05/10/2023

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design

Dr. S. Suriya Prakash

Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Hyderabad
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Module 8
Columns

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Module 8-1

Part-1 Column types and effective length

Part-2 Code provisions and behavior of short axially

loaded columns

Part-3 Behavior and analysis of short columns with axial

and bending

Part-4 Behavior and design of short columns under axial

compression with biaxial bending

Part-5 Design of slender columns – IS code procedure

Module 8-1
Columns

Column types and effective length

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Expected Learning Outcomes

• Define columns & calculate the axial load

• Classify columns based on shape, length, and load point

• Explain the behavior of slender column

• Discuss effective length of column

• Distinguish sway and non-sway frames

• Calculate stability index and effective length of columns

Columns
 Columns are vertical compression members of a structural frame intended to
support the load-carrying beams.

 Columns transmit loads from the upper floors to the lower levels and then to the
soil through the foundations.
Beam Beam

Beam Beam

Slab
Column Beam Beam

Beam Beam

Slab Beam Beam

Beam Beam

Plan View Footing Footing Footing

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Columns
RS3

 A structural element with a ratio of height to least

lateral dimension exceeding three used primarily to
support compressive loads is defined as column
otherwise it is a pedestal. [Cl. 26.5.3.1(h)- IS 456-
2000].

 Usually, columns carry bending moment as well,

about one or both axes of the cross section.

 The main reinforcement in columns is

longitudinal, parallel to the direction of the load and
consists of bars arranged in a square,
rectangular, or circular shape

Ref. Nilson (2008) 7

Column Load
Beam reaction method

 Collect loads from adjacent beam ends

B1 B2

𝑅 𝑅
B2

𝑅 𝑅

B1 C2 B1

C1
B2

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Slide 7

RS3 Chnage the picture

Ranjithkumar Saminathan, 7/4/2023
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Column Load

Summation of load for design

Columns Classification

Composite Columns

 Tied Columns

 Spiral Columns

 Composite Columns 10
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Columns Classification

Based on effective length

• Short Columns, for which the strength is governed by the strength of the materials
and the geometry of the cross section

• Slender columns, for which the strength may be significantly reduced by lateral
deflections.

Based on position of load

• Concentrically loaded columns, are subjected to axial force only

• Eccentrically loaded columns, are subjected to moment in addition to the axial

force.

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Columns Classification

𝑷 𝑷 𝑷
𝑀 𝑀
𝑒= 𝑒=
𝑃 𝑃

𝑒 𝑒

𝐷 𝑒

𝐷 𝐷

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Axial Loading Loading with Loading with
(concentric) uniaxial eccentricities biaxial eccentricities
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Columns Classification

Short columns Vs. Slender (or long) columns

 According to the IS Code (Cl. 25.1.2), a compression member may be classified

as a ‘short column’ if its slenderness ratios with respect to the ‘major principal axis’
(lex/Dx) as well as the ‘minor principal axis’ (ley/Dy) are both less than 12 ;
otherwise, it should be treated as ‘slender column’

 Not suitable for non-rectangular and non-circular sections — where the

slenderness ratio is better expressed in terms of the radius of gyration ‘r’, rather
than the lateral dimension D.

 ACI Code recommends that the dividing line between short columns and slender
columns be taken as le/r equal to 34 for ‘braced columns’ and 22 for ‘unbraced
columns’
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Behavior of Slender Columns

𝑷
𝑷

𝑀 = 𝑃𝑒
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑃

𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
x 𝐴 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒

y 𝐵 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑒 𝛿 𝑴 = 𝑷(𝒆 + 𝜹)

𝑷 𝐶
𝜕𝑀
𝑑 𝑦 =∞
𝑛 𝜋 𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑃
𝐸𝐼 = −𝑃𝑦 𝑃 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑙

0 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑀
𝑷

𝑛=1 𝑛=2 𝑛=3 14

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Concept of Effective Length

Effective length
 The effective length of a column in a given plane may be defined as the distance
between points of inflection in the buckled configuration of column in that plane.
le =k x l
Unsupported length
 The Code (Cl. 25.1.3) defines the ‘unsupported length’ l of a column explicitly for
various types of constructions. In framed construction, l is taken as the clear
distance between the floor and the shallower beam framing into the columns in
each direction at next higher floor level.

 The unsupported length in one direction may be different from that in the
perpendicular direction. For a rectangular column section (width Dy × depth Dx),
the terms, lex = kx lx and ley = ky ly are used to denote the effective lengths for
buckling about the major and minor axes. 15

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Concept of Effective Length

16 Ref. Pillai and Menon (2016)

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Concept of Effective Length

Braced/ non sway frames
𝑷 𝑷 𝑷 𝑷

𝑙 = 0.7𝑙
𝑙 = 0.5𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 =𝑙 𝑙 = 𝑘𝑙 𝑙

0.5 < 𝑘 < 1.0

𝑷 𝑷 𝑷 𝑷
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
Both ends One end rotationally Both ends Both ends partially
rotationally fixed fixed, the other free rotationally free restrained (rotational) 17

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Concept of Effective Length

Unbraced/ sway frames 𝑷

𝑷 𝑷 𝑷
𝑙 = 0.5𝑙

𝑙 𝑙 =∞ 𝑙 𝑙 = 𝑘𝑙
𝑙
𝑙
𝑙 = 2𝑙
𝑙 =𝑙

𝑷 𝑷 1<𝑘<∞
𝑷 𝑷
𝑐 𝑑
both ends rotationally Both ends partially
free restrained (rotational)
𝑎 𝑏
both ends rotationally one end rotationally 18
fixed fixed, other free
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Concept of Effective Length

Code provisions

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Ref. IS 456 : 2000

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Concept of Effective Length

Code provisions

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Ref. IS 456 : 2000
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Sway & Non-Sway Frame

 Structural frames whose joints are restrained against lateral displacement by
attachment to rigid elements or by bracing are called braced or non-sway frames.

 If a structural frame is not attached to an effective bracing element but depends on

the bending stiffness of its columns and girders to provide lateral resistance, it is
termed an unbraced or sway frame

Shear Wall

Braced or non-sway frames Unbraced or sway frames

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Sway & Non-Sway Frame

Stability index

Q P  u o

Vulc
Q  0.05  Non - sway (braced)
Q  0.05  Sway (unbraced)

P u is the total vertical load in the story

Vu is the story shear, in the story under consideration

lc is the length of column measured center-to-center of the joints

0 is the first-order relative deflection between the top

and bottom of the story 22

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Sway & Non-Sway Frame

Stability index
∆𝟎 ∆𝟎 ∆𝟎
𝑷𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑷𝒖𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑷𝒖𝟑 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝑽𝒖𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑽𝒖𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑽𝒖𝟑 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝑵

∆𝟎 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝒎𝒎
3𝑚

(1000  1500  900)  12.2

Q
P  u o
Q
( 40  60  30)  3000
 0.1063  0.05
V u lc
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So, the frame is classified as un-braced
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K –Factor Calculation
(A) Alignment Charts
 Charts in Fig. 26 and Fig. 27 of Code are for determining effective length ratios of braced
columns and unbraced columns respectively.

 It is defined in terms of coefficients β1 and β2 which represent the degrees of rotational

freedom at the top and bottom ends of the column
I c / hs
 jt
For braced columns
I c / hs   0.5I b / lb 
jt jt

I /h c s

 jt
For unbraced columns
 I / h  1.5I
jt
c s
jt
b / lb 

 The notation ‘jt’ notes that the summation is for the members framing into the top joint (in
case of β1) or bottom joint (in case of β2).

 Increased beam stiffness is considered for unbraced columns compared to braced

columns. It is because in the braced case, beams bend in single curvature, whereas in
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the unbraced case, beams bend in double curvature 12
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K –Factor Calculation
(A) Alignment Charts (Braced Condition- No Sway)
𝑷

𝑙 =𝑙
𝑷

𝑷 Shear Wall
𝑙 = 0.5𝑙

Braced or non-sway frames

𝑷 25
Ref. IS 456 : 2000

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K –Factor Calculation
(A) Alignment Charts (Unbraced Condition- With Sway)
𝑷
𝑙 =∞

𝑷
𝑙 =𝑙

Unbraced or sway frames

𝑷 26
Ref. IS 456 : 2000
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K –Factor Calculation
(B) Equations

I c
hs I c
hs
1  jt
2  jt

  I
jt
b 
lb top   I
jt
b 
lb bottom

0.7  0.05(1   2 )  Whichever is less for braced columns

k  
 0.85  0.05 min 

1.0  0.15(1   2 ) Whichever is less for unbraced columns

k  
 2.0  0.30 min 
 Where α1, α2 are the values at the top and bottom of the column and αmin is the smaller
of two values

 For a fully fixed condition, α = 0 may be considered, and for a ‘hinged’ condition, α = 10
may be considered. Ref. IS 456 : 2000 27

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Lateral Flexibility

Typical story
segment
Equal
(Approx.)
 Inflection points, i.e., hinges, form
at mid-span of each beam and at
ℎ

mid-height of each column

 Shear force in a typical story

segment is assumed to be
constant

𝐶𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
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Lateral Flexibility
Deflection due to column rotations
 When the number of stories is large, it is reasonable to assume that the shears in the
columns above and below the floor do not differ appreciably
∆
v 2
Floor girders are rigid
∆

ℎ
Lateral deflection Δ1/2 of each
2 column =
ℎ Sum of the deflections of the two
2
cantilevers of length h/2 under the
v action of shears V

ℎ for all columns

∆ 𝑉 𝑉ℎ
2 ∆ =
= 12𝐸𝐼
2 3𝐸𝐼

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Lateral Flexibility
Deflection due to girder rotations
v
Columns are
ϴ = ∆ /ℎ ℎ
2 rigid, girders
ℎ rotate in double
2
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
curvature
𝐿
v

• 12EIθ/L is the internal moment produced for each girder

• Total internal moment due to girder rotation is 12E θ ∑(Ib/Li).

• External moment= Vh

𝑉ℎ
Δ2 = θ h 12E Δ2 ∑(Ib/Li) = Vh2 ∆ =
𝐼
12𝐸 ∑
𝐿 30

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Lateral Flexibility

Total storey Deflection due to column and girder rotations

𝑉ℎ 𝑉ℎ
∆ =
12𝐸 ∑ 𝐼 + ∆ =
𝐼
12𝐸 ∑ 𝐿

𝑉ℎ ℎ 1
∆ =∆ +∆ = +
12 ∑ 𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
∑
𝐿

Lateral flexibility is deflection per applied shear

u
Vu

 hs2 12 Ec ,col   ( I c / hs )  12 Ec ,beam   ( I b / lb )
1 1

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Example -1

6x3 = 18 𝑚

 Determine the effective lengths 𝑙 and

C1-300x300 𝑙 with respect to the local x- and y-
4x3 = 12 𝑚

Y axes (major and minor).

X  The typical height of the story = 3.75m

 Axial load in the columns = 7500 kN

 Assume M 40 grade concrete for the

columns and M 30 grade concrete for the
B1-300x600 B2-300x450 beams.
TYPICAL PLAN

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Example -1
6x3 = 18 𝑚

450
600
C1-300x300
4x3 = 12 𝑚

𝑙 = 3150

𝑙 = 3300
3750
X

B1-300x600 B2-300x450
Solution
Unsupported lengths of column
ly = 3750 – 600 = 3150 mm (for buckling about y-axis)
lx = 3750 – 450 = 3300 mm (for buckling about x-axis)
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Example -1
• Stability Index
∆ 𝐼 𝐼
=ℎ 12𝐸 , + 12𝐸 ,
∑𝑃 ∆ 𝑉 ℎ 𝑙
𝑄=
𝑉𝑙
𝑄 < 0.05 ⟹ 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑦 (𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑)
𝑄 > 0.05 ⟹ 𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑦 (𝑢𝑛𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑)

• Columns: 16nos, 300 mm × 300 mm, hs = 3750 mm

300
𝐼 300x300 /12 Square Columns, for Sway in the
300

= 16x = 2880x10 𝑚𝑚 global X and Y -direction

ℎ 3750

• Longitudinal Beams: 12nos, 250 mm × 600 mm, lb = 6000 mm

300
𝐼 300x600 /12 For Sway in the
= 12x = 10800x10 𝑚𝑚
600

𝑙 6000 global X-direction

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Example -1
• Transverse Beams: 12nos, 300 mm × 450 mm, lb = 4000 mm
300
𝐼 300x450 /12 For Sway in the
= 12x = 6834.4x10 𝑚𝑚
450

𝑙 4000 global Y-direction

• Columns Braced or Unbraced ?

∆ ∆
Lateral Flexibility measures of the storey: and , Ignoring the contribution
of in-fill walls:
∆ 𝐼 𝐼
=ℎ 12𝐸 , + 12𝐸 ,
𝑉 ℎ 𝑙

Where, E= 5000 (fck)1/2 (as per Code Cl. 6.2.3.1)

For columns, fck = 40 MPa ⇒ 5000 (40)1/2,=Ec,col = 31622.78MPa
For beams, fck = 30 MPa ⇒ 5000 (30)1/2 =Ec,beam = 27386.13 MPa
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Example -1
Longitudinal direction (global X-direction):

∆
= 3750 12x31622.78x2880x10 + 12x27386.13x10800x10
𝑉

∆
= 1.683x10 𝑚𝑚/𝑁
𝑉

Transverse direction (global Y-direction):

∆
= 3750 12x31622.78x2880x10 + 12x27386.13x6834.4x10
𝑉

∆
= 1.913x10 𝑚𝑚/𝑁
𝑉
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Example -1
Stability Index Q

Pu = 7500 kN
7500x10
𝑄 = x1.683x10 = 0.034 < 0.05
3750

7500x10
𝑄 = x1.683x10 = 0.038 < 0.05
3750

Hence, the columns in the story should be considered as ‘braced’ in both directions.

Effective Lengths by IS Code charts

𝐼
∑
ℎ
𝛽 =𝛽 = For braced columns
𝐼 𝐼
∑ + ∑ 0.5
ℎ 𝑙

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Example -1
Effective Lengths by IS Code charts
𝐼
∑
ℎ
𝛽 =𝛽 =
𝐼 𝐼
∑ + ∑ 0.5
ℎ 𝑙
Buckling with respect to minor (local y-) axis:
𝐼 300 /12
= x2 = 360x10 𝑚𝑚
ℎ 3750

𝐼 300x600 /12
= x2 = 1800x10 𝑚𝑚
𝑙 6000

360
𝛽 =𝛽 = = 0.286
360 + 0.5x1800

Referring to Fig. 26 of the Code, ky = 0.588 ⇒ ley = ly × ky = 0.588 × 3150 = 1852.2 mm

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Example -1
Effective Lengths by IS Code charts
𝐼
∑
ℎ
𝛽 =𝛽 =
𝐼 𝐼
∑ + ∑ 0.5
ℎ 𝑙
Buckling with respect to minor (local x-) axis:
𝐼 300 /12
= x2 = 360x10 𝑚𝑚
ℎ 3750

𝐼 300x450 /12
= x2 = 1139.063x10 𝑚𝑚
𝑙 4000

360
𝛽 =𝛽 = = 0.387
360 + 0.5x1139.063

Referring to Fig. 26 of the Code, ky = 0.625 ⇒ ley = ly × ky = 0.625× 3300 = 2062.5 mm

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Example -1

• Considering the effective lengths given by the Code charts, the slenderness ratios of the
column are obtained as follows:

ley/Dy = 1852/300 = 6.17

lex/Dx = 2062/300 = 6.87

• The column should be designed as a ‘short column’.

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Summary

• The columns were classified based on shape, length, and load

point

• The behavior of slender column was discussed

• The concept of effective length for column was discussed

• Differences between sway and non-sway frames were explained

• The stability index and effective length of columns were calculated

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Thank you

Acknowledgements: S Ranjithkumar MTech (Slide Preparation)

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