Information And Communication Technology (ICT)

01 (Introduction To ICT)
MEHAR-UN-NISA (DGK)

MY RESPECTED TEACHERS : SIR ARMAN ALI

SIR RAHEEL AHMAD
 INTRODUCTION TO
Information And
Communication Technology
CONTENT TO BE COVERED
Basic components of information and
communication technologies.
Scope of information and communication
technologies.
Emerging technologies and future trends .
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) refer to the use of
digital tools and systems for creating, managing, transmitting, and storing
information. ICT encompasses a wide range of technologies, including
computers, the internet, telecommunications, software, and other tools
that enable communication and information processing.

ROLE OF ICT:- ICT plays a crucial role in various sectors such as

education, healthcare, business, and government by enhancing efficiency,
improving communication, and enabling access to information globally. It
is the backbone of the modern digital age, driving innovation and
connectivity.
 Uses Of ICT In Daily Life
1. Education: ICT enhances learning through online platforms, virtual
classrooms, and digital libraries (e.g., Google Classroom, Khan Academy).
2. Healthcare: Digital tools improve patient care with EHR, telemedicine, and
wearable health devices (e.g., MyChart, Fitbit).
3. Business: ICT streamlines operations via e-commerce, ERP systems, and
remote collaboration (e.g., Amazon, SAP, Zoom).
4. Government: E-governance enables efficient public services, smart cities, and
online record management (e.g., Aadhaar, IRS e-filing).
5. Communication: Digital platforms facilitate messaging, social media, and
telecommunications (e.g., WhatsApp, Twitter, 5G networks).
6. Entertainment: ICT powers streaming, gaming, and content creation for
digital consumption (e.g., Netflix, PlayStation, YouTube).
7. Banking & Finance: Online banking, mobile payments, and blockchain
revolutionize financial transactions (e.g., PayPal, Bitcoin, NYSE).
8. Agriculture: Smart farming uses IoT, weather forecasting, and digital market
access (e.g., GPS-guided tractors, AgriTech apps).
9. Transportation: GPS, ride-sharing, and autonomous vehicles optimize travel
and logistics (e.g., Google Maps, Uber, Tesla Autopilot).
10. Science & Research: ICT accelerates discoveries with data analysis,
simulations, and supercomputing (e.g., MATLAB, CERN, IBM Watson)
Basic Components Of ICT
ICT
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
Platform

NETWORKS DATA
 HARDWARE
Hardware refers to the physical, tangible components of a computer or
communication system. These components are essential for performing tasks
such as input, processing, storage, and output of data. Hardware works in
conjunction with software to enable the functionality of ICT systems.
Key Categories of Hardware
❑ Input Devices
❑ Processing Devices
❑ Storage Devices
❑ Output Devices
❑ Networking Devices
❑ Processing Devices
 1. INPUT DEVICES 2. PROCESSING
DEVICES
Input devices are hardware components Processing devices interpret and execute
used to send data and control signals to a instructions to process data into meaningful
computer or processing unit. output.
Examples: Examples:
❖ Keyboard: For typing text and commands. ❖ CPU (Central Processing Unit): Executes
❖ Mouse: For navigating and selecting. instructions and performs calculations.
❖ Scanners: To digitize documents and ❖ GPU (Graphics Processing Unit):
images. Processes complex graphics and parallel
❖ Microphones: For audio input tasks.
❖ APU (Accelerated Processing Unit):
Combines CPU and GPU functions.
 3. STORAGE DEVICES 4. OUTPUT DEVICES

Storage devices are used to store data permanently Output devices convey processed data from a
or temporarily for retrieval and use. computer to the user or another medium.
Primary Storage: RAM – Temporary, volatile Visual Output: Monitor – Displays text, images,
memory for active processes. videos. | Projector – Projects onto a surface.
Secondary Storage: HDD – Magnetic storage for Audio Output: Speakers – Produce sound. |
long-term data. | SSD – Faster, non-volatile storage. Headphones – Personal audio output.
Tertiary Storage: Optical Discs – CDs, DVDs, Tactile Output: Braille Displays – Output text in
Blu-rays for backup/distribution. braille.
External Storage: USB Drives – Portable, non- Physical Output: Printers – Convert digital to
volatile storage. | External Hard Drives – Large- physical (inkjet, laser). | 3D Printers – Create
capacity portable storage. objects from digital designs.
Cloud Storage: Online storage accessible via the Multimedia Output: VR Headsets – Provide
internet (e.g., Google Drive, Dropbox). immersive visual and audio experiences.
NETWORKING DEVICES
Networking devices connect, manage, and facilitate communication
between computers and networks. Examples:
Connectivity Devices:
▪ Router: Directs data packets between networks.
▪ Switch: Connects devices within a network and manages data transfer.
▪ Hub: Broadcasts data to all devices in a network.
Access Devices:
▪ Modem: Converts digital data to analog for internet access and vice versa.
▪ Access Point: Provides wireless connectivity to a network.
Transmission Devices:
Repeater: Boosts signal strength over long distances.
Bridge: Connects two or more networks, improving communication.
Security Devices:
Firewall: Monitors and controls network traffic for security.
Proxy Server: Acts as an intermediary between users and the internet for
security and privacy.
Specialized Devices:
Gateway: Links different networks and protocols.
 6. PERIPHERAL DEVICES
Peripheral devices are external hardware components connected
to a computer to enhance its functionality. They are categorized
into three main types:

Characteristics of Hardware Importance of Hardware in

ICT

❖Tangible: Can be physically touched and ❖Facilitates data entry, processing, and
seen. output.
❖Dependent on Software: Requires software ❖Enables communication and networking.
to function. ❖Supports storage and retrieval of
❖Subject to Wear and Tear: Physical information.
components
degrade over time.
FEATURE INTERNET INTRANET
Definition A global network connecting millions of devices A private network used within an organization
and networks worldwide. to share resources and communicate.
Geographical Worldwide, with no geographical limitations. Limited to an organization or a specific
Scope location.

Accessibility Publicly accessible to anyone with an internet Restricted to authorized users within the
connection. organization.
Purpose To share and access global information, To share internal resources, collaborate, and
communicate, and provide services. manage communication within an
organization.

Security Less secure; data can be vulnerable to external More secure as it operates within a controlled
threats without proper safeguards. environment with restricted access.
Speed Depends on the user’s internet service provider Generally faster, as it operates within a
(ISP) and network traffic. localized and controlled environment.

Examples Browsing websites, using social media, online Accessing a company portal, internal file
banking, or email services. sharing, or employee communication
platforms.
 ASPECT INTERNET EXTRANET
DEFINITION A worldwide network that connects millions A private network that allows controlled
of computers for communication and access to external users (e.g., business
information sharing. partners, vendors).

ACCESS Open to the public, accessible from Limited access to authorized users
anywhere. outside an organization.

SECURITY Requires security measures like firewalls and More secure than the internet but less
encryption. restricted than an intranet.

USAGE Used for general information access, social Used for business collaborations,
networking, and e-commerce. supplier communications, and secure
partner interactions.

EXAMPES Websites, online services, cloud applications. Supplier portals, business partner
networks, customer support platforms.
Data refers to raw facts, numbers, text, images, or sounds collected from various
sources. It holds no meaning on its own but, when processed, transforms into
valuable information.

Types of Data
1. Structured Data: Organized in a fixed format, such as tables with rows and columns, making
it easy to process and analyze.
Examples: Customer databases, sales records, and spreadsheets.
2. Unstructured Data : Lacks a predefined format, making it harder to store and analyze.
Examples, Social media posts, emails,
videos, and audio files.
3. Semi-Structured Data: Does not reside in a relational database but has some organization
for easier analysis. Examples, JSON and XML files, email metadata (sender, recipient,
timestamp).
4. Metadata: "Data about data," providing descriptive details like time, source, and format.
Examples, File creation date, author name, document type.
 KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF IMPORTANCE OF DATA
DATA

Accuracy: Data must be correct and Decision-Making: Helps businesses,

reliable. governments, and researchers make
Volume: Data exists in large quantities, informed choices.
especially in big data applications. Insight Generation: Reveals trends,
Velocity: Data is generated and patterns, and market behaviors.
processed at high speeds. Automation & Optimization: Enables
Variety: Data appears in multiple formats smart systems, AI, and real-time
(text, image, video, etc.). processing.
Veracity: Trustworthiness and authenticity Personalization: Customizes marketing,
of data. e-commerce, and entertainment
Value: The usefulness of data once experiences.
processed.
Local and Cloud
Data Storage
 Local data storage refers to saving data on physical storage devices
within a user's premises, such as hard drives, SSDs, USB drives, or on-
premises servers.

KEY FEATURES EXAMPLES

▪ Physical Control:- Data is stored on personal or ▪ Hard drives, SSDs, USB flash drives, external HDDs.
organizational devices. ▪ Local server-based storage in offices or organizations.
▪ Fast Access:- Quick retrieval since no internet ▪ Network-Attached Storage (NAS) used for centralized
data management.
connection is required.
Advantages:
▪ Security:- Less vulnerable to online threats but Fast access without internet dependency.
can be lost due to hardware failure. Full control over data security and backups.
▪ Limited Scalability:- Storage capacity is fixed No subscription fees for storage.
and requires hardware upgrades for expansion. Disadvantages:
▪ High Initial Cost:- Requires investment in Risk of data loss due to hardware failure.
storage devices and maintenance. Limited scalability; upgrading requires new hardware.
Requires regular maintenance and backups.
2. Cloud Data
Storage
 Cloud data storage refers to storing data on remote
servers managed by third-party service providers,
allowing access via the internet.
KEY FEATURES EXAMPLES
Remote Accessibility: Data can be accessed from Google Drive, Dropbox, Microsoft
any device with an internet connection. OneDrive.
Scalability: Storage capacity can be easily
expanded as per needs.
Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google
Data Backup & Recovery: Automated backups Cloud, Microsoft Azure.
reduce the risk of data loss. Cloud-based database storage (e.g.,
Subscription-Based Cost: Users pay for storage MongoDB Atlas, Firebase).
based on usage.
Security & Encryption: Cloud providers implement
security measures to protect data.
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Access data from anywhere, Requires a stable internet

anytime. connection for access.
Automatic backups and disaster Potential data security risks with
recovery. third-party providers.
Cost-effective and scalable Subscription costs may increase
storage options. with higher usage.
ICT (Information And
Communication
Technology)
PLATFORMS
An ICT platform is a system that provides
infrastructure, tools, and services to support
information and communication technologies
(ICT). These platforms enable users,
businesses, and organizations to store data,
collaborate, communicate, and manage
applications.
 Importance of ICT Platforms
Enhanced Communication – Enables interaction through emails, video calls,
and messaging.
Business Efficiency – Automates and streamlines operations in organizations.
Collaboration & Teamwork – Facilitates seamless teamwork through shared
tools.
Data Management & Storage – Allows secure storage, retrieval, and analysis of
data.
Innovation & Development – Encourages the creation of new apps, services,
and technologies.
Global Accessibility – Provides access to technology regardless of location.
 Scope of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT)
ICT encompasses a broad range of technologies
and applications that influence almost every
sector of modern life. It enhances efficiency,
communication, and innovation across various
domains. Below are the key areas of ICT’s
scope, along with their advantages and
disadvantages.
 1. COMMUNICATION
ICT enables fast and efficient global communication through email, messaging apps, and video
conferencing platforms. These tools connect individuals and organizations in real-time, breaking
geographical barriers. Examples:
▪ Social media (Facebook, Twitter)
▪ Video conferencing (Zoom, Microsoft Teams)
▪ Messaging platforms (WhatsApp, Slack)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
▪ Instant global communication ▪ Over-reliance on digital tools
▪ Cost-effective methods (video calls, messaging) ▪ Privacy concerns and cyberbullying risks
▪ Enhances teamwork through collaborative tools ▪ Misinterpretation due to lack of face-to-face
interaction
 2. Business and Commerce
ICT enhances business efficiency, supports e-commerce, and improves customer
engagement through automation and data analysis. Examples:
▪ E-commerce websites (Amazon, eBay)
▪ ERP systems (SAP, Microsoft Dynamics)
▪ Payment gateways (PayPal, Stripe)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
▪ Real-time data aids decision-making. ▪ Reduces personal customer interactions.
▪ Expands market reach globally. ▪ High setup and maintenance costs.
▪ Streamlines operations and increases ▪ Vulnerability to cyberattacks and fraud.
productivity.
 3. Governance and Administration
E-governance improves public service delivery, ensures transparency, and enhances
accessibility through ICT. Examples:
▪ Online tax filing (IRS, FBR)
▪ Digital ID systems (Aadhaar in India)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
▪ Efficient and transparent services ▪ Excludes citizens with low digital literacy
▪ Saves cost and time for governments and ▪ Risk of sensitive data breaches
users ▪ High infrastructure costs
▪ Improves public engagement
 4. EDUCATION
ICT has transformed education by making learning more accessible and interactive
through E-learning platforms and digital classrooms.
Examples:
▪ Virtual classrooms (Google Classroom, Moodle)
▪ Educational apps (Khan Academy, Duolingo)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
▪ Online certification platforms (Coursera, Udemy)

▪ High initial setup cost

▪ Access to global educational resources ▪ Dependence on internet connectivity
▪ Flexible learning through online courses ▪ Digital divide limits access in rural areas
▪ Interactive tools improve engagement
 5. Healthcare
ICT enhances healthcare delivery through telemedicine, patient management systems,
and advanced diagnostic tools. Examples:
Telemedicine platforms (Teladoc, Practo)
Health apps (MyFitnessPal, Fitbit)
Hospital Management Systems (Cerner, Epic)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
▪ Remote access to healthcare services. ▪ Data privacy and security concerns.
▪ Efficient patient record management. ▪ High implementation costs.
▪ AI improves diagnostic accuracy. ▪ Over-reliance on technology for treatment.
 Emerging
Technologies and
Future Trends in ICT
 TECHNOLOGY
Explanation Examples Future Trends
Artificial Intelligence Enables systems to learn and Chatbots, self-driving - AI-powered personalization in
(AI) make decisions, powering cars, facial education and healthcare
and Machine automation and recognition - Advanced ML for predictive
Learning predictive analytics. maintenance in industries
(ML)

Internet of Things Connects physical devices to the Smart home devices, - Smart cities for traffic and energy
(IoT) internet, allowing data collection wearable health management
and sharing. trackers, industrial - IoT-enabled healthcare for
sensors remote monitoring

5G and Next- Provides faster internet speeds, 5G smartphones, - Real-time remote surgeries with
Generation lower autonomous vehicles 5G
Connectivity latency, and enhanced - Seamless integration of IoT
connectivity. devices in smart cities

Blockchain Ensures secure, transparent, and Bitcoin, Ethereum, - Decentralized finance (DeFi)
Technology tamperproof transactions. smart contracts applications
- Blockchain for secure voting
systems
Cloud Computing Cloud computing enables AWS, Google Cloud, - Hybrid cloud solutions for
and internet-based data storage, edge AI devices flexible IT infrastructure
Edge Computing while edge computing - Edge computing for real-time
processes data near its source. IoT processing

Augmented Reality AR overlays digital information VR gaming, AR in - AR in education for interactive

(AR) on the real world; VR creates retail (IKEA Place) learning
and Virtual Reality immersive digital environments. - VR for virtual meetings and
remote collaboration
(VR)

Big Data and Processes massive datasets to Data-driven marketing, - AI-driven analytics for predictive
Advanced gain insights, while analytics aids fraud detection insights
Analytics decision-making. systems - Big Data in real-time disaster
management

Quantum Uses quantum mechanics to IBM Quantum, - Revolutionizing cryptography

Computing solve complex problems faster Google’s Sycamore and security
than traditional systems. - Advancements in drug
discovery and material science
 TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Al and ML Automates complex tasks, improves Ethical concerns, job displacement.
decision-making.
loT Enhances efficiency, enables real-time Privacy issues, security
monitoring. vulnerabilities.

5G Faster connectivity, supports IoT growth. High infrastructure costs, limited

global rollout.
Blockchain Ensures transparency and security. High energy consumption, scalability
issues.
Cloud Computing Scalable, cost-effective storage solutions. Data privacy concerns, dependency
on internet.
AR and VR Enhances learning and entertainment Expensive equipment, limited
experiences. adoption.
Quantum Solves complex problems faster. Requires advanced infrastructure and
Computing expertise.
Cybersecurity Improves efficiency, reduces human error. Job displacement, high
Innovations implementation costs.