Python Data Structure

By
Dr. Yogesh Rajput
Python Data Structures

Dr. Yogesh M. Rajput 2

 Strings

• Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation

marks, or double quotation marks.

• 'hello' is the same as "hello".

• You can display a string with the print() function:

Dr. Yogesh M. Rajput 3

 Assign String to a Variable

• Assigning a string to a variable is done with the variable name

followed by an equal sign and the string:

a = "Hello"
print(a)

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 Slicing Strings
• We can return a range of characters by using the slice syntax.

• Specify the start index and the end index, separated by a

colon, to return a part of the string.

a = "Hello, World!"
print(a[2:5])

Note: The first character has index 0.

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 Slice From the Start

• By leaving out the start index, the range will start at the first
character:

• Get the characters from the start to position 5.

a = "Hello, World!"
print(a[:5])

Note: The first character has index 1.

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 Slice To the End

• By leaving out the end index, the range will go to the end:

• Get the characters from position 2, and all the way to the end.

a = "Hello, World!"
print(a[2:])

Note: Display from index 3.

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String format() Method

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 String format() Method

• The format() method formats the specified value(s) and insert

them inside the string's placeholder.

• The placeholder is defined using curly brackets: {}.

• The format() method returns the formatted string.

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 The Placeholders

• The placeholders can be identified using named indexes

{price}, numbered indexes {0}, or even empty placeholders
{}.

txt1 = "My name is {fname}, I'm {age}".format(fname = “Sham", age = 26)

txt2 = "My name is {0}, I'm {1}".format(“Sham",26)
txt3 = "My name is {}, I'm {}".format(“Sham",26)

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 Example

• Use the format() method to insert numbers into strings:

age = 36
txt = "My name is Sham, and I am {}"
print(txt.format(age))

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String upper() Method

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 String upper() Method

• The upper() method returns a string where all characters are

in upper case.

• Symbols and Numbers are ignored.

• Syntax
string.upper()

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 String upper() Method

txt = “good morning to all"

x = txt.upper()
print(x)

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String lower() Method

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 String lower() Method

• The lower() method returns a string where all characters are

lower case.

• Symbols and Numbers are ignored.

• Syntax
string.lower()

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 String lower() Method

txt = “GOOD Morning to ALL"

x = txt.lower()
print(x)

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String replace() Method

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 String replace() Method

• The replace() method replaces a specified phrase with another

specified phrase.

• Syntax
string.replace(oldvalue, newvalue, count)
Note: All occurrences of the specified phrase will be replaced, if
nothing else is specified (count).

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 String replace() Method

• Syntax

string.replace(oldvalue, newvalue, count)

Parameter Description

oldvalue Required. The string to search for

newvalue Required. The string to replace the old value with

count Optional. A number specifying how many occurrences of the old

value you want to replace. Default is all occurrences

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 String replace() Method

txt = "I like Tea"

x = txt.replace(“Tea", “Coffee")
print(x)

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String split() Method

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 String split() Method

• The split() method splits a string into a list.

txt = "welcome to the SIG"

x = txt.split()
print(x)

Dr. Yogesh M. Rajput 23

 Task

• Create a string for the welcome message and run the

following operations on it.
1. Convert string to lower case

2. Convert string to upper case

3. Replace the string

4. Split the string

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String Concatenation

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 String Concatenation

• To concatenate, or combine, two strings you can use the +

operator.

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 String Concatenation

• To add a space between them, add var_1 " " var_2:

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Escape Character

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 Escape Character

• To insert characters that are illegal in a string, use an escape

character.

• An escape character is a backslash \ followed by the character

you want to insert.

• An example of an illegal character is a double quote inside a

string that is surrounded by double quotes:

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Escape Character

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Escape Character

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 Escape Character
Code Result
\' Single Quote
\\ Backslash
\n New Line
\t Tab
\b Backspace

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 Python Lists

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 Lists
• Lists are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

• A list is a data structure in Python that is a mutable, or

changeable, ordered sequence of elements.

• Lists are created using square brackets: [ ]

• A list can have any number of items and they may be of

different types (integer, float, string, etc.).

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 Lists (Example)

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(thislist)

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 Lists

• A list can contain different data types:

• A list with strings, integers and boolean values:

list1 = ["abc", 34, True, 40, "male"]

print(list1)

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 List Length

• To determine how many items a list has, use the len() function:
• Example

Print the number of items in the list:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(len(thislist))

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 Access List Items

• List items are indexed and you can access them by referring to
the index number:

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

print(thislist[1])

Note: The first item has index 0.

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 Access List Items

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry", "orange", "kiwi", "melon", "mango"]

print(thislist[2:5])

• Remember that the first item is position 0,

• and note that the item in position 5 is NOT included

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 Task

• Create a list with the names of five students and display the
length and last three elements.

• Hint: len(), [1:2]

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 Sort Lists (Ascending)

• List objects have a sort() method that will sort the list.

thislist = ["orange", "mango", "kiwi", "pineapple", "banana"]

thislist.sort()
print(thislist)

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 Sort Lists (Descending)

• List objects have a sort() method that will sort the list.

thislist = ["orange", "mango", "kiwi", "pineapple", "banana"]

thislist.sort(reverse = True)
print(thislist)

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 Task

• Create a list with the marks of five students and sort the list in
ascending and descending order.

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 Add Items in List (append())

• The append() method appends an element to the end of the

list.
list.append(elmnt)

Parameter Description
elmnt Required. An element of any type (string, number, object etc.)

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 Add Items in List (append())

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

fruits.append("orange")
print(fruits)

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 Add Items in List (append())

a = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

b = ["Ford", "BMW", "Volvo"]
a.append(b)
print(a)

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 Task

• Write python to create a list of grocery items, add items to a

list using the append() function.

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 Add Items in List (insert())

• To insert a list item at a specified index, use the insert() method.

• The insert() method inserts an item at the specified index:

list.insert(ind,elmnt)

Parameter Description
ind Required. The specified index
elmnt Required. An element of any type (string, number, object etc.)

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 Add Items in List (insert())
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.insert(1, "orange")
print(thislist)

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 Remove Specified Item

• The remove() method removes the specified item.

list.remove(elmnt)

Parameter Description
elmnt Required. An list element

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 Remove Specified Item
thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
thislist.remove("banana")
print(thislist)

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 Remove Specified Index
• The pop() method removes the specified index.

thislist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

thislist.pop(1)
print(thislist)

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 Task

• Creat a list containing the days of the week (starting from

Monday to Saturday).

• Use the insert() method to add 'Sunday' to the list, and apply
the remove() method to eliminate 'Saturday' from the list.

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 Python Tuples

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 Tuples
• A tuple is a collection of objects which ordered and
immutable.

• Tuples are sequences, just like lists.

• The differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot
be changed unlike lists and tuples use () parentheses,
whereas lists use square brackets.

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 Tuples

• Example:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

print(thistuple)

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 Tuple Items

• Tuple items are ordered, unchangeable, and allow duplicate

values.

• Tuple items are indexed, the first item has index [0], the
second item has index [1] etc.

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 Ordered

• When we say that tuples are ordered,

it means that the items have a
defined order, and that order will
not change.

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 Unchangeable

• Tuples are unchangeable, meaning that

we cannot change, add or remove items
after the tuple has been created.

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 Allow Duplicates

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry")

print(thistuple)

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 Tuple Length

• To determine how many items a tuple has, use the len()

function:

thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry")

print(len(thistuple))

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 Task

• Create a two tuples for name and marks of five students and
print them with length.

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Tuple with Different Data Types

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 Python count()

• The count() method returns the number of elements with the

specified value.

var.count(value)

Parameter Description
value Required. Any type (string, number, list,
tuple, etc.). The value to search for.

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Python count()

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 Task
• Write a Python program to create a tuple containing the names
of five cities. Print the tuple and then determine how many
times a specific word appears using the count() method.

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 Python index()

• The index() method returns the position at the first occurrence

of the specified value.

var.index(elmnt)

Parameter Description
elmnt Required. Any type (string, number, list,
etc.). The element to search for

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Python index()

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 Task
• Create a tuple with the days of the
week, print the tuple, and find the
index of 'Friday' using the index()
method.

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Python Dictionaries

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 Dictionaries

• Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs.

• A dictionary is a collection which is ordered, changeable and

do not allow duplicates.

• Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and have keys

and values:

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 Dictionaries
• Example

Create and print a dictionary:

thisdict = {
"brand": “TATA",
"model": “Nexon",
"year": 2017
}
print(thisdict)

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 Task

• Create a dictionary to store the names and ages of three

people. Print the dictionary.

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 Dictionary Items

• Dictionary items are ordered, changeable, and does not

allow duplicates.

• Dictionary items are presented in key:value pairs, and can be

referred to by using the key name.

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 Dictionary Items
• Example

Print the "brand" value of the dictionary:

thisdict = {
"brand": “TATA",
"model": “Nexon",
"year": 2017
}
print(thisdict[“brand”])

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 Ordered or Unordered?

• As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In Python

3.6 and earlier, dictionaries are unordered.

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 Changeable

• Dictionaries are changeable, meaning

that we can change, add or remove
items after the dictionary has been
created.

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 Duplicates Not Allowed

• Dictionaries cannot have two items with the same key:

• Duplicate values will overwrite existing values:

thisdict = {
"brand": “TATA",
"model": “Nexon",
"year": 2017,
"year": 2022
}
print(thisdict)

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 Dictionary Length

• To determine how many items a dictionary has, use the len()

function:
thisdict = {
"brand": “TATA",
"model": “Nexon",
"year": 2017
}
print(len(thisdict))

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 Task

• Create a dictionary representing

a phonebook with three names
and phone numbers, finally print
them with length.

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 Adding Items
• Adding an item to the dictionary is done by using a new index
key and assigning a value to it:

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 Update Dictionary
• The update() method will update the dictionary with the
items from a given argument.

• If the item does not exist, the item will be added.

• The argument must be a dictionary, or an iterable object

with key:value pairs.

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 Update Dictionary
• Add a color item to the dictionary by using the update()
method:

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 Task

• Organizing Grocery Lists with

Python Dictionaries: Adding and
Updating Entries.

• Add grocery item using

key:value and update().

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 Removing Items
• There are several methods to remove items from a dictionary:
1. pop()

2. popitem()

3. del Keyword

4. clear()

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 1) pop()
• The pop() method removes the item with the specified key
name:

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 2) popitem()
• The popitem() method removes the last inserted item

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 3) del
• The del keyword removes the item with the specified key
name:

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 3) del
• The del keyword can also delete the dictionary completely:

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 4) clear()
• The clear() method empties the dictionary:

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 Task Inventory
Apple 10
• Create a dictionary of items and
Banana 5
their quantities.
Orange 6
– Remove an item Orange
Grapes 20
– Remove the last item added

– Clear the entire inventory

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 Python Set

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 Set

• Sets are used to store multiple items in a single variable.

• A set is an unordered collection of items.

• Every set element is unique (no duplicates).

• Sets are written with curly brackets. {}

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 Set

• Example

Create a Set:

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

print(thisset)

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 Duplicates Not Allowed

• Example

Duplicate values will be ignored:

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple"}

print(thisset)

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 Get the Length of a Set

• To determine how many items a set has, use the len() function.

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

print(len(thisset))

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 Access Items

• You cannot access items in a set by referring to an index or a

key.

• But you can loop through the set items using a for loop, or ask
if a specified value is present in a set, by using the in keyword.

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 Access Items

• Example

Loop through the set, and print the values:

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

for x in thisset:
print(x)

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 Access Items
• Example

Check if "banana" is present in the set:

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

print("banana" in thisset)

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 Task

• Create a set of ten animals and use a for loop to display each
animal's name.
• Also, check if "lion" is present in the set or not.

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 Add Items

• Once a set is created, you cannot change its items, but you
can add new items.

• To add one item to a set use the add() method.

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 Add Items

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

thisset.add("orange")
print(thisset)

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 Add Items

• To add items from another set into the current set, use the
update() method.

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 Add Items
• Example

Add elements from tropical into thisset:

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
tropical = {"pineapple", "mango", "papaya"}
thisset.update(tropical)
print(thisset)

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 Add Any Iterable

• The object in the update() method does not have to be a set, it

can be any iterable object (tuples, lists, dictionaries etc.)

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 Add Any Iterable
• Example

Add elements of a list to at set:

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
mylist = ["kiwi", "orange"]

thisset.update(mylist)

print(thisset)

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 Task

• Create a set for days and list for months finally merge using
update().

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 Remove Set Items

• To remove an item in a set, use the remove(), or the discard()

method.

• Example

Remove "banana" by using the remove() method:

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 Remove Set Items (remove())

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

thisset.remove("banana")
print(thisset)

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 Remove Set Items (discard())

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

thisset.discard("banana")
print(thisset)

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 Task

• Create a set for days and remove “Saturday” using discard().

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 Loop Items

• You can loop through the set items by using a for loop:

• Example

Loop through the set, and print the values:

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 Loop Items

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

for x in thisset:
print(x)

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 Task

• Create a set for month and print the elements using for loop.

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 Join Two Sets

• There are several ways to join two or more sets in Python.

• You can use the union() method that returns a new set
containing all items from both sets, or the update() method
that inserts all the items from one set into another:

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 Join Two Sets
• Example
The union() method returns a new set with all items from both sets:

set1 = {"a", "b" , "c"}

set2 = {1, 2, 3}

set3 = set1.union(set2)
print(set3)

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 Task

• Create two sets for name and roll no and combine them using
union().

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Python Booleans

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 Python Booleans

• Booleans represent one of two values: True or False.

• In programming you often need to know if an expression is

True or False.

• When you compare two values, the expression is evaluated and

Python returns the Boolean answer:

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 Python Booleans

print(10 > 9)
print(10 == 9)
print(10 < 9)

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 Python Object

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 Python Object

• Python is an object-oriented programming language.

• Everything is in Python treated as an object, including variable,

function, list, tuple, dictionary, set, etc.

• Every object belongs to its class.

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 Python Object

• For example - An integer variable belongs to integer class.

• An object is a real-life entity.

• An object is the collection of various data and functions that

operate on those data.

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Thank You.

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