INTRODUCTION TO

CFD Module
Introduction to the CFD Module
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Part number: CM021302

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Aspects of CFD Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The CFD Module Physics Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Physics Interface Guide by Space Dimension and Study Type . . . 20
Tutorial Model — Backstep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Model Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Domain Equations and Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Tutorial Model — Water Purification Reactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Model Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Domain Equations and Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Notes About the Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

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4|
Introduction

The CFD Module is used by engineers and scientists to understand, predict, and
design for fluid flow in closed and open systems. At a given cost, these types of
simulations typically lead to new and better products and improved operations of
devices and processes compared to purely empirical studies involving fluid flow.
As a part of an investigation, simulations give accurate estimates of flow patterns,
pressure losses, forces on submerged objects, temperature distributions, and
variations in fluid composition within a system.

Figure 1: Streamlines and free-surface deformation for the flow around a torpedo.

The CFD Module’s general capabilities include modeling stationary and

time-dependent fluid flow problems in two- and three-dimensional spaces.
Formulations for different types of flow are predefined in a number of Fluid Flow
interfaces, which allow you to set up and solve a variety of fluid-flow problems.
These physics interfaces define a fluid-flow problem using physical quantities, such
as velocity and pressure, and physical properties, such as viscosity. There are
different Fluid Flow interfaces that cover a wide range of flows, for example,

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laminar and turbulent single-phase, multiphase, nonisothermal, and reacting
flows.
The physics interfaces build on conservation laws for momentum, mass, and
energy. These laws are expressed in terms of partial differential equations, which
are solved by the module together with the specified initial and boundary
conditions. The equations are solved using stabilized finite element formulations
for fluid flow, in combination with damped Newton methods and, for
time-dependent problems, different time-dependent solver algorithms. The
results are presented in the graphics window through predefined plots relevant for
CFD, expressions of physical quantities that you can freely define, and derived
tabulated quantities (for example, average pressure on a surface or drag
coefficients) obtained from a simulation.
The workflow in the CFD Module is quite straightforward and is described by the
following steps: define the geometry, select the fluid to be modeled, select the type
of flow, define boundary and initial conditions, define the finite element mesh,
select a solver, and visualize the results. All these steps are accessed from the
COMSOL Desktop. The mesh and solver steps are usually carried out
automatically using default settings that are tuned for each specific Fluid Flow
interface.
The CFD Module Application Library describes the Fluid Flow interfaces and
their different features through tutorial and benchmark examples for the different
types of flow. Here you find models of industrial equipment and devices, tutorials
for practice, and benchmark applications for verification and validation of the
Fluid Flow interfaces.
This introduction is intended to give you an accelerated start in CFD application
building. It contains examples of the typical use of the module, a list of all the
Fluid Flow interfaces including a short description of each, and two tutorial
models, Tutorial Model — Backstep and Tutorial Model — Water Purification Reactor,
to introduce the workflow.

Aspects of CFD Simulations

The physical nature of a flow field may be characterized by a set of dimensionless
numbers such as the Reynolds number, the Mach number, and the Grashof
number. A great deal of information about the flow field can be gained by
analyzing these numbers.
The Reynolds number, for example, expresses the ratio of the inertia forces to the
viscous (internal friction) forces. For vanishingly small values of the Reynolds
number, the inertia forces are negligible and the flow is reversible, in the sense that
reversed boundary conditions lead to reversed flow. The energy dissipation is
immediate. As the Reynolds number increases, viscous effects become more and

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more confined to boundaries, internal shear layers, and wakes. The relative size
and other characteristics of such regions are determined by the Reynolds number.
Eventually, for very large values of the Reynolds number, the flow becomes fully
turbulent. In contrast to laminar flow at high Reynolds numbers, viscous
dissipation is active everywhere in a turbulent flow field but is most effective on
the smallest flow structures. The energy is transferred from the large-scale flow
structures to the small-scale flow structures through a cascade of eddies. Due to
the requirement of resolving all these flow scales, direct numerical simulation of
industrially relevant turbulent flows is currently not a feasible approach. Instead,
turbulence models are applied when analyzing these flows. For very small values
of the Reynolds number the CFD Module offers the Creeping Flow interface; for
intermediate values, the Laminar Flow interface; and for large values, the
Turbulent Flow and Large Eddy Simulation interfaces.
You can use the Two-Phase Flow and Three-Phase Flow interfaces in the
Multiphase Flow branch to model moving, deformable interfaces separating two
or three different fluids. The other physics interfaces in this branch are mainly
intended for modeling suspensions of many particles, droplets or bubbles. Among
the latter, the Euler-Euler Model interface is able to handle high concentration
levels with frequent collisions, as well as transients in the relative velocity between
the phases (that is, non-vanishing ratios of the particle relaxation time to the
macroscopic flow time-scale). The Phase Transport, Mixture Model can be used
to model transport of multiple dispersed phases.
Temperature variations caused by heat transfer, compression work, or work done
by friction forces result in an inhomogeneous density field which may trigger
thermal convection. The significance of thermally induced buoyancy forces in the
momentum equation is characterized by the ratio of the Grashof number to the
square of the Reynolds number (for large Reynolds numbers), or of the Grashof
number to the Reynolds number (for small Reynolds numbers). For nonvanishing
values of this ratio, the Nonisothermal Flow interfaces are available.
The Mach number expresses the ratio of the speed of the fluid to the speed of
sound of the flowing medium. This dimensionless number measures the relevance
of compressible effects in the flow field, predicting occurrences of shock waves and
rarefaction waves. For Mach numbers greater than 0.3, the laminar, turbulent and
Euler equations versions of the High Mach Number Flow interfaces are available.
The Shallow Water Equations interface and the Thin-Film Flow interfaces provide
simplified, depth-averaged formulations for free-surface flows and lubrication
applications respectively.
For reacting flow and flow in porous media, the Chemical Species Transport, and
Porous Media and Subsurface Flow branches are available.
Contrary to experimental analyses, which are most often performed in a laboratory
where measurements are limited to a small number of points, a CFD simulation

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gives the “big picture” view of the flow field. A qualitative interpretation of the
flow and pressure fields is usually the first step toward creating or improving a
design.
Figure 2 shows the flow field around a solar panel. The presence of a wake in front
of the panel, caused by another panel in the solar power plant, may induce lift
forces that would not be present if the panel were analyzed alone.
Three-dimensional graphics such as surface, streamline, ribbon, arrow, and
particle-tracing plots, as well as animations that include any combination of the
aforementioned features, are examples of tools you can use for qualitative studies.

Figure 2: Turbulent fluid flow around a solar panel solved using the CFD Module.

In addition to the qualitative “big picture” view, simulations performed with the
CFD Module give accurate quantitative estimates of properties of the flow field,
such as the average flow at a given pressure difference, the drag and lift coefficients
around submerged bodies, or the air quality in a ventilated room.
Figure 3 and Figure 4, show the velocity and pressure fields in a cyclone simulation.
The centrifugal force, which is proportional to the square of the azimuthal velocity
component and the inverse of the radius, can be used to assess the separation
efficiency in the cyclone. In addition to separation and fractionation, cyclones may
be used for deflocculation, which can be modeled using the turbulent dissipation
rate.

8|
Figure 3: In-plane streamlines and pressure field for the flow field in a cyclone simulated using the v2-f
turbulence model.

Figure 4: Azimuthal velocity component below the vortex finder. The characteristic profile due to a free
vortex can be observed for larger radii.

The CFD Module has a vast range of tools for evaluating quantitative results. For
example, it comes with built-in functionality for evaluating surface and volume

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averages, maximum and minimum values, and derived values (functions and
expressions of the solution), as well as for generating tables and x-y plots. Derived
values such as drag and lift coefficients and other values relevant for CFD are easily
defined.
Qualitative studies typically form the basis for understanding, which in turn can
spark new ideas. These ideas can then lead to significant improvements to products
and processes, often in quantum leaps. Quantitative studies, on the other hand,
form the basis for optimization and control, which can also greatly improve
products and processes but usually do so through a series of many smaller steps.

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The CFD Module Physics Interfaces

The Fluid Flow interfaces in this module are based on the laws for conservation of
momentum, mass, and energy in fluids. The different flow models contain
different combinations and formulations of the conservation laws that apply to the
physics of the flow field. These laws of physics are translated into partial differential
equations and are solved together with the specified initial and boundary
conditions.
A physics interface defines a number of features. These features are used to specify
the fluid properties, initial conditions, boundary conditions, and possible
constraints. Each feature represents an operation describing a term or condition in
the conservation equations. Such a term or condition can be defined on a
geometric entity of the component, such as a domain, boundary, edge (for 2D
components), or point.
Figure 5 shows the Model Builder, including a Laminar Flow interface, and the
Settings window for the selected Fluid Properties 1 feature node. The Fluid
Properties 1 node adds the marked terms to the component equations in a
selected geometry domain. Furthermore, the Fluid Properties 1 feature may link
to the Materials feature node to obtain physical properties such as density and
dynamic viscosity, in this case the fluid properties of water. The fluid properties,
defined by the Water, liquid material, can be functions of the modeled physical
quantities, such as pressure and temperature. In the same way, the Wall 1 node
adds the boundary conditions at the walls of the fluid domain.

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 {

{
Figure 5: The Model Builder including a Laminar Flow interface (left), and the Settings window for Fluid
Properties for the selected feature node (right). The Equation section in the Settings window shows the
component equations and the terms added by the Fluid Properties 1 node. The added terms are
underlined with a dotted line. The arrows also explain the link between the Materials node and the values
for the fluid properties.

The CFD Module includes a large number of Fluid Flow interfaces for different
types of flow. It also includes Chemical Species Transport interfaces for reacting
flows in multicomponent solutions, and physics interfaces for heat transfer in
solids, fluids, and porous media found under the Heat Transfer branch.

12 |
Figure 6 shows the Fluid Flow interfaces as they are displayed when you add a
physics interface in 3D (see also Physics Interface Guide by Space Dimension and Study
Type for further information). A short description of the physics interfaces follows.

Figure 6: The physics interfaces for the CFD Module as shown in the Model Wizard.

S INGLE -P HASE F LOW

The Creeping Flow interface ( ) approximates the Navier–Stokes equations for
very low Reynolds numbers. This is often referred to as Stokes flow and is
applicable when viscous effects are dominant, such as in very small channels or
microfluidics devices.

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The Laminar Flow interface ( ) is primarily applied to flows at low to
intermediate Reynolds numbers. This physics interface solves the Navier–Stokes
equations for incompressible, weakly compressible, and compressible flows (up to
Mach 0.3). The Laminar Flow interface also allows for simulation of
non-Newtonian fluids.
The physics interfaces under the Turbulent Flow branch ( ) model flows at high
Reynolds numbers. These physics interfaces solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–
Stokes (RANS) equations for the averaged velocity and pressure fields. The
turbulent flow interfaces provide different options for modeling the turbulent
viscosity. There are several turbulence models available—two algebraic turbulence
models, the Algebraic yPlus and L-VEL models, and seven transport-equation
models, including a standard k-ε model, the Realizable k-ε model, a k-ω model,
an SST (Shear Stress Transport) model, a low Reynolds number k-ε model, the
Spalart–Allmaras model, and the v2-f model. Similarly to the Laminar Flow
interface, incompressible flow is selected by default.
The Algebraic yPlus and L-VEL turbulence models are so-called enhanced
viscosity models. A turbulent viscosity is computed from the local distance to the
nearest wall. For this reason, the algebraic turbulence models are best suited for
internal flows, such as in electronic cooling applications. Algebraic turbulence
models are computationally economical, and more robust but, in general, less
accurate than transport-equation models.
Among the transport-equation turbulence models, the standard k-ε model is the
most widely used since it often is a good compromise between accuracy and
computational cost (memory and CPU time). The Realizable k-ε model is similar
to the standard k-ε model but has built-in realizability constraints, resulting in
improved performance for certain flows, such as turbulent jets. The k-ω model is
an alternative to the standard k-ε model and often gives more accurate results,
especially in recirculation regions and close to solid walls. However, the k-ω model
is also less robust than the standard k-ε model.
The SST model combines the robustness of the k-ε model with the accuracy of the
k-ω model, making it applicable to a wide variety of turbulent flows. The Low
Reynolds number k-ε model is more accurate than the standard k-ε model,
especially close to walls.
The Spalart-Allmaras model is specifically designed for aerodynamic applications,
such as flow around wing profiles, but is also widely used in other applications due
to its high robustness and decent accuracy.
In the v2-f model, the turbulent viscosity is based on the wall-normal velocity
fluctuations, whereby wall blockage effects and low Reynolds number effects are
captured separately. The v2-f model also includes non-local effects of the
fluctuating pressure on the turbulent fields. Higher resolution is needed in the
near-wall region for the SST model, the Low Reynolds number k-ε model, the

14 |
Spalart-Allmaras model, and the v2-f model. Thus, the better accuracy provided
by these models comes at a higher computational cost.
The physics interfaces under the Large Eddy Simulation branch ( ) also model
flows at high Reynolds numbers. For these interfaces, the larger unsteady,
three-dimensional eddies are fully resolved whereas the smaller eddies are
modeled. The dependent variables, velocity and pressure, are divided into resolved
and unresolved scales, and are substituted into the Navier–Stokes and continuity
equations. The additional stress terms involving the unresolved scales are modeled
in various ways in the three different interfaces under this branch. For the Residual
Based Variational Multiscale (RBVM) interface and the Residual Based Variational
Multiscale with Viscosity (RBVMWV) interface, the unresolved scales are
modeled in term of the equation residuals, which means that, in the limit when all
scales are resolved, the simulation reverts to a direct numerical simulation (DNS)
of the Navier–Stokes and the continuity equations. The third interface uses a
Smagorinsky term to model the effect of the unresolved Reynolds stress on the
smallest resolved scales. This model reverts to DNS in the limit when the large
resolved scales comprise the whole spectrum of turbulent scales. The Large Eddy
Simulation interfaces are applicable to incompressible, three-dimensional,
time-dependent flows.
The Rotating Machinery interfaces ( ) combine the Single-Phase Flow
interfaces and a Rotating Domain, and are applicable to fluid-flow problems where
one or more of the boundaries rotate, for example in mixers and around
propellers. The physics interfaces support incompressible, weakly compressible
and compressible (Mach < 0.3) flows, laminar Newtonian and non-Newtonian
flows, and turbulent flow using the standard k-ε model or either of the two
algebraic turbulence models (Algebraic yPlus or L-VEL).
The Viscoelastic Flow interface ( ) is used to simulate incompressible isothermal
flow of viscoelastic fluids. It solves the continuity equation, the momentum
equation and a constitutive equation that defines the elastic stresses. There are
three predefined models for the elastic stresses: Oldroyd-B, FENE-P and
Giesekus.

M ULTIPHASE F LOW
The physics interfaces under the Bubbly Flow branch ( ) model two-phase flow
where the fluids form a gas-liquid mixture, and the content of the gas is less than
10%. There is support for both laminar flow and turbulent flow using extended
versions of the turbulence models that accounts for bubble-induced turbulence.
For laminar flow, the physics interface supports non-Newtonian liquids. The
Bubbly Flow interfaces also allow for mass transfer between the two phases.
The physics interfaces under the Mixture Model branch ( ) are similar to the
Bubbly Flow interfaces but assume that the dispersed phase consists of solid

| 15
particles or liquid droplets. The continuous phase has to be a liquid. There is
support for both laminar flow and turbulent flow. The Mixture Model interfaces
also allow for mass transfer between the two phases.
The Euler-Euler Model interface ( ) for two-phase flow is able to handle the
same cases as the Bubbly Flow and Mixture Model interfaces, but is not limited to
low concentrations of the dispersed phase. In addition, the Euler-Euler Model
interface can handle large differences in density between the phases, such as the
case of solid particles in air. This makes the model suitable for simulations of, for
example, fluidized beds. There is support for both laminar flow and turbulent flow
using either a mixture or phase-specific k-ε turbulence model.
The predefined multiphysics couplings, Phase Transport Mixture Model ( ),
couple a Laminar Flow or Turbulent Flow (RANS) interface to the Phase
Transport interface, providing mass-averaged formulations of the mixture model
interface that can handle an arbitrary number of dispersed phases.
The Nonisothermal Mixture Model ( ) interfaces couple a Laminar Flow or
Turbulent Flow (RANS) interface, the Phase Transport interface and a Heat
Transfer in Fluids interface using the three multiphysics coupling nodes:
Nonisothermal Flow ( ), Mixture Model ( ) and Nonisothermal Mixture
Model ( ). They can be used for studies of boiling and cavitation.
The Two-Phase Flow, Level Set interface ( ), the Two-Phase Flow, Phase Field
interface ( ), and the Two Phase Flow, Moving Mesh interface ( ) are used to
model two fluids separated by a fluid-fluid interface. The moving interface is
tracked in detail using either the level set method, the phase field method, or by a
moving mesh, respectively. The level set and phase field methods use a fixed mesh
and solve additional equations to track the interface location. The moving mesh
method solves the Navier Stokes equations on a moving mesh with boundary
conditions to represent the interface. In this case equations must be solved for the
mesh deformation. Since a surface in the geometry is used to represent the
interface between the two fluids in the Moving Mesh interface, the interface itself
cannot break up into multiple disconnected surfaces. This means that the Moving
Mesh interface cannot be applied to problems such as droplet formation in inkjet
devices (in these applications the level set or phase field interfaces are appropriate).
These physics interfaces support incompressible flows, where one or both fluids
can be non-Newtonian. The physics interfaces also support turbulent flow.
The Two-Phase Thin-Film Flow, Phase Field interfaces ( ) are multiphysics
interfaces which couple a Thin Film Flow interface to a Phase Field interface to
model two-phase flow in thin layers. Both of the coupled physics interfaces are
boundary physics interfaces, which means that the boundary level is the highest
level; they do not have a domain level.
The Laminar Three-Phase Flow, Phase Field interface ( ) models laminar flow
of three incompressible phases which may be either Newtonian or

16 |
non-Newtonian. The moving fluid-fluid interfaces between the three phases are
tracked in detail using the phase-field method.
The Phase Transport interface ( )can be used to model transport of an arbitrary
number of phases. The transport velocity must be obtained from one of the
momentum transport interfaces (that is, from the single-phase or multiphase flow
interfaces) or be specified manually.
The Phase Transport in Porous Media interface ( ) can be used to model
transport of an arbitrary number of phases in a porous medium. The transport
velocity is derived from an absolute pressure, which must be supplied.

P OROUS M EDIA AND S UBSURFACE F LOW

The Brinkman Equations interface ( ) models flow through porous media
where the influence of shear stresses is significant. This physics interface supports
the Stokes-Brinkman formulation, suitable for very low flow velocities, as well as
the full Brinkman equations including convective terms and Forchheimer drag,
which is used to account for effects at high interstitial velocities. The flow can be
either incompressible or compressible, provided the Mach number is less than 0.3.
The Darcy’s Law interface ( ) models relatively slow flows through porous
media for cases where the effects of shear stresses perpendicular to the flow are
small.
The Multiphase Flow in Porous Media interface ( ) can be used to model
transport of an arbitrary number of phases in a porous medium where the velocity
is obtained from Darcy’s law. This is a multiphysics interface for which the
couplings between fluid flow and phase transport are set up automatically.
The Two-Phase Darcy’s Law interface ( ) sets up two Darcy-law equations, one
for each fluid phase in the porous medium. It couples the two, for example using
a capillary expression. It is tailored to model effects such as moisture transport in
porous media.
The Free and Porous Media Flow interface ( )models porous media containing
open channels connected to the porous media, such as in fixed-bed reactors and
catalytic converters.

N ONISOTHERMAL F LOW
The Nonisothermal Flow, Laminar Flow interface ( ) is primarily applied to
model flow at low to intermediate Reynolds numbers in situations where the
temperature and flow fields have to be coupled. A typical example is natural
convection, where thermal buoyancy forces drive the flow. This is a multiphysics
interface for which the nonlocal couplings between fluid flow and heat transfer are
set up automatically.

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The Nonisothermal Flow, Turbulent Flow interfaces ( ) solve the
Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations coupled to heat transfer in
fluids and in solids. There is support for all the fluid-flow turbulence models – the
Algebraic yPlus model, the L-VEL model, the standard k-ε model, the Realizable
k-ε model, a k-ω model, an SST model, a low Reynolds number k-ε model, the
Spalart-Allmaras model, and the v2-f model.
The Nonisothermal Flow, LES interfaces ( ) couple one of the three LES
interfaces to a Heat Transfer interface. These interfaces are applicable to
incompressible flow, and buoyant convection can be modeled using the
Boussinesq approximation.
The Brinkman Equations interface ( ) couples the Brinkman Equations
interface to a Heat Transfer in Porous Media interface and automatically adds a
Porous Material node under Materials in the Model Tree.
The Conjugate Heat Transfer interfaces ( ) are also included with the CFD
Module and are almost identical to the Nonisothermal Flow interfaces. They only
differ in the default domain feature selected - Heat transfer in Solids instead of
Fluid.

H IGH M ACH N UMBER F LOW

The High Mach Number Flow, Laminar Flow interface ( ) solves the
continuity, momentum, and energy equations for fully compressible laminar flow.
This physics interface is typically used to model low-pressure systems, for which
the Mach number can be large but the flow remains laminar.
The High Mach Number Flow, Turbulent Flow interfaces ( ) solve the
continuity, momentum and energy equations for the averaged flow variables in
fully compressible turbulent flow, coupled to transport equations for the
turbulence quantities. There are two versions: one that uses to the k-ε turbulence
model and one that uses to the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model.
The Compressible Euler Equations interface ( ) solves the equations for
transient inviscid ideal gas flow where the velocity magnitude is comparable to the
speed of sound, that is, compressible flows in the transonic and supersonic range.
The Rotating Machinery, High Mach Number Flow interfaces ( ) combine the
High Mach Number Flow interfaces and a Rotating Domain, and are applicable
to fluid-flow problems where one or more of the boundaries rotate, for example
in turbines and around propellers. The physics interfaces support compressible,
laminar, and turbulent flow using the k-ε model or the Spalart-Allmaras model.

18 |
F LUID - STRUCTURE INTERACTION
The Fluid-Structure Interaction interfaces ( ) couple a Single-Phase Flow or
Two-Phase Flow, Phase Field interface to a Solid Mechanics interface for studies
of deformation induced by fluid forces.

T HIN -F ILM F LOW

The Thin Film Flow interfaces ( ) model the flow of liquids or gases confined
in a thin layer on a surface. Applying equations defined on a surface, these physics
interfaces compute the average velocity and pressure across the layer in narrow
planar structures. The physics interfaces are thus boundary physics interfaces,
which means that the boundary level is the highest level; they do not have a
domain level. The simulation of the flow of a lubrication oil between two rotating
cylinders is an example of a possible application for this physics interface.

S HALLOW W ATER E QUATIONS

The Shallow Water Equations interface ( ) models free-surface flows in 1D and
2D domains using a depth-averaged formulation. The interface is based on the
discontinuous Galerkin method (dG-FEM) and uses a time explicit solver.

R EACTING F LOW
The Laminar Flow interface ( ) and the Laminar Flow, Diluted Species interface
( ) under the Reacting Flow branch combine the functionality of the
Single-Phase Flow and Transport of Concentrated Species interfaces or Transport
of Diluted Species respectively. These physics interfaces are primarily applied to
model flow at low to intermediate Reynolds numbers in situations where the mass
transport and flow fields have to be coupled.
The Turbulent Flow interfaces ( ) and the Turbulent Flow, Diluted Species
interfaces ( ) under the Reacting Flow branch apply the Reynolds-Averaged
Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations together with the functionality in the Transport
of Concentrated Species interface or Transport of Diluted Species respectively.
They model mass and momentum transport in turbulent reacting fluid flow. The
supported RANS models include the standard k-ε model, a k-ω model, the SST
model, and a low Reynolds number k-ε model.

R EACTING F LOW IN P OROUS M EDIA

The Reacting Flow in Porous Media, Transport of Diluted Species interface ( )
and the Reacting Flow in Porous Media, Transport of Concentrated Species
interface ( ) model diluted and concentrated reacting mixtures, respectively,

| 19
transported by free and porous media flow. Effective diffusion coefficients in a
porous matrix can be calculated from the porosity.

Physics Interface Guide by Space Dimension and Study Type

PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE

DIMENSION

Chemical Species Transport

Transport of Diluted tds all dimensions stationary; time dependent

Species1
Transport of Diluted tds all dimensions stationary; time dependent
Species in Porous Media
Transport of Concentrated tcs all dimensions stationary; time dependent
Species
Transport of Concentrated tcs all dimensions stationary; time dependent
Species in Porous Media
Reacting Flow

Laminar Flow — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

axisymmetric
Laminar Flow, Diluted — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Species1 axisymmetric
Turbulent Flow

Turbulent Flow, k-ε — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

axisymmetric
Turbulent Flow, k-ω — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
axisymmetric
Turbulent Flow, SST — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Turbulent Flow, Low Re — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
k-ε axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization

20 |
PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE
DIMENSION

Turbulent Flow, Diluted Species

Turbulent Flow, k-ε — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

axisymmetric
Turbulent Flow, k-ω — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
axisymmetric
Turbulent Flow, SST — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Turbulent Flow, Low Re — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
k-ε axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Reacting Flow in Porous Media

Transport of Diluted rfds 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

Species axisymmetric
Transport of rfcs 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Concentrated Species axisymmetric
Fluid Flow

Single-Phase Flow

Creeping Flow spf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

axisymmetric
Laminar Flow1 spf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
axisymmetric
Viscoelastic Flow vef 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
axisymmetric
Turbulent Flow

Turbulent Flow, spf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;

Algebraic yPlus axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization

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PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE
DIMENSION

Turbulent Flow, L-VEL spf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;

axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Turbulent Flow, k-ε spf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
axisymmetric
Turbulent Flow, spf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Realizable k-ε axisymmetric
Turbulent Flow, k-ω spf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
axisymmetric
Turbulent Flow, SST spf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Turbulent Flow, Low Re spf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
k-ε axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Turbulent Flow, spf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Spalart-Allmaras axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Turbulent Flow, v2-f spf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Large Eddy Simulation

LES RBVM spf 3D time dependent

LES RBVMWV spf 3D time dependent

LES Smagorinsky spf 3D time dependent

Rotating Machinery, Fluid Flow

Rotating Machinery, spf 3D, 2D frozen rotor; time

Laminar Flow dependent
Rotating Machinery, spf 3D, 2D frozen rotor with
Turbulent Flow, initialization; time dependent
Algebraic yPlus with initialization

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PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE
DIMENSION

Rotating Machinery, spf 3D, 2D frozen rotor with

Turbulent Flow, L-VEL initialization; time dependent
with initialization
Rotating Machinery, spf 3D, 2D frozen rotor; time
Turbulent Flow, k-ε dependent
Multiphase Flow

Bubbly Flow

Laminar Bubbly Flow bf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

axisymmetric
Bubbly Flow, Turbulent Flow

Bubbly Flow, Algebraic bf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;

yPlus axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Bubbly Flow, L-VEL bf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Bubbly Flow, k-ε bf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
axisymmetric
Bubbly Flow, Realizable bf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
k-ε axisymmetric
Bubbly Flow, k-ω bf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
axisymmetric
Bubbly Flow, SST bf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Bubbly Flow, Low Re bf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
k-ε axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Bubbly Flow, bf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Spalart-Allmaras axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Bubbly Flow, v2-f bf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization

| 23
PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE
DIMENSION

Mixture Model

Mixture Model, Laminar mm 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

Flow axisymmetric
Mixture Model, Turbulent Flow

Mixture Model, mm 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;

Algebraic yPlus axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Mixture Model, L-VEL mm 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Mixture Model, k-ε mm 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
axisymmetric
Mixture Model, mm 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Realizable k-ε axisymmetric
Mixture Model, k-ω mm 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
axisymmetric
Mixture Model, SST mm 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Mixture Model, Low Re mm 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
k-ε axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Mixture Model, mm 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Spalart-Allmaras axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Mixture Model, v2-f mm 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Euler-Euler Model

Euler-Euler Model, ee 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

Laminar Flow axisymmetric
Euler-Euler Model, ee 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Turbulent Flow axisymmetric

24 |
PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE
DIMENSION

Phase Transport Mixture Model

Phase Transport, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

Mixture Model, Laminar axisymmetric
Flow
Phase Transport, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Mixture Model, axisymmetric time dependent with
Algebraic yPlus initialization
Phase Transport, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Mixture Model, L-VEL axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Phase Transport, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Mixture Model, k-ε axisymmetric
Phase Transport, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Mixture Model, axisymmetric
Realizable k-ε
Phase Transport, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Mixture Model, k-ω axisymmetric
Phase Transport, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Mixture Model, SST axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Phase Transport, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Mixture Model, Low Re axisymmetric time dependent with
k-ε initialization
Phase Transport, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Mixture Model, axisymmetric time dependent with
Spalart-Allmaras initialization
Phase Transport, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Mixture Model, v2-f axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Nonisothermal Mixture Model

Nonisothermal Mixture — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

Model, Laminar Flow axisymmetric
Nonisothermal Mixture — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Model, Algebraic yPlus axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization

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PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE
DIMENSION

Nonisothermal Mixture — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;

Model, L-VEL axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Nonisothermal Mixture — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Model, k-ε axisymmetric
Nonisothermal Mixture — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Model, Realizable k-ε axisymmetric
Nonisothermal Mixture — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Model, k-ω axisymmetric
Nonisothermal Mixture — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Model, SST axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Nonisothermal Mixture — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Model, Low Re k-ε axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Nonisothermal Mixture — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Model, Spalart-Allmaras axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Nonisothermal Mixture — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Model, v2-f axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Moving Mesh

Laminar Two-Phase — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent

Flow, Moving Mesh axisymmetric
Two-Phase Flow, Level Set

Laminar Two-Phase — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with phase

Flow, Level Set axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Level — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with
Set, Algebraic yPlus axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Level — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with
Set, L-VEL axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Level — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with phase
Set, k-ε axisymmetric initialization

26 |
PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE
DIMENSION

Two-Phase Flow, Level — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with phase

Set, Realizable k-ε axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Level — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with phase
Set, k-ω axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Level — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with
Set, SST axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Level — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with
Set, Low Re k-ε axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Level — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with
Set, Spalart-Allmaras axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Level — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with
Set, v2-f axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Phase Field

Laminar Two-Phase — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with phase

Flow, Phase Field axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Phase — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with
Field, Algebraic yPlus axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Phase — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with
Field, L-VEL axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Phase — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with phase
Field, k-ε axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Phase — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with phase
Field, Realizable k-ε axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Phase — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with phase
Field, k-ω axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Phase — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with
Field, SST axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Phase — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with
Field, Low Re k-ε axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Phase — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with
Field, Spalart-Allmaras axisymmetric initialization
Two-Phase Flow, Phase — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with
Field, v2-f axisymmetric initialization

| 27
PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE
DIMENSION

Two-Phase Thin-Film Flow Phase Flow, Phase Field

Two-Phase Thin-Film — 3D time dependent with phase

Flow, Shell, Phase Field initialization
Two-Phase Thin-Film — 2D, 2D time dependent with phase
Flow, Edge, Phase Field axisymmetric initialization
Three-Phase Flow, Phase Field

Laminar, Three-Phase — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent with phase

Flow, Phase Field axisymmetric initialization
Phase Transport

Phase Transport phtr 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

axisymmetric
Phase Transport in phtr 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Porous Media axisymmetric
Porous Media and Subsurface Flow

Brinkman Equations br 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

axisymmetric
Darcy’s Law dl all dimensions stationary; time dependent

Multiphase Flow in — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

Porous Media axisymmetric
Two-Phase Darcy’s Law tpdl 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
axisymmetric
Free and Porous Media fp 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Flow axisymmetric
Nonisothermal Flow

Laminar Flow(1,2) — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent;

axisymmetric Stationary, one-way NITF;
time dependent, one-way
NITF

28 |
PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE
DIMENSION

Brinkman Equations — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent;

axissymmetric stationary, one-way NITF;
time dependent, one-way
NITF
Turbulent Flow

Turbulent Flow, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;

Algebraic yPlus(2) axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization; Stationary,
one-way NITF; time
dependent, one-way NITF
Turbulent Flow, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
L-VEL(2) axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization; Stationary,
one-way NITF; time
dependent, one-way NITF
Turbulent Flow, k-ε (2) — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent;
axisymmetric Stationary, one-way NITF;
time dependent, one-way
NITF
Turbulent Flow, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent;
Realizable k-ε (2) axisymmetric Stationary, one-way NITF;
time dependent, one-way
NITF
Turbulent Flow, k-ω (2) — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent;
axisymmetric Stationary, one-way NITF;
time dependent, one-way
NITF
Turbulent Flow, SST(2) — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization; Stationary,
one-way NITF; time
dependent, one-way NITF
Turbulent Flow, Low Re — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
k-ε (2) axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization; Stationary,
one-way NITF; time
dependent, one-way NITF

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PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE
DIMENSION

Turbulent Flow, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;

Spalart-Allmaras(2) axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization; Stationary,
one-way NITF; time
dependent, one-way NITF
Turbulent Flow, v2-f (2) — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization; Stationary,
one-way NITF; time
dependent, one-way NITF
Large Eddy Simulation

LES RBVM — 3D time dependent

LES RBVMWV — 3D time dependent

LES Smagorinsky — 3D time dependent

High Mach Number Flow

High Mach Number hmnf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent

Flow, Laminar axisymmetric
High Mach Number hmnf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent
Flow, k-ε axisymmetric
High Mach Number hmnf 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
Flow, Spalart-Allmaras axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization
Compressible Euler cee 3D, 2D time dependent
Equations
Rotating Machinery, High Mach Number Flow

High Mach Number — 3D, 2D frozen rotor; time

Flow, Laminar dependent
High Mach Number — 3D, 2D frozen rotor; time
Flow, k-ε dependent

30 |
PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE
DIMENSION

High Mach Number — 3D, 2D frozen rotor with

Flow, Spalart-Allmaras initialization; time dependent
with initialization
Fluid-Structure Interaction

Fluid-Solid Interaction, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; stationary, one

Fixed Geometry2 axisymmetric way; time dependent; time
dependent, one way
Fluid-Solid Interaction, — 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent; time
Two-Phase Flow, Phase axisymmetric dependent with phase
Field, Fixed Geometry2 initialization
Thin-Film Flow

Thin-Film Flow, Shell tffs 3D stationary; time dependent;

frequency domain;
eigenfrequency
Thin-Film Flow, Domain tff 2D stationary; time dependent;
frequency domain;
eigenfrequency
Thin-Film Flow, Edge tffs 2D and 2D stationary; time dependent;
axisymmetric frequency domain;
eigenfrequency
Shallow Water Equations

Shallow Water swe 1D and 2D time dependent

Equations, Time Explicit
Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer in Fluids1 ht all dimensions stationary; time dependent

Heat Transfer in Solids and ht all dimensions stationary; time dependent

Fluids1
Conjugate Heat Transfer

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PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE
DIMENSION

Laminar Flow(1,2) — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent;

axisymmetric Stationary, one-way NITF;
time dependent, one-way
NITF
Turbulent Flow

Turbulent Flow, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;

Algebraic yPlus(2) axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization; Stationary,
one-way NITF; time
dependent, one-way NITF
Turbulent Flow, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
L-VEL(2) axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization; Stationary,
one-way NITF; time
dependent, one-way NITF
Turbulent Flow, k-ε (2) — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent;
axisymmetric Stationary, one-way NITF;
time dependent, one-way
NITF
Turbulent Flow, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent;
Realizable k-ε (2) axisymmetric Stationary, one-way NITF;
time dependent, one-way
NITF
Turbulent Flow, k-ω (2) — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary; time dependent;
axisymmetric Stationary, one-way NITF;
time dependent, one-way
NITF
Turbulent Flow, SST (2) — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization; Stationary,
one-way NITF; time
dependent, one-way NITF
Turbulent Flow, Low Re — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
k-ε (2) axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization; Stationary,
one-way NITF; time
dependent, one-way NITF

32 |
PHYSICS INTERFACE ICON TAG SPACE AVAILABLE STUDY TYPE
DIMENSION

Turbulent Flow, — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;

Spalart-Allmaras (2) axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization; Stationary,
one-way NITF; time
dependent, one-way NITF
Turbulent Flow, v2-f (2) — 3D, 2D, 2D stationary with initialization;
axisymmetric time dependent with
initialization; Stationary,
one-way NITF; time
dependent, one-way NITF
Heat Transfer in Porous ht all dimensions stationary; time dependent
Media
Mathematics

Moving Interface

Level Set ls all dimensions time dependent with phase

initialization
Phase Field pf all dimensions time dependent; time
dependent with phase
initialization
Phase Field Thin-Film pftffs 3D time dependent with phase
Flow, Shell initialization
Phase Field Thin-Film pftffs 2D, 2D time dependent with phase
Flow, Edge axisymmetric initialization
Ternary Phase Field terpf 3D, 2D, 2D time dependent
axisymmetric
1 This physics interface is included with the core COMSOL package but has added functionality
for this module.
2 This physics interface is a predefined multiphysics coupling that automatically adds all the

physics interfaces and coupling features required.

| 33
Tutorial Model — Backstep

This tutorial solves the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in a backstep

geometry. A characteristic feature of fluid flow in geometries of this kind is the
recirculation region that forms where the flow exits the narrow inlet region. The
application demonstrates the modeling procedure for laminar flows in the CFD
Module.

Model Geometry
The model consists of a pipe connected to a block-shaped duct (see Figure 7). Due
to symmetry, it is sufficient to model one eighth of the full geometry.

Wall
Outlet

Wall

Inlet
Symmetry

Figure 7: The model geometry showing the symmetry.

Domain Equations and Boundary Conditions

The flow in this model is laminar and you should therefore use the Laminar Flow
interface.
The inlet flow is fully developed, which will be specified by the corresponding inlet
boundary condition. This boundary condition computes the flow profile for fully
developed flow in a channel of arbitrary cross section. The boundary condition at
the outlet sets a constant relative pressure. Furthermore, the vertical and inclined

34 |
boundaries along the length of the geometry are symmetry boundaries. All other
boundaries are solid walls described by a no-slip boundary condition.

Results
Figure 8 shows a combined surface and arrow plot of the flow velocity. This plot
does not reveal the recirculation region in the duct immediately beyond the inlet
pipe’s end. For this purpose, a streamline plot is more useful, as shown in Figure 9.

Figure 8: The velocity field in the backstep geometry.

| 35
Figure 9: The recirculation region visualized using a velocity streamline plot.

The following instructions show how to set up the model, solve it, and reproduce
these plots.

Model Wizard

The first step to build an application is to open the COMSOL Desktop, then select
the physics interface and specify the type of analysis you want to do — in this case,
a stationary, Laminar Flow analysis.
Note: These instructions are for the user interface on Windows but also apply,
with minor differences, to Linux and Mac.
1 To open the software, double-click the COMSOL icon on the desktop. When
the software opens, you can choose to use the Model Wizard to create a new
COMSOL Multiphysics application or Blank Model to create one manually. For
this tutorial, click the Model Wizard button.
The Model Wizard guides you through the first steps of setting up an
application. If the COMSOL Desktop is already open, you can start the Model

36 |
 Wizard by selecting New from the File menu and then clicking Model
Wizard .
The next window lets you select the dimension of the modeling space.
2 In the Select Space Dimension window click the 3D button .
3 In the Select Physics tree under Fluid Flow>Single-Phase Flow click
Laminar Flow (spf) .
4 Click Add and then click the Study button .
5 In the tree under General Studies, click Stationary .
6 Click the Done button .

Global Definitions - Parameters

The first task is to define a parameter for the inlet velocity.

1 In the Home toolbar click Parameters and select Parameter 1 .
Note: On Linux and Mac, the Home toolbar refers to the specific set of controls
near the top of the Desktop.
2 In the Settings window for Parameters locate the Parameters section. In the
table enter the following settings:
- In the Name text field, enter v0.
- In the Expression text field, enter 1[cm/s].
- In the Description text field, enter Inlet velocity.

| 37
Geometry 1

You can build the backstep geometry from geometric primitives. Here, instead use
a file containing the sequence of geometry features that has been provided for
convenience.
Note: The location of the file used in this exercise varies based on your
installation. For example, if the installation is on your hard drive, the file path
might be similar to
C:\Program Files\COMSOL\COMSOL60\Multiphysics\applications\.
1 In the Geometry toolbar choose Insert Sequence .
2 Browse to the applications library folder and double-click the file
\CFD_Module\Single-Phase_Flow\backstep_geom_sequence.mph.
3 Go to the Home toolbar and click Build All .
The geometry sequence is now inserted into your component and should look like
the geometry in Figure 7.

Mate rials

1 In the Home toolbar click Add Material .

2 Go to the Add Material window. In the
tree under Built-In click Water, liquid.
3 In the Add Material window, click
Add to Component.
4 In the Home toolbar click Add Material
again to close the window.
The physical properties are now available
for the CFD simulation. The next step is
to specify the domain and boundary
conditions.

38 |
Laminar Flow

The Fluid Properties 1 node species the domain equations and by default uses the
material properties specified by the Water, liquid material selected in the previous
steps.

Inlet 1
1 On the Physics toolbar click Boundaries and choose Inlet .
2 Select Boundary 1, which represents the inlet.
3 Under Boundary Condition from the
Boundary condition list, select Fully
developed flow.
4 Locate the Fully Developed Flow
section. In the Uav text field, type v0
(which you defined as a Global
Parameter).

Symmetry 1
1 On the Physics toolbar click
Boundaries and choose
Symmetry .
2 Select Boundaries 2 and 3 only.

Outlet 1
1 On the Physics toolbar click
Boundaries and choose Outlet .
The default outlet condition specifies a zero relative pressure.
2 Go to the Settings window for Outlet. Select Boundary 7 only.
3 On the Settings window for Outlet, locate the Pressure Conditions section.
Select the Normal flow check box.

| 39
The sequence of nodes in the Model Builder under Laminar Flow should match
the figure. The ‘D’ in the upper-left corner of a node means it is a default node.

All other boundaries now have the default wall condition.

Me sh 1

1 In the Model Builder click Mesh 1 ..

2 In the Settings window for Mesh, locate
the Physics-Controlled Mesh section.
From the Element size list, choose Coarse.
The physics-induced mesh automatically
introduces a mesh that is a bit finer on the
walls than the free stream mesh.
3 Click the Build All button .

40 |
The figure below shows the boundary layer mesh at the walls. Zoom in to the
mesh using the zoom function on the Graphics toolbar to confirm that it
matches the figure.

Study 1

1 On the Home toolbar click Compute .

When Compute is selected, COMSOL Multiphysics automatically chooses a
suitable solver for the problem.

Results

Two plots are automatically created, one slice plot for the velocity and one
pressure contour plot on the wall.

Velocity (spf)
1 In the Model Builder under Results , expand the Velocity (spf) node.
2 Right-click Slice and choose Delete. Click Yes to confirm.
3 Go to the Velocity (spf) toolbar and click Surface .
- On the Velocity (spf) toolbar, click Arrow Surface .

| 41
4 Go to the Settings window for Arrow
Surface.
- Locate the Coloring and Style section.
From the Arrow length list, select
Logarithmic.
- From the Color list, select Yellow. Click
the Plot button followed by the
Zoom Extents button on the
Graphics window toolbar.
The plot in Figure 8 displays in the Graphics
window.
To see the recirculation effects, create a
streamline plot of the velocity field.

3D Plot Group 3
1 On the Home toolbar click Add Plot Group and choose
3D Plot Group .
2 Go to the 3D Plot Group 3 toolbar and click Streamline .
3 In the Streamline Settings window, scroll to the Selection section, and select
Boundary 1 (the inflow boundary) only.
4 In the Settings window for Streamline locate the Coloring and Style section.
From the Line type list, choose Tube.
5 Right-click Streamline 1 and choose Color Expression .

The plot in Figure 9 displays in the Graphics window.

42 |
Tutorial Model — Water Purification Reactor

Water purification is a multiple step process for turning natural water into drinking
water. At least one step must be a disinfectant step. One way to achieve efficient
disinfection in an environmentally friendly way is to use ozone. A typical ozone
purification reactor is about 40 m long and resembles a maze with partial walls or
baffles that divide the space into room-sized compartments (Ref. 1). When water
flows through the reactor, turbulent flow is created along its winding path around
the baffles toward the exit pipe. The turbulence mixes the water with ozone gas,
which enters through diffusers just long enough to deactivate micropollutants.
When the water leaves the reactor, the remaining purification steps filter off or
otherwise remove the reacted pollutants.
When analyzing an ozone purification reactor, the first step is to get an overview
of the turbulent flow field. The results from the turbulent-flow simulation can
then be used for further analyses of residence time and chemical species transport
and reactions. This step requires adding more physics features to the model. The
current application solves for turbulent flow in a water treatment reactor using the
Turbulent Flow, k-ε interface.

| 43
Model Geometry
The model geometry along with some boundary conditions is shown in Figure 10.
The full reactor has a symmetry plane, which is utilized to reduce the size of the
component.

Symmetry Outlet

Inlet

Figure 10: Model geometry. All boundaries except the inlet, outlet and symmetry plane are walls.

Domain Equations and Boundary Conditions

Based on the inflow velocity, which is 0.1 m/s, and a length scale L equal to the
diameter of the inlet, the Reynolds number is
U⋅L 0.1 ⋅ 0.4
Re = ------------- = ---------------------
- = 4 ⋅ 10 5
ν 1 ⋅ 10 – 6

Here ν is the kinematic viscosity. The high Reynolds number clearly indicates that
the flow is turbulent and a turbulence model must be applied. In this case, you will
use the k-ε model. It is commonly used in industrial applications, because it is both
relatively robust and computationally inexpensive compared to more advanced
turbulence models. One major reason to why the k-ε model is inexpensive is that
it employs wall functions to describe the flow close to walls instead of resolving
the very steep gradients there. All boundaries are walls in Figure 10 except the inlet,
the outlet, and the symmetry plane.

44 |
The fully developed flow option is used as inlet boundary condition. A constant
pressure is prescribed on the outlet.

Notes About the Implementation

A three-dimensional turbulent flow can take a rather long time to solve, even using
a turbulence model with wall functions. To make this tutorial feasible, the mesh is
deliberately selected to be relatively coarse and the results are hence not
mesh-independent. It is good practice to investigate the effect of refining the mesh
in order to ensure that the model is well resolved.

Results
The velocity field in the symmetry plane is shown in Figure 11. The jet from the
inlet hits the edge of the first baffle, which splits the jet. One half creates a strong
recirculation zone in the first “chamber”. The other half continues downstream
into the reactor and gradually spreads out. The velocity magnitude decreases as
more fluid is entrained into the jet.

Figure 11: Velocity field in the symmetry plane.

Figure 12 gives a more complete picture of the mixing process in the reactor. The
streamlines are colored by the velocity magnitude, and their widths are
proportional to the turbulent viscosity. Wide lines hence indicate a high degree of

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mixing. The turbulence in this model is mainly produced in the shear layers
between the central jet and the recirculation zones. The mixing can be seen to be
relatively weak near the entrance to the reactor and to increase further
downstream.

Figure 12: Streamlines colored by velocity. The width of the streamlines is proportional to the turbulent
viscosity.

Reference
1. https://www.comsol.com/stories/hofman_water_purification/full/

Model Wizard

The first step to build an application is to open COMSOL Desktop, then select
the physics interface and specify the type of analysis you want to do — in this case,
a stationary, Turbulent Flow, k-ε analysis.
1 Open COMSOL Multiphysics. On the New page click Model Wizard .
Then click the 3D button .
2 In the Select Physics tree under Fluid Flow>Single-Phase Flow>Turbulent
Flow, click Turbulent Flow, k-ε (spf) .

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3 Click Add and then click the Study button
4 In the tree under General Studies, click Stationary .
5 Click the Done button .

Global Definitions - Parameters

The first task is to define a parameter for the inlet velocity. Parameters can be used
to run parametric studies.
1 In the Home toolbar click Parameters and select Parameter 1 .
The Home toolbar refers to the specific set of controls near the top of the
Desktop.
2 Go to the Settings window for Parameters. In the table, enter the following
settings:
- In the Name text field, enter u_in.
- In the Expression text field, enter 0.1[m/s].
- In the Description text field, enter Inlet velocity.

G e o me t r y 1

You can build the reactor geometry from geometric primitives. Here, instead use
a file containing the sequence of geometry features that has been provided for
convenience.
Note: The location of the file used in this exercise varies based on your
installation. For example, if the installation is on your hard drive, the file path
might be similar to
C:\Program Files\COMSOL\COMSOL60\Multiphysics\applications\.
1 In the Geometry toolbar click Insert Sequence .
2 Browse to the applications library folder and double-click the file
\CFD_Module\Single-Phase_Flow\water_purification_reactor_geom
_sequence.mph.

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3 In the Home toolbar click Build All .
The geometry sequence is now inserted into your component and should look like
the figure below.

Mate rials

1 In the Home toolbar click Add Material .

2 Go to the Add Material window. In the tree under Built-In click
Water, liquid .
3 In the Add Material window, click Add to Component.
4 In the Home toolbar, click Add Material again to close the window.
The physical properties are now available for the CFD simulation. The next step
is to specify the domain and boundary conditions.

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T u rb u l e n t F l o w , k -ε

The Fluid Properties 1 node species the domain equations and by default uses the
material properties specified by the Water, liquid material selected in the previous
steps.

Inlet 1
1 In the Physics toolbar click Boundaries and choose Inlet .
2 Select Boundary 1, which represents the inlet.
3 In the Settings window for Inlet, locate the Boundary Condition section. From
the list, choose Fully developed flow.
4 Locate the Fully Developed Flow
section. In the Uav text field, type u_in.

Symmetry 1
1 In the Physics toolbar click
Boundaries and choose
Symmetry .
2 Select Boundary 3 only.

Outlet 1
1 In the Physics toolbar click
Boundaries and choose Outlet .
2 Select Boundary 28 only.
The sequence of nodes in the Model Builder under
Turbulent Flow, k-ε should match the figure. The ‘D’ in
the upper left corner of a node means it is a default node.
All boundaries not selected in Inlet 1, Symmetry 1, or
Outlet 1 now have the default wall condition.

Me sh 1

The physics-induced mesh automatically introduces a mesh that is a bit finer on

the walls than the free stream mesh. It also refines the mesh at sharp corners and
adds a boundary layer mesh. The finer mesh on the walls is not critical in this
model since most of the turbulence is produced in the shear layers between the jet
and the recirculation zones. The boundary layer mesh can also be coarsened in
order to save computational time.

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1 In the Model Builder under Component 1 click Mesh 1 .
2 In the Settings window for Mesh, locate the Physics-Controlled Mesh section.
From the Element size list, choose Coarser.

Size 1
1 Go to the Mesh toolbar and click Edit .
A mesh sequence as shown below appears. It contains suggestions made by the
physics interface. The asterisk on each of the mesh features indicates that the
features are not yet built.

2 Right-click Size 1 and choose Disable .

Boundary Layer Properties 1

1 In the Model Builder, expand the
Component 1>Mesh 1> Boundary
Layers 1 node, then click Boundary
Layer Properties 1 .
2 In the Settings window for Boundary
Layer Properties locate the Boundary
Layer Properties section.
- In the Number of boundary layers text
field, type 2.
- In the Thickness adjustment factor text
field, type 6.
3 Click the Build All button.
4 In the Model Builder, collapse the Mesh 1
node.

The mesh is now complete and should match the figure below. The mesh can
differ slightly depending on which computer architecture you use. The mesh in

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the figure is built on a Windows computer, and will look similar, but not identical,
if built on, for example, a Mac or Linux computer.

Study 1

Next, solve for the flow field. This takes approximately 15 minutes on a quad-core
desktop computer.
1 On the Home toolbar click Compute .
When Compute is selected, COMSOL Multiphysics automatically chooses a
suitable solver for the problem.

Results

Three plots are automatically created, one slice plot for the velocity, one pressure
contour plot on the walls and one boundary plot of the wall lift-off in viscous units
for the wall functions. The last one is important since it gives an indication of how
well resolved the flow is at the walls. See Theory for the Turbulent Flow Interfaces in
the CFD Module User’s Guide for further details on wall functions.
The following steps reproduce Figure 11.

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First, create a dataset that corresponds to the non-wall boundaries.

Datasets
1 On the Results toolbar click More Datasets and choose Surface .
2 Select Boundaries 1, 3, and 28 only which correspond to the non-wall
boundaries.

Velocity (spf)
1 In the Model Builder expand the Results>Velocity (spf) node.
2 Right-click Slice and choose Disable .
3 In the Model Builder click Velocity (spf) .
4 In the Settings window for 3D Plot Group locate the Data section. From the
Dataset list, choose Surface 2.
5 In the Velocity (spf) toolbar click Surface .
6 In the Settings window for Surface locate the Data section. From the Dataset
list, choose Exterior Walls.
7 Locate the Coloring and Style section.
- From the Coloring list, choose Uniform.
- From the Color list, choose Gray.
8 In the Velocity (spf) toolbar click Surface to generate a surface plot of the
velocity magnitude.
9 In the Velocity (spf) toolbar click Arrow Surface .
10In the Settings window for Arrow Surface,
locate the Coloring and Style section.
- From the Arrow length list, choose
Logarithmic.
- Select the Scale factor check box. In the
associated text field, type 1.4.
- From the Color list, choose White.

11In the Settings window for Arrow Surface,

locate the Arrow Positioning section. In
the Number of arrows text field, type 300.
12In the Model Builder click Velocity
(spf) .

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13In the Settings window for 3D Plot Group, click to expand the Title section.
- From the Title type list, choose Manual.
- In the Title text area, type Velocity field.

14Click the Plot button .

Also reproduce Figure 12 as follows.

1 In the Model Builder under Velocity (spf), right-click Surface 1 and choose
Copy .

3D Plot Group 4
1 In the Home toolbar click Add Plot Group and choose 3D Plot Group .
2 In the Model Builder right-click 3D Plot Group 4 and choose Paste
Surface .
3 In the 3D Plot Group 4 toolbar click Streamline .
4 In the Settings window for Streamline, go to the Selection section and select
Boundary 1 which is the inlet. The streamlines now start at this boundary.

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5 In the Settings window for Streamline:
- Locate the Streamline Positioning
section. In the Number text field,
type 45.
- Locate the Coloring and Style
section. Find the Line Style
subsection. From the Type list,
choose Ribbon.
- In the Width expression text field,
type spf.nuT*1[s/m]. The width
of the streamlines is set to the local
value of the turbulent viscosity and
the factor 1[s/m] is used to get the
right dimension.
- Select the Width scale factor check
box. In the associated text field,
type 100.
6 Right-click Results>3D Plot
Group 4> Streamline 1 and
choose Color Expression .
7 In the Settings window for Color
Expression, click to expand the Range
section.
- Select the Manual color range check
box.
- In the Minimum text field, type 0.
- In the Maximum text field, type 0.1.

8 In the Model Builder click

3D Plot Group 4 .
9 In the Settings window for 3D Plot Group, locate the Title section.
- From the Title type list, choose Manual.
- In the Title text area, type Streamlines colored by velocity. Width
proportional to turbulent viscosity.

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10In the 3D Plot Group 4 toolbar click Plot .

This concludes the introduction to the COMSOL CFD Module.

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