Go Low-Level Programming Guide
Go Low-Level Programming Guide
This guide dives deeper into the internals of Go, exploring how the language handles memory,
concurrency, and system-level interactions. Ideal for intermediate to advanced learners.
1. Memory Management in Go
- **Stack vs Heap**: Go automatically manages memory allocation. Short-lived variables are usually
allocated on the stack, longer-lived on the heap.
- **Garbage Collection**: Go uses a concurrent garbage collector to clean up unused memory
without stopping the world.
- **Escape Analysis**: Determines whether a variable is allocated on the stack or heap.
- Tools: `go build -gcflags '-m'` to check allocation.
2. Goroutines and Scheduling
- **Goroutines**: Lightweight threads managed by Go runtime. Use `go` keyword.
- **M:N Scheduler**: Maps many goroutines to a smaller number of OS threads.
- **GOMAXPROCS**: Controls the number of OS threads that can execute Go code simultaneously.
- Scheduler implements work-stealing and preemption.
3. Channels and Synchronization
- **Channels**: Used for communication between goroutines.
- **Buffered vs Unbuffered Channels**
- **Deadlocks and Race Conditions**: Detect using `go run -race`
- **sync Package**: Includes Mutex, RWMutex, WaitGroup, Once, Cond.
4. System Programming with Go
- **syscall vs x/sys/unix**: `syscall` is deprecated. Use `golang.org/x/sys/unix` for system calls.
- **File Descriptors**: Work with low-level file APIs using `os` and `syscall`.
- **Signals and Process Control**: Use `os/signal`, `os/exec`, and `context` packages.
5. Unsafe Package and Pointers
- **unsafe.Pointer**: Allows pointer arithmetic and low-level memory manipulation.
- **Reflect Package**: Examine types at runtime.
- **When to use unsafe**: Only when performance is critical and type safety is managed manually.
6. Compilation and Tooling
- **go build, go install, go tool compile/link**
- **Assembly Output**: Use `go tool compile -S` to view Go assembly.
- **Benchmarking**: Use `testing.B` with `go test -bench`.
- **Profiling**: Use `pprof` for CPU and memory profiling.