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Unit III

The document discusses various pulse modulation techniques, including Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Delta Modulation (DM), and Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM). It outlines the processes involved in PCM, the advantages and disadvantages of each modulation method, and their applications, particularly in speech and image compression. Additionally, it highlights the importance of sampling and quantization in digital communication.

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13 views48 pages

Unit III

The document discusses various pulse modulation techniques, including Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Delta Modulation (DM), and Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM). It outlines the processes involved in PCM, the advantages and disadvantages of each modulation method, and their applications, particularly in speech and image compression. Additionally, it highlights the importance of sampling and quantization in digital communication.

Uploaded by

koliteja006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Communication

(EC2062)

Unit – III
Pulse Modulation
TLO: What is sampling theorem?
Explain PCM, DPCM, DM, ADM?
Compare PCM, DPCM, DM, ADM
1
Pulse Code Modulation

• Course Outcome:
Describe pulse modulation techniques

2
Pulse Code Modulation

• A process of converting continuous analog


signal to digital signal
• One of the digital pulse modulation
methods is PCM

3
Steps in PCM

• Filtering
• Sampling
• Quantizing
• Encoding

4
Block diagram of PCM

5
Sampling

6
Different types of sampling methods

7
Sampling – advantage

8
Quantizing

9
Quantizing

10
Quantization distortion

11
PCM standard

12
Bit rate and Bandwidth requirements of PCM

13
Advantages of PCM

14
Disadvantages of PCM

15
16
Applications of PCM

17
Application examples

Application Bandwidth Sampling Selected Levels Each sample is


frequency actual encoded in to
sampling
frequency
Telephone 3.4 kHz 6.8kHz 8KHz 28 = 256 8 bits

Compact 15kHz 30kHz 44.1kHz 216 = 65,536 16 bits


Disk (CD) *

* To reduce quantization error

Difference between the original analog signal and the


translated digital signal is called quantization error. 18
DELTA MODULATION

19
Delta Modulation (DM)

• In PCM all the bits which are used to code


the sample are transmitted.
• Hence signalling rate and transmission
channel bandwidth required are large.
• To overcome this problem DM is used.

20
Delta Modulation (DM)

• DM transmits only one bit/sample


• The present sample value is compared with
the previous sample value and the
indication whether the amplitude is
increased or decreased is sent.
• The input signal m(t) is approximated to
step signal by the Delta modulator.
• The step size is fixed.

21
Delta Modulation (DM)

• It is a scheme in which the difference signal


Δ (t) is encoded in to just a single bit.
• The single bit, providing for just two
possibilities, is used to increase or decrease
the estimate m՛(t).

22
Delta Modulator

23
Illustration

Figure shows the analog signal m(t) and its


staircasr approximated signal m՛(t) by the
delta modulator.
24
Advantages

Since it transmits only one bit for one sample,


signalling rate and transmission bandwidth
required is less.
Since there is no A to D conversion,
implementation of receiver and transmitter is
simple.

25
Disadvantages

At start-up, the rate of rise of m(t) is so high that, staircase


signal m՛(t) can not approximate or follow it, the step size Δ
becomes too small to follow the m(t). Thus there is a large
error. This is called slope overload distortion. (shaded in
figure)

26
Slope overload and Granular noise

27
Granular noise
Granular noise

If the step-size is made arbitrarily large to avoid slope-overload distortion, it may


lead to ‘granular noise’. Imagine that the input speech signal is fluctuating but very
close to zero over limited time duration.

This may happen due to pauses between sentences or else. During such moments,
our delta modulator is likely to produce a fairly long sequence of 101010....,
reflecting that the accumulator output is close but alternating around the input
signal.

This phenomenon is manifested at the output of the delta demodulator as a small


but perceptible noisy background. This is known as ‘granular noise’.

28
Adaptive Delta Modulation

29
Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM)

• Larger step size is required to accommodate


wide dynamic range of the input signal and
small steps are required to reduce granular
noise. This is achieved in ADM.
• In ADM step size is not fixed. Rather when
slope overload occurs the step size becomes
progressively larger, thereby allowing m՛(t)
to catch up with m(t) more rapidly.

30
Illustration- Block diagram of ADM

31
Illustration

• The processor has an accumulator and at


each active edge of the clock waveform,
generates a step Δ (which increases or
decreases the accumulator).
• The step size Δ is not of fixed size but it is
always a multiple of a basic step Δ0 .

32
ADM waveform

33
Advantages

• SNR is good compared to DM; due to


reduction in slope distortion and granular
noise.
• Utilization of bandwidth is better.

34
Q

35
ADM signal generation

36
Differential Pulse Code Modulation

37
Differential Pulse Code Modulation

• When a voice or video signal is sampled at a rate slightly higher


than the Nyquist rate, the resulting sampled signal is found to
exhibit a high correlation between adjacent samples ie; in average
sense signal does not change rapidly from one sample to the next,
with the result that adjacent samples the signal carry the same
Information with little difference.

• When these samples are encoded by standard PCM system,


the resulting encoded signal contains redundant information.

• If this redundancy is removed before encoding, it results more


efficient coded signal

38
Redundant information in PCM

39
DPCM Transmitter

40
41
42
DPCM Receiver

43
Comparison

44
Applications of DPCM
• The DPCM technique mainly used Speech, image and
audio signal compression. The DPCM conducted on
signals with the correlation between successive samples
leads to good compression ratios. In images, there is a
correlation between the neighboring pixels, in video
signals, the correlation is between the same pixels in
consecutive frames and inside frames (which is the same
as correlation inside the image).
• This method is suitable for real-Time applications. To
understand the efficiency of this method of medical
compression and real-time application of medical imaging
such as telemedicine and online diagnosis. Therefore, it
can be efficient for lossless compression and
implementation for lossless or near-lossless medical image
compression. 45
Characteristics

• DPCM (also DM) uses feedback


• DPCM (like DM) is subject to slope overload distortion,
whenever the input signal changes too rapidly for the prediction
filter to track it.
• Like PCM, DPCM suffers from quantization noise.

46
Comparison

47
Thank you

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