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Dynamic Programing

The document discusses various approaches to calculate the Fibonacci series, including a brute force recursive method, an optimized recursive approach with memoization, a bottom-up dynamic programming method, and a space-optimized iterative approach. Each method is accompanied by its time and space complexity analysis, highlighting the efficiency improvements with memoization and iterative solutions. The final approach reduces space complexity to O(1) while maintaining a time complexity of O(n).

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3 views4 pages

Dynamic Programing

The document discusses various approaches to calculate the Fibonacci series, including a brute force recursive method, an optimized recursive approach with memoization, a bottom-up dynamic programming method, and a space-optimized iterative approach. Each method is accompanied by its time and space complexity analysis, highlighting the efficiency improvements with memoization and iterative solutions. The final approach reduces space complexity to O(1) while maintaining a time complexity of O(n).

Uploaded by

codewithrohan9834
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dynamic Programing:

Fibonachi Series:

1] Brute Force Recursive Approach

This approach directly implements the mathematical recurrence relation:


F(n)=F(n−1)+F(n−2),F(0)=0, F(1)=1

class Solution {
public:
int fib(int n) {
if (n <= 1) return n;
return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2);
}
};
Complexity:

 Time Complexity: O(2^n)


This happens because for each call, two recursive calls are made,
leading to an exponential number of calls.

 Space Complexity: O(n)


The space is used for the recursive call stack.

2] Optimized Recursive Approach with Memoization

The brute-force approach repeatedly recalculates the same values.


Memoization stores already-computed results to avoid redundant
computations.

class Solution {
public:
int fibHelper(int n, vector<int>& dp) {
if (n <= 1) return n;
if (dp[n] != -1) return dp[n];
dp[n] = fibHelper(n - 1, dp) + fibHelper(n - 2, dp);
return dp[n];
}

int fib(int n) {
vector<int> dp(n + 1, -1);
return fibHelper(n, dp);
}
};
Complexity:

 Time Complexity: O(n)

 Each value is computed only once and stored.

 Space Complexity: O(n)

 For both the dp array and the recursive stack.

Bottom-Up Dynamic Programming

class Solution {
public:
int fib(int n) {
if (n <= 1) return n;
vector<int> dp(n + 1, 0);
dp[0] = 0;
dp[1] = 1;

for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {


dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + dp[i - 2];
}
return dp[n];
}
};
Complexity:

 Time Complexity: O(n)

 The loop iterates up to n.

 Space Complexity: O(n)

 For the dp array

Space-Optimized Iterative Approach

Instead of maintaining a full table, we only keep the last two Fibonacci
numbers to save space.

class Solution {
public:
int fib(int n) {
if (n <= 1) return n;
int prev1 = 0, prev2 = 1;
for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {
int current = prev1 + prev2;
prev1 = prev2;
prev2 = current;
}
return prev2;
}
};
Complexity:

 Time Complexity: O(n)


 The loop iterates up to n.

 Space Complexity: O(1)

 Only two variables are used to store intermediate results.

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