Chapter 2

MATHEMATICS AS
A TOOL (PART I)
 Lesson 4

DATA
MANAGEMENT
Intended Learning Outcomes
◦ Use a variety of statistical tools to process and manage
numerical data
◦ Use the methods of linear regression and correlations
to predict the value of a variable given certain
conditions
◦ Advocate the use of statistical data in making
important decisions
Lesson Coverage
◦Basic Statistical Concepts
◦Measures of Central Tendency
◦Measures of Dispersion
◦Measures of Relative Position
◦Probability and the Normal Distribution
◦Correlation and Linear Regression
◦Chi-square
BASIC STATISTICAL
CONCEPTS
Lesson Coverage 1
What is STATISTICS?
◦Plural meaning - it is a set of numerical data or observations
that are systematically collected and analyzed.

◦Singular meaning - it is defined as a branch of science which

deals with the collection, presentation, analysis of data and
interpretation of results.
What is STATISTICS?
◦Plural meaning - it is a set of numerical data or observations
that are systematically collected and analyzed.

◦Singular meaning - it is defined as a branch of science which

deals with the collection, presentation, analysis of data and
interpretation of results.
What is STATISTICS?
◦Plural meaning - it is a set of numerical data or observations
that are systematically collected and analyzed.

◦Singular meaning - it is defined as a branch of science which

deals with the collection, presentation, analysis of data and
interpretation of results.
 Two Major Fields of Statistics
APPLIED THEORETICAL/MATHEMATICAL

◦Concerned with the procedures ◦Concerned with the

and techniques used in the development of the
collection, presentation, mathematical foundations of
organization, analysis, and the methods used in applied
interpretation of data. statistics.
Under Applied Statistics:
Descriptive Inferential
◦Includes all the techniques used ◦Includes all the techniques used
in organizing, summarizing and in analyzing the sample data
presenting the data on hand that will lead to generalizations
without drawing conclusion or about a population from which
inferences about a large group. the sample came from.
Under Applied Statistics:
Descriptive Inferential
◦Includes all the techniques used ◦Includes all the techniques used
in organizing, summarizing and in analyzing the sample data
presenting the data on hand that will lead to generalizations
without drawing conclusion or about a population from which
inferences about a large group. the sample came from.
Examples:
Descriptive Inferential
◦The head nurse wants to ◦The head nurse wants to
determine the number of infer whether the number
COVID-19 patients for the of COVID-19 patients for
past 3 months. the past 3 months
significantly differ between
genders .
Examples:
Descriptive Inferential
◦A businessman wants to ◦The businessman wants
know his profit for the to estimate his profit for
past 6 months. the next 6 months.
 Examples:
Descriptive Inferential
◦Dr. Reyes wants to identify ◦Dr. Reyes wants to
her students’ performances conclude whether her
in Statistics and students’ performance in
Mathematics respectively. Statistics is significantly
related to their performance
in Mathematics.
Let’s Do These:
Identify the given statements as descriptive or inferential.

1. A prediction whether it will rain tomorrow or not. inferential

2. The average age of students in a statistics class over 22 years. descriptive
3. Forecast of the direction of typhoon Ulysses. inferential
4. A pie graph of number of students enrolled in online and
modular classes. descriptive
5. A table presenting the number of passers per school in a descriptive
recently release board examination.
Population vs Sample
◦Population - is the totality of elements under consideration
in a statistical investigation. The specific characteristic of the
population is described using the summary measure called
parameter.
◦Sample - is a subset of a population. The specific
characteristic of the sample is described using the summary
measure called statistic.
Population vs Sample
Population Sample
◦All students enrolled at ◦Statistics major students
Cebu Technological enrolled at Cebu
University Technological
University
Population vs Sample
Population Sample
◦All applicants of Senior ◦Male applicants of
High School Senior High School
Population vs Sample
Population Sample
◦All residents of ◦DSWD 4P’s-recipient
Municipality of residents of Municipality
Tabogon of Tabogon.
Let’s Do These:
A factory overseer selects 40 threaded rods at
random from those produced that week at the
factory, then she tests their tensile strength.
Which of these is the appropriate population and sample to be considered?
All threaded rods ever produced The threaded rods produced at
at the factory. the factory that week.
The threaded rods produced at All threaded rods ever produced
the factory that week. at the factory.

All threaded rods in the world. The 40 threaded rods selected.

A group of librarians is interested in the numbers of books and other
media that patrons check out from their library. They examine the
checkout records of 150 randomly selected adult patrons.
Which of these is the appropriate population and sample to be considered?

The population is all adult patrons of the library; the

sample is the 150 patrons selected.
The population is all patrons of the library; the sample
is the adult patrons of the library

The population is all patrons who check out at least 1 book

from the library; the sample is the 150 patrons selected.
Variables and Their
Classifications
◦A variable is a characteristic,
description, or attribute of persons
or objects which assumes different
values or labels.
Classification of Variables
Qualitative Quantitative
◦yields categorical responses. ◦yields numerical responses
Answers, “what kind”. representing an amount or
◦Example: civil status, religious quantity. Answers, “how much”
affiliations, citizenship, etc. or “how many”.
◦Example: no. of children in the
family, blood pressure,
temperature, etc.
Classification of Quantitative Variables
Discrete Continuous
◦pertains to the principle of ◦assumes values which are
counting. associated with points on an
◦No. of students interval of the number line.
◦No. of patients ◦Also pertains to the process of
measurement with corresponding
units.
◦Height, weight, temperature, etc.
Four (4) Levels of Measurement
Nominal categorizing subjects into groups or categories

Ordinal ranked categorical data

numeric in nature and the distances any two
Interval
numbers are known.
Ratio
numeric in nature and has an absolute
zero point.
Four (4) Levels of Measurement
Nominal Type of cars, gender of respondents

Ordinal Degree of effectiveness, satisfactory evaluation

Interval IQ score, temperature (Fahrenheit and Celsius)

Ratio Age, income, examination scores

 Let’s Do These:
Discrete Nominal
Qualitative Continuous Ordinal
Quantitative (only when given is Interval
Classify the given as: quantitative)
Ratio

1. Number of siblings
Quantitative Discrete Ratio
in the family

2. ID Number Qualitative NA Nominal

3. Performance in
Statistics Qualitative NA Ordinal
(BA, A, AA)
 Let’s Do These:
Discrete Nominal
Qualitative Continuous Ordinal
Quantitative (only when given is Interval
Classify the given as: quantitative)
Ratio

4. Raw score in
Quantitative Discrete Ratio
Statistics

5. Combined Monthly Quantitative Continuous Ratio

Income of Family

6. Body temperature Quantitative Continuous Interval

BASIC STATISTICAL CONCEPTS

ARVIN B. SALERA
Presenter