (4.0-4.4).

e- Finding the number of Frequency for each class.

f- For each class we can find Class Mark or mid-point (𝑦𝑖 ):

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024

𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡+𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

𝑦𝑖 =
2

Table (2-5) Frequency distribution table for oil output 2017.

No of class Class limits True class limits Class mark (𝑦𝑖 ) Frequency (𝑓𝑖 )
1 1.5-1.9 1.45-1.95
2 2.0-2.4 1.95-2.45
3 2.5-2.9 2.45-2.95
4 3.0-3.4 2.95-3.45
5 3.5-3.9 3.45-3.95
6 4.0-4.4 3.95-4.45
Sum=40

Note: If the values of the variable are small or the sample size is small, it
is not necessary to make a Frequency distribution table.

3- Relative Frequency Distribution Table:

It is table explain the relative importance of each category (class) and we
can find it by the following method:

𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = =∑ 𝑖
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑖

From table (2-5) we can find the

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𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 4𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = = 0.1875
80

Then we can multiply the ratio with 100 to make it as a percent.

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Lectures of Engineering statistics Misan University / college of Engineering
Dr. Dhiaa Hameed Department of Chemical Engineering 2rd stage
2025-2024
Ex.4: find the Relative & Percent Frequency distribution from table scores for 80
students (2-4).
Classes Frequency Relative frequency Percent frequency
31-40 1 1/80 1/80*10%
41-50 2 2/80 2/80*100%
51-60 5 5/80 5/80*100%
61-70 15 15/80 15/80*100%
71-80 25 25/80 25/80*100%
81-90 20 20/80 20/80*100%
91-100 12 12/80 12/80*100%
sum 80

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