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5)

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netiwork Efel
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bits, Th Bsk Threebf
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fs
class
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leass D addesses
alkeises
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Chuss
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qn
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esperimental addres Hhot

to be Qrt Se
Gnany 111

Reserd or hutue Ue
GaCleASsify hnoble qeneaHons
Generaton Ci4)
ScLond Genereon Cac)
Thlrel Generaton C3G)
Genere on (44)Ar
Genesthon Css)

four mcfon as netrk or physÍcal

layex
Funchons
To actue mafntein& deectHuak phyeíeal Gonne dkéon
2) T Convert Aaital dete bis nto elechcal Sana
3) T depine thonsmission
whether he thunsmiscian s Simpes, half
deside
hull duples
Funtfone hetnre
The moute the siqale theugh Veriauc Chemck fo he
by deoidng whfch oute
o act the netMOrk cnholle
dok Shod tuke
)Doisehe outaoing meSage
kor he bhighla
nceming pckele
leels
ndiwek Cont alling or
hetork leyer Cac
Por routrg
 M M

Parameter Repeater Rouber

Phyical layer Netaor

tacdat

huncions Heeneehe the Connect u

|occeleA Sandl Or mere etwore

3.
Tpes pitan Vechoe
1?ne Srahe

net woxk
Connelang defes.
9 ) Repe ates hubs
)ilges
5) Sitehes

cheole um
Cheale Sun s an erar
be in check Surm dekechion meho 4 Eun
fen Complenernt binany aithmehc opera
performe. Serder Sde
Q.8.
Reeeluer Side cheelesum Nelidehon. rheclesuro Creahen
Deftne Ppu.
Order
ttreunsher the so, the leM&r neni
Guch plee fs ouny Smuler pieces.
Sent as
(ororocot Duty Uni such as a Pucket. asepryk PDU
The Poy headers
ut thei peer olrt used by the
Prooco| peer
 D D M M Y Y Y

Steir,ineg, mesh dopolegy

hetwerk topoloq in nich
ech nlividualpiece
Central nocde as
Stur
COnnehhd hopalegy
Calole t t o
the compuher
ceatrol tocatfen.
diect connechonc Ornong (orapuhers
thís tepdeay
44) The te lephone Syiem also
topalog

ConneChor/ Hub

Niodes

topalgy
instal!l maintu'n
The Ster hetiarl
2) he Faul alfaqresis
‘D'sadea nkyges o Strer topilegys
the centrl hub is Puils, the ahoe hetwrk Fails o
Opercike,
 no fsHhere becauie ternratien no end
Ihee
(onnecheJ
one deicz ktion. ire
Ohe
Yn ing the Conneched
4o Cormpute
uchine euch thnouqh asses siaral The
ring or (osp clesed
twak
in Hhe ConneChed
to Cempuhr
Rs Each
Tepolegy Ringi
topalsíonCpan
ogy 32
me hen nk of numbe ess
eliabil'y Smpoesneede
1)
Features
cOSt Cabling The 2)
D D
M
 Eeatues Rina Tpologye
c e TOpslgt
Long delays.
A7
Adoanto ges Ring Toploy
Stanlng wove poduced
Thee are
) Nery easy to re ConBqune install.

Dsaduantager bi Ring Topolegya

difulE to trouble Shoek in the
Ring dir sculE to conhque then Chu.

Topdesy
tepolsgy euen
Connehel Oher dewice lwirh ea poinF
to point dedscakd Iink,
Jhe dedfcakdd imeos rhat
kex mdedfeeikk the 1inl caríeg

duta loeteen lewiceg connehe

alsoCalled as comple he
The mesh topoleg
topology haue Hhe trPLfc
oer net
The meth fopslog
problemm, belause the dedicaed ineg dne
conne ctfon
Connect nodi

tnesh Topalogyl
Connecion done
2) Cealled as Hhe Compleke tpalogu
‘Aeluantges o mesh Topo logyi
Poiat to Inks make Pault aaanoje easy
 Y

ued due heLe

procols nced no be
2) |MAC
dedicaked linles

pfsadwantegesi
Cost Ss
)
2)
Cabing
ÎE s Sultuble Only for Sroller nehwordy

Qplain snittess tt TcPLTe

.
protocol Suibeble
Afhr dis aussínabaut the concept oF Protoco
layeriag ataut Hhe iagiceneenmunicaBon taking
Aace beteen
fatrouce
Qole pla'n TCr/IP stocol Suttable wih digrm.
wih
protcol hamely Trinsmísshon Oontrol Protcal Jntene
Potocol
A protcol mode s de Cfngd cs Hhe
ganized
midel prorool

thet each hiereahfcal procol madel

Sexvices Fronm eothex ne Or m Supportr
Hhe odainal oNer leel
Softhware TPlar poecol
Four
layers builk uporn modes hes
Lere

the hardea
 MM Y Y

Aeplfcation layer
TunSport layer

Datu Palk loyer Leayer

Physlcal Leuyer

Danre &lestinah'on addreeses) ouirce bdesingtior

blehe sses age l28 bik ín length
om d2 bits in lenath.

2) N. addesses am llimired bo

33r hender fneludes a

checsum )72 header does not fncleede
Lachecleum

datked natuton 4) Vses he Xaderimel natuhan.

decimal

blue tocehi drchikhe

Veueelcoth epluce caades 1hih s useol for Shot
ronge, Rudio Iink.
blue hooth adhoc netork his kchnolegy
 GS meleimentd using TEFE
Desiqned to in nose feqent
enuimnmentSThe
Lacknenlecdenent
mak e he iequeny hopcing
lexible

Buchoeth deines t o types of network;

Bue hoot hetnork hat

One pimany c master) hode Comists
Seen achue
Se condar Csletve) nales.
\hus, piconet Can have up t
muser 1 S1awes) elght acive neda
he
There Cen koe
each piconet. primany
The
Coranmunícation oeteen th
Secondary Cei be
Communtcaon
Sare
between mast slavea
Communicaton possible
master

slave
Sleve Slave Stav
 aeleliian to seven cachue slae Steon
cenet Can hetve upto 255 Par leed nodes . The
parleed nede are Qeeon Or SlaVe Suhons
ennot telee part in communicskion umil
frorn parke Stute acive Shke

Scatternets
Scatkernet fs Fsrmad oy ceabining slariau
eicenets.
A Slave pconet
pimmy Other píconek.
Such Saiion or nede can eceive messge
the oastex in te rst p'coneh kdeiler
Fo ts Slaves In oher pconet lhere
messege matr.
acHng slue
This hode also Called bidqe
Stution Can be memb
Thu
pYconets.
A StuHÍn Cannat be a macheN

meste

Stue

tttt Stott
Slave 31cwe
Master
pfcone () one D
 M

Explain aieles LAN Ro2,| nhitekkre.

TEEE So,Idefines hyees of Senícey,,

Basic Senice Set
2) Exknded Seruice Sch.
1) Basic Service Set CBSs)s
The besic Secuices Set onleins Stu hangny
more aireles Shuions & a centl buse Sreyhen
Call Point CAP).
The acceSS pafat i ophona
the access
spoint
know Srmd calone nctiaork Such a Bss
CoanoE Send
Qochite rture
her
ess'sDhis hpe o
knon aychite chure
The accesS
preent as
inruStruchs netrk

Stutn Shuton
Shlhon Stuion

Stuton

Sution Stibon
2)| Btknde! Senuices Set (Css)e by joining
Sevicee se fs
is cedted
An Rxkended seks (BSs) haulng
mor basic Service
cICCesS eoints CAP) Credhe
Thesc exkendel OF kesic Secos
the aCcesc pointr dchibuted
feining wired
Sel
Ron Suskm.
The BSs
Bs CAre Celled inbestncture netwok.
hetaark
bshbuked SySem Cos)

AP
Srahon
etahon
Soter

Stato Stethon
Slho Sahon
Sahon
Stahon Steien

o. Praw
OST moel Copen Sse lakrnconnechen me c
dauelope d ky Dso kecnaHonel Shunr cgantabior
inhermatonal
hich understund how iohecnehaOrk
qveg idlines Ror Creelhhg hetiadk
Srundard
OSt mlel hos1layers
 D D M M Y Y

Applicakon Laye, Crelenkeiian Lue, Sesien 1aytr

anipot layec, letsatrk layer Dahe linl layer,
phystcal layer
Phystcal Layer )-csT model, Ceyer cnycys
Steam -electrical iopylse, lignt
siqnal - threuda Hhe newore af fhe electrdel
nd haechanical leuel, at prouides he hardasre
hmeerns Sendna areceving daty on
camer, Sncudiag detining cadesCareds Q phyica
aspects.
2)
Reket encoded
are
decoad inho bs JA hurnishes
transmisan protpcol Knoaleaye eanegennk hande
Synchorenizahen The daa Hnte layer 6 divicded late rume
Sub layes iThe media Acregs ntetaso
local link conhol Conhol(nAC) layere he
ho aLe)leayer,
on he netwrk
The MAe Sub layer
Lontl
& aains, acceS to the date
pemission tp tunsmit t bele Contros ben
ynchroeaßon Plow Control
Apeication Layer
checleing
Presentahen Layer
Sesiön Layerr
1unsport Layer
Netote Laye
Duru'nk Layer
phyacal Laer
 D D M M YY YY

s)etwrk (layer b)e layer sprauides Siithiag

euting techneleical ceating logicalpats,kaesn a
V ual chcuils , for thqnsmittag deka rom node to node
eas
this (ey
Éouhng
ínternehwortein,e0r handing
aldiessiag
conapsti an control (padse Seuencíng

hunspart (layer kel' Model, ekr 4 prsuides Bremeparent

betaeen end Sytem or hesks and s reipon
ensues
Sble r endto -end eor
Liomplet dety ansker brom Sourceto desbndhion

S) Sessionlaye 6)-This laytr estzibl;shes manuge k hrminates

Connechons between applicahions. The Session tayer Set up Cooreinche
erminkes convers uhons, exchenges diglaguei betuen he
LapplicaHons oh each endeh deals iih session connection
Coordiacates.

6) Presenahion Clayr G)t This layer priles fndepcndanee fem

dirfeences tn daty kpesentabon by franstahng From applcahn,
to netaMOrk formelt b uice versq, The resentihon (ayeors hors
to transform ddk iato the Forrm thalt the applcehoh leyer Ceun Gep

vehwsk Proudin Areedon Prom CompabH?Lh problem

Somehmes Calleed he synhi semamhca
7

apphcakon- Sedf Jhis ayer prou kder leork atpplicahon

 D D M M

.Z, kour nedinoxei ng

Adetwok Connecing
Repecter
deutces deices
Suftch
Bridge
S.Router
Gakiny
rmodern.
ued to take he iskoted lvedk
Coe
at
fnput slanal
Qutpub
and eyeneak the Siena
ensuTS thet Hhe
Or
\weik be foe
sfandls are nor isto
Yhe desinatfon
ecreates thatt tthe
Sianels
the siernaland puts hís Teqanemahl
+
sfgna) back to the
rensmission medlum
the physícal
1atell qent Funcion layer aith ns
2 Hub'
alSoknown as mulieort e
nomally useo For peater
physical
the
Shar topologt ConneHng
Sends breadcasieg alldeuice
peacket
nodes in he hehwork
 M Y

Siaitch
to connetk multiple Cormpues 1 n
lfrect Aransmission tos
Spciic destnaon
-Tis unicastìny deuice.
metiwork
opertes
unnecSSan and the e ,

Sherksk path Qut

hode Compuker netiaak,a ket

Skoppiaq point or doku Rs
6rher net waorks
fs proocol converhe
Czaleaat enelble Communicatfon betneem dteremh
avehite chure enimonmenb,
network
modela

hes hetrk (GG,130.0. O you

ard responsfble or Crealttng Sebnek on netwerk

eah Subnet_proulcde clk leetk
Subnet mask heet eairenenh mínimubs
numbr Subncs C2o. ,),
 sclas
Subnet
Subnetk it
Cectes
{Rang
host Subnet

Calaak

nettee id

GS53
at leat
As ant
neccesSan
host 21°- lo4
The ut
made
renaiaing

lo bik hogr
Subner
Hence
2equired subnet