TABLE OF CONTENT:

Sr Chapter Name Page No.

No.
Abstract 6
1 Introduction 7
2 Literature survey 9
3 System development 12
4 Project requirement analysis 17
5 Advantages and disadvantages 23
6 Circuit diagram 24
7 Flowchart 26
8 Costing of the components 27
9 Results and Model photos 28
10 Future Scope 31
11 Conclusion 32
Reference 33

1
 LIST OF FIGURES

Sr.No List of Figures

3.1 Block diagram

3.2 Power supply design

4.1 Node MCU

4.2 LCD 16x2

4.3 DHT11 sensor

4.4 Rain sensor

4.5 Arduino IDE

4.6 OrCAD

4.7 Altium

6.1 Power supply Circuit diagram for 5V DC for both parts of the
project

6.2 Interfacing of LCD, Rain sensor, DHT11 Sensor with Node

MCU

2
LIST OF TABLES

Sr.No List of tables

4.1 Hardware requirement

4.2 Software requirement

8.1 Costing of the project

3
 ABSTRACT

The critical prerequisite for day-to-day operation is intelligent environmental

monitoring. The solution to the problem is many. The project proposed gives a solution
to these problems. The proposed technology behind the Internet of Things (IoT) is an
innovative and powerful way to link things to the internet and through the network
worldwide. It is proposed to measures parameters like Temperature, humidity, rain and
speed of the using DH11 sensor, Rain sensor sensor respectively. The data is acquired
by the controller device. The data obtained is processed and communicated via
networking to cloud and it is stored in the cloud. From the system the implemented data
can be accessed at any internet available locations in the world. All measured data will
be controlled and monitored using LCD 16x2, Android application and using Web
application as well.

Keywords: IOT, DHT11 Sensor, Rain Sensor, Cloud, LCD 16x2, Web application,
Android app.

4
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 NEED OF THE PROJECT:

Monitoring weather condition shows a wide part in every person’s life. The influence of
environments condition cause several challenges in different fields like agriculture,
industry, constructions as well as other fields but the major impact occurs mostly in
agriculture and industry. As we all know, agriculture perform major role in India’s
economy. Over the recent year, smart agriculture is debate topic in the world. The smart
word of IoT indicates that the use of minimum parameter produces an improved results.
It decreases the use of land, time water and enchantment of crops. The security is one of
the important issues in IoT network. In agriculture, before the yield farming process
consists of different phases and in that weather plays major role. The farming problem
occurs due to heavy rainfall or underflow rainfall. In this situation, an indication of
weather condition is important aspect before sowing or reaping the crops. Hence in this
situation, monitoring of weather condition will helps the farmer using weather
forecasting system.
Weather monitoring system deals with detecting and gathering various weather
parameters at different locations which can be analyzed or used for weather forecasting.
The aim of this system is achieved by technologies such as Internet of Things (IOT) and
Cloud. The idea of internet of things is to connect a device to the internet and to other
required connected devices. Using Internet the information from the IOT device can
easily be transferred to the cloud and then from the cloud to the end user. Weather
Monitoring is an essential practical implementation of the concept of Internet of Things,
it involves sensing and recording various weather parameters and using them for alerts,
sending notifications, adjusting appliances accordingly and also for long term analysis.
Also we will identify and display trends in parameters on LCD 16X2, Android
application and Web application in laptop. The devices used for this purpose are used to
collect, organize and display information. It is expected that the internet of things is
going to transform the world by monitoring and controlling the phenomenon of
environment by using sensors/devices which are able to capture, process and transmit

5
weather parameters.

Cloud is availability of computer system resources like data storage, computing power
without direct active management of user. The data captured is transmitted to the cloud
so that the data could be further. Displayed. Besides this, the system consists of
components such as ESP-32 which is a series of low-cost, low-power system on a chip
microcontrollers with integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth; DHT11 is
Temperature and humidity sensor which is used for detecting these mentioned
parameters; Rain sensor is used to detect the presence of rain and the most important is
interfacing of wind speed sensor with Node MCU microcontroller. So, in this way
weather conditions of any location can be monitored from any remote location in the
world. A web page is created which can have access to the cloud and display and
organize the required results.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

The main objective of our system is to provide an indication of whether that would be
helpful for farmers before sowing crops or reaping crops.

1.3 OBJECTIVES:

 To continuously monitor the temperature, humidity, rain and wind speed and send
the monitored data on LCD and Android application and web on cloud.
 To have the graphical representation of the all the data for weather analysis like
weekly hourly or monthly on cloud as well as Android application

6
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

[1] IoT Based Weather Station - Ravi Kishore Kodali and Snehashish Mandal: In
this system, an IoT-based weather monitoring system. In this research, the
environmental parameter can be retrieved through sensors. The author uses a different
sensor to scale the various parameter like humidity, temperature, pressure, rain value.
The system also calculates the dew point value from the temperature prototype. The
temperature sensor can be used to measure the value of the particular area, room, or any
place. The light intensity can be used as described by the author. The author in this used
an additional functionality of the weather monitoring as SMS alert system based on the
exceed the value of the sensing parameters as temperature, humidity, pressure, light
intensity, and rain value. The author also adds an email and tweet post alerting system.
The author in this system uses node MCU 8266, and various sensors.

[2] An IoT based Weather Information Prototype Using We Mos - Ravi Kishore
Kodali and Archana Sahu : In this system, the author represents a low-cost live
weather monitoring system using LCD display, in which the author displays the various
fields where the IoT has produced innovative things in the system. The author described
a new revolutionary system. This measures the real-time Weather’s condition. The
monitoring weather situation is very much helpful for everyone either for farmer or
industry or daily working people or for school as well. So, the author by developing a
live weather monitoring system reduced the difficulty level for farmers and industry as
well. In this paper, the author uses an LCD display that will display the weather
conditions and in the proposed model, the author uses an ESP8266 microcontroller. The
system displays the data on LCD and thing speak cloud. The author's aim is to obtain
live information on weather conditions on LCD display.

[3] IOT Based Weather Reporting System to Find Dynamic Climatic Parameters -
Kavya Ladi, A V S N Manoj, G V N Deepak: In this system implement an IoT-based

7
weather monitoring system, in this research paper, the author describes that how with
the help of IoT technology, the weather can be monitored. And which provide the info
of climate-changing conditions. With the help of this project, people can be aware of the
climate condition changes. It gives an accurate and efficient output and the algorithm as
the swarm is used to implement for further improving the accuracy. So, in this project,
the author aims to make a weather monitoring with the help of IoT. In this project, the
hardware and software are used which makes it easy to implement. In the project, the
author uses a different sensor to collect the information of the climate and stored it in
the cloud. For this storage, the website www.thingspeak.com is commonly used for
Internet of things projects. And from the cloud storage space, it extracts the whole
weather data and uploads it to the android mobile application. Tools which detect the
rain drops, is called rain sensor. Once the plague reveals the raindrops on the strips and
the voltage is considered from that. And there is no short circuit condition that occurs
because water is a bad conductor and the sensor acts like variable resistance. Once a
measurement of voltage is completed then the circuit takes the output. The LED turns
on when the power supply system is observed and there have no water drops on the
sensor then the digital output is high. And the sensor also dictates when the sensor has
moisture on the sensor plate the digital output is actively low. For measuring the
humidity three sensors can be used as humidity sensing components, TC thermistors,
and An IC at the back of sensors. For humidity measurement humidity component is
used it has two electrodes. Node MCU is used as a controller. In IoT projects, the Node
MCU is basically used. This programmed using Arduino IDE. Node MCU runs on the
ESP8266 WIFI module. This Android STUDIO is used it is developed by Google
developers. The aim of this application is to make processing easier. Android studio is
used to implement a common application to show the streaming of data from thing
space. With this smartphone application, the weather condition can be monitored. Now
after designing the application, it will display temperature, humidity, heat, and raindrops
and is stored on the cloud.

[4] Towards a robust and affordable Automatic Weather Station - Mary

Nsabagwaa, Maximus Byamukamab, Emmanuel Kondelaa,: In this system, a robust
and affordable Automatic weather station. In this paper, the author elaborates how the
weather prediction system is becoming a crucial challenge in every Weather extreme

8
event that causes an adverse effect of the system on lives and property as well. Hence
the accuracy of weather data is being one of the critical challenges to enhance the
weather prediction skills and build up the resilience to effect of detrimental weather
report condition. The author describes that Uganda and various other developing
countries have looked challenges in developing timely & accurate weather data due to
scarce weathers observation. The scarce weather monitoring is a part of the high cost of
developing automatic weather situations. The restricted funding is available to national
meteorological services of the respective countries. In this proposed system the author
firstly takes care of the problems and then applies them. The author proposed an
Automatic weather monitoring Station based on a wireless sensor network. The
planning of the author is to develop three generations of Automatic weather stations or
AWS prototypes. In this research, the author evaluates the 1st-generation AWS
prototype to improve the 2nd generation depending upon the need and generation. The
author provides a suggestion to improve the nonfunctional requirement such a power
consumption, data accuracy, reliability, and data transmission in order to have an
Automatic Weather Station. The non-functional requirement collapsed with cost
reduction in order to produce a robust and affordable Automatic Weather Station
(AWS) Therefore the proposed work, like developing countries like Uganda will be able
to acquire the AWS in suitable quantities. So that it can improve the weather
forecasting.

[5] Real-Time Weather Monitoring and Prediction Using City Buses and Machine
Learning - Zi-Qi Huang, Ying-Chih Chen and Chih-Yu Wen: In this system
monitors and predicts the weather condition by which anyone can plan for our day-to-
day life. This activity became helpful in every field either in agriculture or industry. So
as to achieve monitoring and predicting weather info, the author uses 2 stages of the
weather management system. In which they amalgamated the information from the
sensors, bus mobility, and deep learning technology is used to allow a weather reporting
system in stations and buses in real-time. Forecasting of weather is achieved through the
friction model. Depending upon the sensing measurement from vehicles like buses, the
work incorporates the strength of local information processing. The author talks about
in stage-I, sensing of weather’s condition, multilayer perception model and long-term
memory are trained and then it will verify using temperature data, humidity, and air

9
pressure of test environment. In Stage-II, the training is applied to learn the time series
of weather information. The author finally talks about the proposed system has reliable
performance on monitoring of weather.. So finally, the author demonstrates that this
system presents a real-time weather monitoring and prediction system using bus
information management.

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
3.1BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Figure 3.1: Block diagram

3.2 WORKING:
Weather monitoring system deals with detecting and gathering various weather
parameters at different locations which can be analyzed or used for weather forecasting.
The aim of this system is achieved by technologies such as Internet of Things (IOT) and
Cloud. The idea of internet of things is to connect a device to the internet and to other
required connected devices. Using Internet the information from the IOT device can
easily be transferred to the cloud and then from the cloud to the end user. Weather
Monitoring is an essential practical implementation of the concept of Internet of Things,

10
it involves sensing and recording various weather parameters and using them for alerts,
sending notifications, adjusting appliances accordingly and also for long term analysis.
Also we will identify and display trends in parameters on LCD 16x2, Android
application and Web application in laptop. The devices used for this purpose are used to
collect, organize and display information. It is expected that the internet of things is
going to transform the world by monitoring and controlling the phenomenon of
environment by using sensors/devices which are able to capture, process and transmit
weather parameters. Cloud is availability of computer system resources like data
storage, computing power without direct active management of user. The data captured
is transmitted to the cloud so that the data could be further displayed. Besides this, the
system consists of components such as Node MCU which is a series of low-cost, low-
power system on a chip microcontrollers with integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode
Bluetooth; DHT11 is Temperature and humidity sensor which is used for detecting
these mentioned parameters; Rain sensor is used to detect the presence of rain and the
most important is interfacing of wind speed sensor with Node MCU microcontroller.
So, in this way weather conditions of any location can be monitored from any remote
location in the world. A web page is created which can have access to the cloud and
display and organize the required results.

3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The critical prerequisite for day-to-day operation is intelligent environmental

monitoring. The solution to the problem is many. The project proposed gives a solution
to these problems. The proposed technology behind the Internet of Things (IoT) is an
innovative and powerful way to link things to the internet and through the network
worldwide. It is proposed to measures parameters like Temperature, humidity, rain and
speed of the wind using DH11 sensor, Rain sensor and Wind speed sensor respectively.
The data is acquired by the controller device. The data obtained is processed and
communicated via networking to cloud and it is stored in the cloud. From the system the
implemented data can be accessed at any internet available locations in the world. All
measured data will be controlled and monitored using LCD 16x2, Android application
and using Web application as well.

11
3.4 POWER SUPPLY DESIGN:

Fig 3.2: Power supply design

The following information must be available to the designer of the transformer.

1) Power output.
2) Operating voltage.
3) Frequency range.
4) Efficiency and regulation.
Size of core is one of the first consideration in regard of weight and volume of a
transformer. This depends on type of core and winding configuration used. Generally
following formula is used to find Area or Size of the Core.
Ai = √ Wp / 0.87 ……. (1)
Where, Ai = Area of cross section in square cm.
Wp = Primary Wattage.
For our project we require +5V output, so transformer secondary winding rating is 9V,
500mA.
So secondary power wattage is,
P2 = 9 * 500mA …… (2)
= 4.5 Watts

12
So,
Ai = √ 4.5 / 0.87
= 2.43
Generally 10% of area should be added to the core.
So,
Ai = 2.673
a) Turns per volt: - Turns per volt of transformer are given by relation.
Turns per volt = 100000 / 4.44 f * Bm * Ai ……. (3)
Where,
F = Frequency in Hz.
Bm = Density in Wb / Square meter.
Ai = Net area of the cross section.
Following table gives the value of turns per volt for 50 Hz frequency.
Generally lower the flux density better the quality of transformer. For our project we
have taken the turns per volt is 0.91 Wb / sq.m from above table.
Turns per volt = 50 / Ai …….. (4)
= 50 / 2.67
= 18.7055
Thus the turns for the primary winding is,
230 * 18.7055 = 4302.265
And for secondary winding,
9 * 18.7055 =168.3495
b) Wire size: - As stated above the size is depends upon the current to be carried out by
winding which depends upon current density. For our transformer one tie can safely use
current density of 3.1 Amp / sq.mm.
For less copper loss 1.6Amp/sq.mm or 2.4sq.mm may be used generally even size
gauge of wire are used.
R.M.S secondary voltage at secondary to transformer is 9V. So maximum voltage Vm
(Vp) across secondary is
VP= Vrms x√2 …..(5)
Vrms=VP / √2
= 9 / 1.141
= 7.88 V

13
D.C output voltage Vm across secondary is,
Vdc = 2 * 7.88/pi …….. (6)
= 2 * 7.88/3.14
= 5.02 V
P.I.V rating of each diode is
PIV = 2Vdc …….. (7)
= 2 * 5.02
= 10.04 V
Maximum forward current, which flow from each diode is 500 mA. So from above
parameter, we select diode 1N4007 from the diode selection manual.
B) Design of filter capacitor:-
Formula for calculating filter capacitor is
C = ¼ √ 3 r * F * R1 …….. (8)
Where,
r = ripple present at output of rectifier, which is maximum 0.1 for full wave rectifier.
F = frequency of AC main.
R1 = input impedance of voltage regulator IC
C = 1/ (4 *(√ 3 * 0.1 * 50 * 28))
= 1030 µf
= 1000 uF
Voltage rating of filter capacitor should be greater than the i/p Vdc i.e. rectifier output
which is 5.02 V so we choose 1000µf / 25V filter capacitor.

14
 CHAPTER 4
PROJECT REQUIREMENT ANALYSIS

4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:

Sr.
Hardware Used Description
No

1 NODE MCU It is use as Microcontroller

2 LCD 16x2 It is use to display the result

3 DHT11 Sensor It is used to measure the humidity

4 Rain Sensor It is used to measure rainfall intensity

Table 4.1: Hardware Requirements

1. NODE MCU microcontroller:

Node MCU is a IoT module based on esp8266 Wi-Fi module. Node MCU uses
lua scripting language and is an open source internet of things (IoT) platform.
This modules has ch340g USB to ttl IC.

Figure 4.1: NODE MCU Microcontroller

2. LCD 16x2
15
JHD204/JHD629-204A is a 16x2 (16 character, 2 line) Green Alphanumeric LCD
Display. Alphanumeric displays are pretty neat. Use them for numbers, use them for
letters, or both. They are a good size and brightness for easy reading. The decimal digits
aren't connected, so keep that in mind when ordering.

Figure 4.2: LCD 16x2

Specification of JHD204:

 Interface: I2C

 I2C Address: 0x3F

 Supply voltage: 5V

 Contrast Adjust: Through Potentiometer

 Backlight: Blue

3. DHT11 Sensor
It uses thermistor to measure the surrounding air temperature and a capacitive humidity
sensor to measure the moisture content. It sends digital readings on data pin so there is
no need to use an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) chip. It is very easy to use but the
only problem with this sensor is that it sends data every 2 seconds. There are lot of
resources online on hot to interface DHT11 Sensor to Arduino which will make this
sensor easy to interface to any Arduino Board.

16
 Figure 4.3: DHT11 Sensor

Features of DHT11 sensor:

 Humidity measurement range : 20%~90%RH
 Humidity measurement error : ±5%RH
 Temperature measurement range : 0~50°C
 Temperature measurement error : ±2°C
 Working voltage : DC5V/3.3V

4. Rain Sensor
It can be used as a switch when raindrop falls through the raining board and also for
measuring rainfall intensity. The module features, a rain board and the control board
that is separate for more convenience, power indicator LED and an adjustable
sensitivity though a potentiometer. The analog output is used in detection of drops in the
amount of rainfall. Connected to 5V power supply, the LED will turn on when
induction board has no rain drop, and DO output is high. When dropping a little amount
water, DO output is low, the switch indicator will turn on. Brush off the water droplets,
and when restored to the initial state, outputs high level.

17
 Figure 3.4: Rain Sensor

Specification of Rain Sensor:

 High quality of RF-04 double sided material.
 Area: 5 cm x 4 cm nickel plate on side.
 Anti-oxidation, anti-conductivity, for long use time.
 Potentiometer adjust the sensitivity;
 Working voltage 5 volts
 Output format : Digital switching output (0 and 1) and
analog voltage output AO;
 With bolt holes for easy installation;
 Small board PCB size : 3.2cm x 1.4cm;
 Uses a wide voltage LM393 comparator

4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT:

Sr. No Software Used Description

1 Arduino IDE It is use for programming

2 OrCAD It is use to design circuit diagram

3 Altium It is use to design purpose

Table 4.2: Software Requirements

1. Arduino IDE
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software. Select "Arduino Uno

18
w/ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your
board) The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that
allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol.

Figure 4.5: Arduino IDE

2. OrCAD
OrCAD is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic design
automation (EDA). The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and
electronic technicians to create electronic schematics and electronic prints for
manufacturing printed circuit boards. The name OrCAD is a portmanteau, reflecting the
company and its software’s origins: Oregon + CAD. OrCAD PCB Designer is a printed
circuit board designer application, and part of the OrCAD circuit design suite. PCB
Designer includes various automation features for PCB design, board-level analysis and
design rule checks (DRC). The PCB design may be accomplished by manually tracing
PCB tracks, or using the Auto-Router provided. Such designs may include curved PCB
tracks, geometric shapes, and ground planes. PCB Designer integrates with OrCAD
Capture, using the component information system (CIS) to store information about a
certain circuit symbol and its matching PCB footprint.

19
 Figure 4.6: OrCAD

3. Altium
Altium Limited is an Australian owned public software company that provides PC-
based electronics design software for engineers. Founded in Tasmania, Australia 1985,
Altium now has regional headquarters in Australia, China, United States, Europe, and
Japan, with resellers in all other major markets. The company was known as "Protel"
until 2001.

Figure 4.7: Altium

20
 CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

5.1 ADVANTAGES:

• The cloud gives the ability to scale effortlessly as well as adjust the current
demand. When it notices a sudden increase in traffic to website the cloud allows
scaling changing demand.

• Because of cloud services allows you to choose to use data centers close to user’s
location in most cases this results in faster response time and reduced wait times
for users.

• When data is in the cloud, it can be made accessible to multiple users at the same
time.

5.2 DISADVANTAGES:

21
While daily or yearly weather and seasonal climate behavior prediction is quite
common today, the biggest focus for world leaders is to have a tab on global warming
and other climatic events of a similar scale. For such a massive scale of prediction to be
possible, historic climate data from as back as humanly recorded must be analyzed to
see patterns of change.

CHAPTER 6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

22
 Fig 6.1: Power supply Circuit diagram for 5V DC for both parts of the project

Fig 6.2: Interfacing of LCD, Rain sensor, DHT11 Sensor with Node MCU
Fig. 6.1 shows the connection diagram for 5V DC supply as per discussed in the
previous chapter as well. We are using 12V adaptor and its output will be given to
LM7805 Voltage regulator IC which gives us regulated 5V supply for whole operation
of the project.
We will need to develop a PCB for Node MCU so that we can interface it with different
modules as LCD 16X2, Rain sensor, DHT11 Sensor, Relay as shown in Fig. 6.2

23
CHAPTER 7
FLOWCHART

24
 CHAPTER 8
COSTING OF THE COMPONENTS

25
Sr.no Parameter Quantity Cost
1. Node MCU 1 253/-

2. DHT11 Temp& Hum Sensor 2 156/-

3. LCD 16x2 1 318/-

4. Rain Sensor 1 53/-

Table 8.1: Costing of the components

CHAPTER 9
RESULTS AND MODEL PHOTOS

26
27
28
29
 CHAPTER 10
FUTURE SCOPE
In future work, we can also add GPS devices in the design so that location of the
surrounding will also be mailed or messaged to user along with the surrounding
parameters such as temperature, humidity, pressure, light intensity etc. we add various
other sensors for measure various parameter related to weather like solar radiation,
visibility etc.

30
 CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
The proposed system work is based on Cloud with IoT technology which is observed
different environmental information using multiple sensors. The main aim of our system
is that everyone case use it freely, capturing multiple data from multiple sensors and
send all data to webpage as well as on android application. It is very helpful for farmers
to collects environmental data making an interpretation for the farmers as well as it is
important for making another decision such as industrial work purpose or
transportation.

31
 REFERENCES

[1] Ravi Kishore Kodali and Snehashish Mandal “IoT Based Weather Station” 2016
International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and
Computational Technologies (ICCICCT) 978-1-5090- 5240-0/16/$31.00, IEEE, (2016)
[2] Ravi Kishore Kodali and Archana Sahu “An IoT based Weather Information
Prototype Using We Mos” 2016 2nd International Conference on Contemporary
Computing and Informatics (ic3i), 978-1-5090-5256- 1/16/$31.00, IEEE, (2016)
[3] Kavya Ladi, A V S N Manoj, G V N Deepak, “IOT Based Weather Reporting
System to Find Dynamic Climatic Parameters”, International Conference on Energy,
Communication, Data Analytics and Soft Computing (ICECDS-2017)
[4] Mary Nsabagwaa, Maximus Byamukamab, Emmanuel Kondelaa, “Towards a robust
and affordable Automatic Weather Station “, journal homepage:
www.elsevier.com/locate/deveng, (2018)
[5] Zi-Qi Huang, Ying-Chih Chen and Chih-Yu Wen, “Real-Time Weather Monitoring
and Prediction Using City Buses and Machine Learning”, Vols. 3 to 21 Published 10
September (2020)

32