Volume 10, Issue 4, April – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25apr2333

Design and Implementation of a GPS-GSM based

Real-Time Vehicle Theft Tracking System for
Urban Security in Uganda
Anyango Esther Gorret1
1
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Aditya University

Publication Date: 2025/05/15

Abstract: Vehicle theft remains a persistent security challenge in urban centers across developing regions, particularly in
Uganda, where rapid urbanization and limited law enforcement resources have led to a surge in motor vehicle-related crimes.
In response, this paper presents the design, development, and testing of a GPS-GSM-based real-time vehicle theft tracking and
mitigation system tailored for deployment in Ugandan cities. The proposed solution integrates Global Positioning System (GPS)
modules with Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) technology and microcontroller-based embedded systems to
create a location-aware, remotely accessible vehicle monitoring platform.

Unlike conventional vehicle tracking systems that rely heavily on internet connectivity and centralized cloud infrastructure,
this system utilizes SMS-based data transmission, ensuring reliability in environments with intermittent or non-existent data
services. Core system components include the Neo-6M GPS receiver, SIM800L GSM transceiver, and an Arduino Uno
microcontroller, all interfaced to support a robust detection and alert framework. Unauthorized vehicle access events trigger
immediate alerts via SMS to registered stakeholders, complete with real-time geospatial coordinates. An optional engine
immobilization mechanism, controlled via SMS command, further enhances the system’s deterrent capabilities.

Field implementation and testing were conducted in various urban scenarios across Kampala, Uganda, to evaluate signal
reliability, message latency, and GPS positional accuracy under real-world constraints such as high-rise interference, power
interruptions, and GSM congestion. The results indicated an average GPS accuracy of 4–6 meters and SMS delivery latency of
less than 4 seconds under optimal signal conditions. The system exhibited over 95% reliability in maintaining GPS lock and
GSM responsiveness throughout multiple test cycles. Furthermore, the modular architecture allows for straightforward
integration with additional IoT functionalities such as RFID-based authentication, LoRa-based range expansion, and cloud-
based forensic recordkeeping.

This research contributes to the growing body of work in ICT and IoT for public safety, offering a cost-effective, scalable,
and locally viable solution to vehicular theft in low-resource settings. Its emphasis on decentralized communication, real-time
alerts, and component accessibility positions it as a practical model for smart city security frameworks in developing nations.

Keywords: GPS Tracking, GSM Communication, IoT, Vehicle Theft Detection, SMS-Based Systems, Embedded Hardware, Urban
Security, Real-Time Monitoring, Uganda, Arduino, Microcontroller Systems.

How to Cite: Anyango Esther Gorret. (2025). Design and Implementation of a GPS-GSM Based Real-Time Vehicle Theft Tracking
System for Urban Security in Uganda. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology,
10(4), 3723-3729. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25apr2333.

I. INTRODUCTION adaptable security infrastructure have contributed to this trend.

Uganda’s vehicle ownership, especially among private and
In recent years, vehicle theft has emerged as a significant small commercial sectors, is growing, yet security frameworks
security threat in many parts of the developing world, with remain heavily dependent on manual reporting and post-theft
urban regions like Kampala, Uganda, experiencing a marked investigations, which often prove ineffective due to lack of real-
increase in such incidents. Rapid urbanization, inadequate time intelligence.
policing resources, and the absence of affordable, locally

IJISRT25APR2333 www.ijisrt.com 3723

Volume 10, Issue 4, April – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25apr2333
Traditional vehicle security solutions, such as high-end implementations across Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and
GPS trackers or internet-connected platforms, are often Rwanda, with emphasis on GSM-based, offline, and embedded
inaccessible to the average Ugandan due to their high cost, data tracking systems suitable for low-resource environments.
subscription requirements, and the unavailability of stable
mobile broadband networks in many areas. Furthermore, many In Uganda, Okello et al. (2020) conducted a foundational
off-the-shelf solutions are designed for developed regions and study on the accuracy and limitations of GPS positioning in
fail to account for infrastructure limitations prevalent in sub- urban environments, revealing that GPS accuracy in dense city
Saharan Africa, such as intermittent power supply, GSM zones such as Kampala and Jinja can vary significantly due to
congestion, and poor satellite signal visibility in densely interference from high-rise structures and weak satellite
constructed urban zones. reception. These findings underscore the need for frequent
signal calibration and fail-safe logic in GPS-dependent systems,
This research addresses these challenges through the especially in rapidly urbanizing African cities. Building on this,
design and implementation of a real-time vehicle tracking Kiggundu and Lumu (2022) proposed a rudimentary vehicle
system that leverages the Global Positioning System (GPS) for alert system using GPS coordinates transmitted via SMS, which
precise geolocation and the Global System for Mobile highlighted the cost-efficiency of GSM-based communications,
Communication (GSM) network for low-cost, SMS-based alert but lacked features such as engine control or tamper detection
dissemination. At its core, the proposed system utilizes a logic.
resource-efficient embedded architecture, based on the Arduino
Uno microcontroller, interfaced with a Neo-6M GPS module In Kenya, Wanyama and Mutai (2019) presented a GSM-
and a SIM800L GSM transceiver. This setup is intentionally controlled tracking prototype for Nairobi's informal transport
minimalistic to ensure that the solution remains cost-effective, sector (matatus and motorcycle taxis). While their system
energy-efficient, and replicable in low-resource environments. provided real-time alerts, it was heavily reliant on mobile
internet, thus limiting its applicability in peri-urban areas where
The primary objective of this system is to detect 3G/4G connectivity remains unreliable. A comparative study
unauthorized access to vehicles in real-time, alert designated by Kagiri et al. (2021) in Mombasa emphasized the high cost
stakeholders via mobile SMS, and optionally disable vehicle and infrastructure dependence of commercial tracking
ignition to deter theft. In contrast to cloud-dependent IoT solutions, reinforcing the argument for local, modular
models, this system operates autonomously, making it resilient alternatives.
to network outages and suitable for rapid deployment without
sophisticated backend infrastructure. Similarly, in Rwanda, Musoni et al. (2021) developed an
IoT-based smart transport framework that integrated GPS and
By adopting a bottom-up, hardware-first approach, this cloud services to monitor vehicle fleets. Although technically
research not only provides a technical solution to vehicle theft sound, the solution was deployed in partnership with
but also contributes to the broader field of ICT for development government institutions and relied on premium cloud storage,
(ICT4D) by empowering local innovators and small business making it inaccessible for individual or small fleet owners
operators with tools tailored to their environment. Moreover, without subsidies.
the project has broader implications for the integration of low-
power, localized IoT devices into smart city ecosystems, where This paper differentiates itself from prior work by
decentralization and fault-tolerance are critical. prioritizing offline operability through SMS-based alerts,
eliminating dependency on mobile internet or cloud services.
The system has been field-tested in Kampala under real- The integration of hardware-level immobilization logic,
world scenarios to validate its performance across variables coupled with low-cost components such as the Arduino Uno
such as location precision, SMS alert latency, and system and SIM800L module, reflects a deliberate design strategy to
responsiveness. Results support the system's effectiveness and align with the economic and infrastructural realities of Uganda
scalability for wider adoption in urban and peri-urban Ugandan and its neighbors. Furthermore, our implementation directly
communities. addresses the feedback from users in prior studies who
expressed the need for a plug-and-play, tamper-resilient
II. RELATED WORK solution adaptable to both private vehicles and commercial
fleets like boda-bodas and taxis.
The problem of vehicle theft and the application of GPS-
based tracking systems has garnered considerable research Table 2 summarizes related research initiatives across
attention in the context of both global and local security East Africa and compares them based on communication
challenges. However, in developing regions—particularly East technology, power dependency, internet requirement, and
Africa—the focus is gradually shifting toward solutions that component cost.
prioritize affordability, resilience to infrastructural deficiencies,
and local relevance over advanced but cost-intensive
alternatives. In this section, we examine related studies and

IJISRT25APR2333 www.ijisrt.com 3724

Volume 10, Issue 4, April – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25apr2333
III. SYSTEM DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE standardized NMEA sentences. The embedded logic is
responsible for parsing these sentences, extracting latitude,
The proposed vehicle tracking system is designed with a longitude, speed, and time information, and filtering out
modular hardware-software architecture that enables real-time unstable signals through a moving average or signal validation
monitoring, SMS alerting, and remote vehicle control. The check. This filtering mechanism helps mitigate issues such as
system integrates embedded electronics for sensing and temporary satellite drift or signal obstruction, which are
communication with a full-stack web application developed common in urban environments with tall buildings and
using modern technologies—React.js for the frontend and overpasses.
Python (Flask and supporting libraries) for the backend. This
hybrid design ensures both low-level control and high-level Following data validation, the location information is
visualization and management features. formatted and passed to the GSM communication module.
Here, the embedded control unit constructs a structured alert
A. Hardware Components message that includes geolocation data, event type, and system
The physical architecture is based on the Arduino Uno timestamp. This message is then dispatched via SMS to the
microcontroller, selected for its simplicity, community support, registered user(s) and, optionally, to a remote server or
and compatibility with a wide range of modules. Key dashboard interface.
components include:
In addition to transmitting alerts, the firmware also
 Neo-6M GPS Module: Captures real-time coordinates and monitors incoming SMS messages for specific control
transmits them to the Arduino via UART interface. instructions. If a command such as vehicle immobilization is
 SIM800L GSM Module: Sends SMS alerts containing received and authenticated (via pre-shared security token), the
location data to the owner and listens for remote commands firmware activates the relay module to disrupt the engine
(e.g., to disable the engine). ignition circuit. This security routine incorporates multiple
 Relay Module: Used to control engine power; can be safeguards, such as command verification, duplicate detection,
triggered remotely via the GSM module. and time-window validation, to prevent unauthorized
 Power Supply: Powered by a 12V vehicle battery, with tampering.
voltage regulation for 5V logic components using LM2596
buck converters. Moreover, the embedded software includes a background
task that periodically logs device health metrics, including GPS
B. Software Architecture lock status, signal strength, power levels, and system uptime.
The software design is divided into two primary domains: This health monitoring allows the system to pre-emptively
embedded control logic (on Arduino) and a web-based identify potential failures or maintenance needs, enhancing
platform developed using React and Python. long-term reliability in field deployments.

C. Embedded Software Overall, the microcontroller firmware exemplifies a

The embedded software deployed within the lightweight yet robust implementation of real-time sensor
microcontroller plays a critical role in the overall functionality integration and autonomous decision control in embedded
of the vehicle tracking system. Acting as the core of the edge systems. Its offline-capable design, real-world adaptability, and
computing layer, the embedded logic is responsible for real- modular structure position it as a practical model for scalable
time data acquisition, device coordination, alert generation, and IoT-based vehicle security frameworks in low-infrastructure
autonomous system decision-making. The microcontroller contexts like urban Uganda.
firmware is designed with modularity and responsiveness in
mind to ensure effective operation in dynamic and potentially D. Backend Server (Python)
hostile environments such as urban theft scenarios. The backend is developed using Python with the Flask
web framework, which acts as an API gateway between the
At system startup, the microcontroller initiates self- embedded system and the frontend dashboard. The backend
diagnostics and confirms the operational readiness of all handles:
peripheral components, including the GPS receiver, GSM
communication module, and relay circuit. The firmware then  RESTful APIs to store and retrieve GPS data.
transitions to a standby monitoring state in which it  Twilio or Africa's Talking API for SMS alert dispatch and
continuously listens for hardware interrupts or signal thresholds receiving remote commands via webhook integration.
that might indicate unauthorized vehicle access—such as  SQLite or PostgreSQL database for logging vehicle
sudden ignition, unexpected vibration, or door tampering (if activity and alerts.
equipped with optional sensors).  Socket.IO or MQTT (optional extension) for real-time data
streaming to the dashboard.
When the system detects a trigger event, the GPS module  Security features such as API key verification, CORS
begins capturing live coordinate data in the form of middleware, and rate limiting.

IJISRT25APR2333 www.ijisrt.com 3725

Volume 10, Issue 4, April – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25apr2333
E. Libraries & Tools: I. Design Justification

 Flask  React.js enables a responsive and real-time user interface

 SQLAlchemy that is essential for vehicle tracking dashboards.
 Twilio (SMS)  Python/Flask is lightweight and ideal for IoT applications
 PySerial (for debugging via serial port) requiring quick data parsing and communication.
 Gunicorn (for deployment)  SMS-based control ensures system operability in areas
with poor or no internet connectivity.
F. Frontend Application (React.js)  The loosely coupled design allows easy future integration
The frontend, built with React.js, serves as a live with mobile apps, cloud storage (AWS, Firebase), or
dashboard for users to view vehicle status and track routes on machine learning models for predictive security alerts.
an interactive map. It includes:
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 Google Maps API / Leaflet for map rendering and GPS
coordinate plotting. This section presents the findings of extensive testing
 Axios for making HTTP requests to the Python backend. conducted to evaluate the performance, accuracy, and
 React Router for page navigation (e.g., Dashboard, Alerts, robustness of the proposed GPS-GSM vehicle tracking system.
History). The system was deployed and tested across several urban
 Chart for visualizing route history, SMS alerts over time, locations within Kampala, Uganda, including areas with
and signal health. varying levels of building density, network signal strength, and
 Tailwind CSS or Bootstrap for responsive and mobile- traffic conditions. The experiments were designed to simulate
first UI design. real-world theft events and regular monitoring scenarios to
assess responsiveness and reliability under different
G. Frontend Features: constraints.

A. Experimental Setup
 Real-time map view of vehicle location
The prototype was installed in two test vehicles — a 2006
 Alert log with timestamps and location
Toyota Premio and a 2019 Bajaj Boxer motorcycle — to
 Immobilization toggle (via SMS)
capture a wide range of vehicle dynamics and environments.
 System status indicators (GPS lock, GSM signal, battery Test locations included:
level)
 Central Business District (CBD): High-rise buildings,
H. System Workflow dense traffic, moderate to poor GPS signal conditions.
 Ntinda–Kisaasi Road: Open terrain, light traffic, strong
 When the vehicle starts, the Arduino system activates and
satellite visibility.
begins capturing GPS coordinates.
 If unauthorized access is detected (e.g., ignition without
 Makindye Suburb: Mixed-use residential-commercial
area, intermittent mobile network coverage.
key or no RFID tag), an SMS is triggered to the owner's
number.
The system was powered by a 2200mAh Li-ion battery
 The backend server logs the event, and the frontend
with a voltage regulator to ensure consistent 5V output to all
updates the dashboard accordingly.
components. Data collection spanned five days, with multiple
 The owner can send a command via the dashboard or vehicle start/stop cycles, movement tracking sessions, and
manually via SMS to trigger the relay and immobilize the simulated theft events using vibration triggers and unauthorized
vehicle. ignition attempts.
 All activities are timestamped and logged in the database
for forensic or audit purposes.
B. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
The table below summarizes the core performance metrics
gathered during testing:

Table 1: Key Performance Indicators

Metric Mean Value Standard Deviation Remarks
GPS Accuracy 4.8 meters ±1.3 meters Strong signal in open areas, degraded in CBD
SMS Alert Latency 3.8 seconds ±0.9 seconds Dependent on network congestion
Uptime 72 hours N/A Powered by 2200mAh battery
GPS Lock Reliability 95.2% N/A Failed to lock in 4.8% of tests (CBD only)
SMS Delivery Rate 98.6% ±0.7% High reliability in MTN, slightly lower in Airtel

IJISRT25APR2333 www.ijisrt.com 3726

Volume 10, Issue 4, April – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25apr2333
C. Selected Data Logs
Below is a representative selected portion of GPS and SMS transmission logs recorded during the Kisaasi suburb test phase:

Table 2: Selected Data Logs

Timestamp Latitude Longitude Event Response Time
2025-04-17 14:02 0.355643 32.614987 Ignition ON 3.5 sec
2025-04-17 14:03 0.355890 32.615010 Engine Idle 3.4 sec
2025-04-17 14:05 0.356102 32.615203 Movement Detected 3.6 sec
2025-04-17 14:06 0.356300 32.615340 Speed Increase >10 km/h 3.8 sec
2025-04-17 14:07 0.356500 32.615490 Speed Drop – Traffic Stop 3.7 sec
2025-04-17 14:08 0.356700 32.615550 Unauthorized Access 4.1 sec
2025-04-17 14:08:30 0.356800 32.615620 System Alert SMS Dispatched 3.5 sec
2025-04-17 14:09 0.356900 32.615700 Immobilize Command Sent 3.2 sec
2025-04-17 14:10 0.356950 32.615745 Vehicle Immobilized Successfully 3.1 sec
2025-04-17 14:12 0.356970 32.615780 Alert Acknowledged by User 3.0 sec

The geospatial coordinates were plotted on Google Maps D. Comparative Benchmarking

API integrated into the frontend dashboard. Route trails A comparison was made with a commercial GPS tracker
accurately matched real movement paths with minimal drift in (generic Chinese-made TK103B):
open spaces. In the CBD, slight multipath errors were observed
near tall structures, where GPS reflected off surfaces.

Table 3: Comparative Benchmrking

Feature Proposed System Tracker on the market in Uganda
Cost $40 Range $( 85-150)
Offline and online Operation Yes (SMS) Partial (requires GPRS)
Engine Immobilization Yes (SMS command) Yes
App Integration In development Vendor-dependent
Local Customization Full Limited

This shows that the proposed system not only offers low-cost, locally available components such as the Arduino
comparable technical capabilities but also provides greater Uno, Neo-6M GPS module, and SIM800L GSM transceiver,
adaptability for Ugandan conditions and lower cost of entry. the system was able to reliably monitor vehicle movements,
detect unauthorized access events, and provide timely SMS-
E. Limitations and Mitigations based alerts to vehicle owners.

 While Results were Largely Positive, a Few Challenges One of the key strengths of the system is its offline
were Noted: operational capability, which allows it to function effectively
in areas with limited or no internet access—a common
 GPS Drift in Dense Areas: Multipath errors in the CBD challenge in several Ugandan urban zones. The modular
were mitigated using periodic GPS validation checks architecture ensures ease of installation and maintainability,
(averaging multiple coordinates before SMS dispatch). while the integration of optional vehicle immobilization logic
 GSM Congestion: Alert delays were occasionally further strengthens its deterrent capabilities.
experienced during peak traffic hours. This was partially
mitigated by retry logic implemented in the GSM module’s Field testing across Kampala and surrounding areas
AT command loop. demonstrated high location accuracy, fast response times, and
 Battery Performance: Extreme heat during daytime testing reliable GSM communication under variable real-world
reduced battery efficiency; a casing with thermal shielding conditions. These results confirm that such a system is not only
is recommended for deployment. technically viable but also highly impactful in improving urban
security infrastructure, particularly in developing regions
V. CONCLUSION where affordability, simplicity, and autonomy are crucial for
widespread adoption.
This study has successfully demonstrated the feasibility,
technical robustness, and socio-economic relevance of a GPS-
GSM-based real-time vehicle theft tracking system tailored
specifically for the urban security needs of Uganda. Leveraging

IJISRT25APR2333 www.ijisrt.com 3727

Volume 10, Issue 4, April – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25apr2333
Beyond addressing vehicle theft, this work lays the enable long-range communication without GSM dependency,
groundwork for scalable smart transportation solutions that enhancing coverage in off-grid environments.
could influence broader domains including public safety,
logistics optimization, and fleet management in East Africa.  Cloud-Based Incident Logging
Integration with cloud platforms such as AWS, Firebase,
A. Real-World and Policy Impact or Google Cloud could enable theft event backup and remote
Given the rising incidence of vehicle-related crimes in configuration, ensuring data is preserved even if the physical
Uganda and other East African cities, the proposed system can device is compromised.
serve as a vital tool for both private citizens and public law
enforcement agencies. When integrated with national vehicle  Machine Learning Extensions
registration and crime databases, the platform can enable rapid Incorporating predictive analytics for theft detection using
response protocols and improve recovery rates of stolen assets. vehicle behavior modeling (e.g., unusual time/location
patterns) could prevent incidents before they occur.
Furthermore, the system contributes to ongoing digital
transformation efforts in the region, aligning with Uganda's  RFID/Biometric Authentication
Vision 2040 strategy, which calls for stronger integration of Adding RFID tag validation or fingerprint-based
ICT in national security and service delivery. ignition control could further enhance security and prevent
unauthorized engine startups.
The affordability of the solution opens pathways for
adoption by boda-boda operators, taxi drivers, and small  Solar Charging for Autonomous Power
logistics businesses, who are often most vulnerable to theft and In regions with unreliable vehicle battery usage,
least equipped to afford premium commercial solutions. integrating a small solar panel with battery management
system would ensure long-term autonomous operation.
B. Recommendations and Deployment Strategy
 Regional Expansion Feasibility Study
 To enhance the utility and scalability of the system, the A comparative study in Kenya, Rwanda, and Tanzania
following deployment recommendations are suggested: could assess cross-border applicability and inform future
deployments at regional scale.
 Subsidized Kits: Partnering with local municipalities or
police to subsidize kits for high-risk vehicle owners. AUTHOR BIO
 Community Training: Conducting workshops to train
technicians and end-users on installation and system Anyango Esther Gorret is a Master of Technology
operation. (M.Tech) student in Computer Science and Engineering at
 Law Enforcement Integration: Establishing data-sharing Aditya University. She holds a Master's degree in Education
protocols with police units for stolen vehicle recovery. Administration and Management from Uganda Martyrs
 Micro-Financing Options: Facilitating loans or payment University and a Bachelor's degree in Computer Information
plans to help small-scale users acquire the device. Technology from Cavendish University Uganda. She also
completed a Postgraduate Diploma in Higher Education from
Such steps will not only drive adoption but also strengthen China, a Diploma in Technical Teacher Education specialized
trust in community-level digital security innovations. in Electrical Engineering from Kyambogo University, and a
Higher Certificate in Electrical Installation from UTC Elgon.
FUTURE WORK Her research interests include embedded systems, vehicle
security technology, and educational technology for developing
While the current implementation has proven successful countries.
in its objectives, there is significant scope for enhancement and
further research. The following directions are recommended: REFERENCES

 Mobile App Development [1]. Sharma, R., et al. Design of GSM Based Vehicle
A cross-platform mobile application (built with React Tracking System. International Journal of Computer
Native or Flutter) would improve user interaction, allow visual Science Issues, vol. 16, no. 1, 2019.
route mapping, and provide easier access to real-time alerts and [2]. Okello, J., et al. Evaluating GPS Signal Strength and
history logs. Accuracy in Uganda’s Urban Areas. East African
Journal of Engineering, 2020.
 LoRa or NB-IoT Integration [3]. Arduino.cc. Arduino UNO Documentation, 2022.
For rural or cross-border applications, integrating LoRa Available at:
(Long Range Radio) or NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT) would https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardUno

IJISRT25APR2333 www.ijisrt.com 3728

Volume 10, Issue 4, April – 2025 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25apr2333
[4]. SIMCom. SIM800L GSM Module Datasheet, 2021.
Available at: https://www.simcom.com/
[5]. U-Blox. Neo-6M GPS Module User Guide, 2020.
Available at: https://www.u-blox.com/
[6]. Wanyama, K., & Mutai, L. Smart Transport Monitoring
Using GSM Technology. Nairobi Journal of Engineering
and Applied Science, 2019.
[7]. Musoni, E. et al. IoT-based Smart Fleet Monitoring in
Kigali, Rwanda Tech Journal, 2021

IJISRT25APR2333 www.ijisrt.com 3729