MARUDHAR KESARI JAIN COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, VANIYAMBADI

DEPARTMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

1st B.Sc. Artificial Intelligence
Semester - II E-Notes
(Study Material)

Core Course -1: PYTHON PROGRAMMING Code:24UAIC 21

Unit: 2 Selection/Conditional Branching statements: if, if-else, nested if and if-elif-else statements.
Iterative Statements: while loop, for loop, else suite in loop and nested loops. Jump Statements:
continue and pass statements.

Learning Objectives: Understanding Decision and Looping statements, Functions

Course Outcome: Develop program using selection statement, Work with Looping and
jump statements, Do programs on Loops and jump statements.

Python Control Statements

In any programming language a program may execute sequentially, selectively or
iteratively. Every programming language provides constructs to support Sequence, Selection and
Iteration. In Python all these construct can broadly categorized in 2 categories.

A. Conditional Control Construct

(Selection, Iteration)

B. Un- Conditional Control Construct (pass, break,

continue, exit(), quit())

Python have following types of control statements

1. Selection ( branching) Statement

2. Iteration ( looping) Statement

3. Jumping (break / continue)Statement
Python Selection Statements
Python have following types of selection statements

1. if statement
2. if else statement
3. Ladder if else statement (if-elif-else)
4. Nested if statement
Python If statements
This construct of python program consist of one if condition with one block of statements.
When conditionbecomes true then executes the block given below it.
Syntax:
if ( condition):
…………………..

…………………..

………………….. Flow Chart: it is a graphical

representation of steps an
Flowchart algorithm to solve a problem.

Example:
Age=int(input(“Enter Age: “))If (
age>=18):
Print(“You are eligible for vote”)

If(age<0):
Print(“You entered Negative Number”)

Python if - else statements

This construct of python program consist of one if condition with two blocks. When
condition becomes true then executes the block given below it. If condition evaluates result
as false, it will executes the blockgiven below else.
Syntax:
if ( condition):
…………………..
else:
…………………..

Flowchart

Example-1:
Age=int(input(“Ent
er Age: “))

if ( age>=18):
print(“You are eligible for vote”)
else:
print(“You are not eligible for vote”)

Example-2:
N=int(input(“Enter
Number: “))
if(n%2==0):
print(N,“ is Even Number”)

Else:
print(N,“ is Odd Number”)
Python Ladder if else statements (if-elif-else)
This construct of python program consist of more than one if condition.When first condition
evaluates result as true then executes the block given below it. If condition evaluates result
as false, it transfer the control at else part to test another condition. So, it is multi-decision
making construct.

Syntax:
if ( condition-1):
…………………..
………………….
.elif (condition-2):
…………………..
………………….
.elif (condition-3):
…………………..
…………………..
else:
…………………..
…………………..
Example:
num=int(input(“Enter Number: “))If (
num>=0):
Print(“You entered positive number”)elif ( num<0):
Print(“You entered Negative number”)
else:
Print(“You entered Zero ”)
Python Nested if statements

It is the construct where one if condition take part inside of other if condition. This construct
consist of more than one if condition. Block executes when condition becomes false and next
condition evaluateswhen first condition became true.
So, it is also multi-decision making construct.

Syntax: Flow Chart

if ( condition-1):
if (condition-2):
……………
……………
else:
……………
……………
else:
…………………..
…………………..

Example:
num=int(input(“Enter Number: “))If (
num<=0):
if ( num<0):
Print(“You entered Negative number”)
else:
Print(“You entered Zero ”)
else:
Print(“You entered Positive number”)
 Program: find largest number out of given three numbersx=int(input("Enter First Number:
"))
y=int(input("Enter Second Number: "))
z=int(input("Enter Third Number: ")) if(x>y and
x>z):
largest=x elif(y>x
and y>z):
largest=y elif(z>x
and z>y):
largest=z
print("Larest Value in %d, %d and %d is: %d"%(x,y,z,largest))

Program: calculate simple interest Formula:

principle x (rate/100) x time
p=float(input("Enter principle amount: "))r=float(input("Enter
rate of interest: ")) t=int(input("Enter time in months: "))
si=p*r*t/100
print("Simple Interest=",si)

Program: calculate EMI

Input the following to arrive at your Equal Monthly Installment -EMI:

1. Loan Amount: Input the desired loan amount that you wish toavail.
2. Loan Tenure (In Years): Input the desired loan term for which youwish to avail the loan.
3. Interest Rate (% P.A.): Input interest rate.4. EMI=[
[P*R*(1+R)N] / [(1+R)N-1] ]

P=int(input("Enter loan amount: "))

YR=float(input("Enter rate of interest P.A. : "))
T=int(input("Enter tenure(Installments) in years: "))
MR=YR/(12*100) # Monthly Rate
EMI=(P*MR*(1+MR)**T)/(((1+MR)**T)-1)
print("Principle Amount: ",P) print("Rate of
Interest(Yearly): ",YR)print("No. of
Installments: ",T) print("EMI Amount:
",EMI)

Program: Sorting of three number. (Ascending and Descending)

x=int(input("Enter First Number: "))
y=int(input("Enter Second Number: "))
z=int(input("Enter Third Number: "))
min=max=mid=None
if(x>=y and x>=z):
if(y>=z):
min,mid,max=z,y,xelse:
min,mid,max=y,z,x
elif(y>=x and y>=z):
if(x>=z):
min,mid,max=z,x,y
else:
min,mid,max=x,z,y
elif(z>=x and z>=y):
if(x>=y):
min,mid,max=y,x,z
else:
min,mid,max=x,y,z
print("Numbers in Ascending Order: ",min,mid,max) print("Numbers in
Descending Order: ",max,mid,min)
Program: Absolute Value
Absolute value of a given number is always measured as positivenumber. This number is
the distance of given number from the 0(Zero). The input value may be integer, float or
complex number in Python. The absolute value of given number may be integer or float.

(i). Absolute Value of -5 is 5 (ii) Absolute Value of -3 is 3 (iii) Absolute Value of 4 is 4

n=float(input("Enter a number to find absolute value: "))

print("Absolute Value using abs(): ",abs(n))
if(n-int(n)>=0 or n-int(n)<=0): # This code is used to identify that number is float or int type.
pass
else:
n=int(n)
if(n<0):
print("Absolute Value= ",n*-1)
else:
print("Absolute Value= ",n)
Program: Calculate the Total selling price after levying the GST (Goodsand Service Tax) as
CGST and SGST on sale.
CGST (Central Govt. GST), SGST (State Govt. GST)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Sale amount CGST Rate SGST Rate
- ------------------------------------------------------------------ 0-50000
5% 5%
Above 50000 18% 18%
--------------------------------------------------------------------
amt=float(input("Enter total Sale Amount: "))
if(amt<=50000):
rate=5
else:
rate=18 cgst=sgst=amt*rate/100
tot_amt=amt+cgst+sgst
print("Amount of Sale: ",amt)
print("GST rate of Sale: ",rate)
print("CGST of Sale: ",cgst)
print("SGST of Sale: ",sgst)
print("Total Payable Amount of Sale: ",tot_amt)
Python Iteration Statements

The iteration (Looping) constructs mean to execute the block of statements again and again
depending upon the result of condition. This repetition of statements continues till condition
meets True result.As soon as condition meets false result, the iteration stops.
Python supports following types of iteration statements

1. while
2. for
Four Essential parts of Looping:

i. Initialization of control variable

ii. Condition testing with control variable
iii. Body of loop Construct
iv. Increment / decrement in control variable

Python while loop

The while loop is conditional construct that executes a block of statements again and again
till given condition remains true. Whenever condition meets result false then loop will
terminate.
Syntax:

Initialization of control variablewhile

(condition):
…………………..
Updation in control variable
..…………………
Flowchart

Example: print 1 to 10 numbersnum=1

# initialization
while(num<=10): # condition testing
print(num, end=” “)
Body of loop
num + = 1 # Increment

Example: Sum of 1 to 10 numbers.

num=1
sum=0
while(num<=10):
sum + = num
num + = 1
print(“The Sum of 1- 10 numbers: “,sum)
Example: Enter per day sale amount and find average sale for a week.
 Python range( ) Function

The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and
increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number. The common format of
range() is as given below:

range ( start value, stop value, step value )

Where all 3 parameters are of integer typeStart

value is Lower Limit Start and Step Parameters are
Stop value is Upper Limit optional default value will be as
Step value is Increment / Decrement
Start=0 and Step=1

Note: The Lower Limit is included but Upper Limit is not included in result.
Example
range(5) => sequence of 0,1,2,3,4
range(2,5) => sequence of 2,3,4 range(1,10,2)
=> sequence of 1,3,5,7,9range(5,0,-
1) => sequence of 5,4,3,2,1
range(0,-5) => sequence of [ ] blank list (default Step is +1)
range(0,-5,-1) => sequence of 0, -1, -2, -3, -4
range(-5,0,1) => sequence of -5, -4, -3, -2, -1
range(-5,1,1) => sequence of -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0

L=list(range(1,20,2)
Print(L) Output: [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19]
 Python for loop

A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a string etc.)
With for loop we can execute a set of statements, and for loop can also execute once for
each element in a list, tuple, set etc.

Example: print 1-10 numbers Example: print 10-1 numbersfor

num in range(1,11,1): for num in range(10,0,-1):

print(num, end=” “) print(num, end=” “)

Output: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Output: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Print each element in a fruit list:

fruits = ["mango", "apple", "grapes", "cherry"]for
x in fruits:
print(x)

output: Membership Operators:

mango
apple The “in” and “not in” are membership
grapes
cherry operators. These operators check either
for x in given value is available in sequence or not.
"TIGER":
print(x)
The “in” operator returns Boolean True
output: result if value exist in sequence otherwise
T
I
returns Boolean False.
G
E
The “not in” operator also returns Boolean
R True / False result but it works opposite to
“in” operator.
else in for Loop

The else keyword in for loop specifies a block of code to be executed when theloop is
finished:

for x in range(4):
print(x, end=” “)
else:
print("\nFinally finished!")

output: 0 1 2 3
Finally finished!

Nested Loops

A nested loop is a loop inside another loop.

city = ["Jaipur", "Delhi", "Mumbai"]

fruits = ["apple", "mango", "cherry"]for
x in city:
for y in fruits:
print(x, “:”,y)

output: Jaipur

: apple
Jaipur : mango
Jaipur : cherry
Delhi : apple Delhi
: mango Delhi :
cherry Mumbai :
apple Mumbai :
mangoMumbai :
cherry
 Un- Conditional Control Construct
(pass, break, continue, exit(), quit())

pass Statement (Empty Statement)

The pass statement do nothing, but it used to complete the syntax of programming concept.
Pass is useful in the situation where user does not requires any action but syntax requires a
statement. The Python compiler encounters pass statement then it do nothing but transfer
the control in flow ofexecution.

a=int(input("Enter first Number: "))

b=int(input("Enter Second Number: "))
if(b==0):
pass
else:
print("a/b=",a/b)

for x in [0, 1, 2]:

pass
Jumping Statements

break Statement

The jump- break statement enables to skip over a part of code that used in loop even if the
loop condition remains true. It terminates tothat loop in which it lies. The execution
continues from the statement which find out of loop terminated by break.

n=1
while(n<=5):
print("n=",n) Output:
k=1 n= 1
while(k<=5):
if(k==3): k= 1 k= 2
break n= 2
print("k=",k, end=" ")
k+=1
k= 1 k= 2
n+=1 n= 3
print() k= 1 k= 2
Exit the loop when xis "banana": n= 4
k=x 1in k=
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] for 2
fruits:
if x == "banana":break n= 5
print(x) k= 1 k= 2
output: apple
Continue Statement

Continue statement is also a jump statement. With the help ofcontinue statement, some of
statements in loop, skipped overand starts the next iteration. It forcefully stop the current
iteration and transfer the flow of control at the loop controlling condition.

i=0
while i <=10:i+=1
if (i%2==1):
continue print(I,
end=” “)
output: 2 4 6 8 10

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]for x in fruits:

if x == "banana":
continue
print(x)
output:
apple
cherry