Compilation Errors in Java
Compilation Errors in Java
The code in the image does not compile due to two main issues:
❌ 1. Constructor mismatch
java
java
Since no default constructor (i.e., Mammal() ) is defined in the Mammal class, the
Platypus() constructor must explicitly call the parent constructor using super(int) :
java
public Platypus() {
super(5); // or any integer
System.out.print("Platypus");
}
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❌ 2. Method name conflict – not an override, but confusing
java
These are not errors per se, but this can confuse understanding. The sneeze() method in
Mammal is private, so it is not visible or inherited by Platypus . Hence, the sneeze()
method in Platypus is not overriding anything — it’s a new method with a different return
type.
However, this is not a compilation error but a design flaw that may cause confusion.
class Mammal {
private void sneeze() {}
public Mammal(int age) { System.out.print("Mammal"); }
}
public Platypus() {
super(5); // Call to Mammal's constructor
System.out.print("Platypus");
}
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✅ Final Answer:
Reason for failure: Platypus() constructor does not call the required Mammal(int
age) constructor.
🔹 Key Points:
Defined using the interface keyword.
🔸 Example:
java
interface Animal {
void makeSound(); // abstract method
}
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✅ Use:
Achieves abstraction
🔹 Usage:
When a class inherits from another class:
java
java
interface B extends A {
// B inherits methods from A
}
🔸 Key Point:
A class can extend only one class (single inheritance).
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But an interface can extend multiple interfaces.
✅ Purpose:
To reuse code from a parent class or interface.
🔹 Purpose:
Code reuse: Avoid rewriting common code.
🔸 Example:
java
class Animal {
void eat() { System.out.println("eating"); }
}
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public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog d = new Dog();
d.eat(); // Inherited from Animal
d.bark(); // Own method
}
}
✅ Summary:
Dog inherits eat() from Animal .
what is getInstance
getInstance() is a commonly used method name that returns a single, shared object of a
class — often used in the Singleton design pattern or with factory methods.
🔹 Use Cases:
1. Singleton Pattern: Ensures only one instance of a class exists.
java
class MySingleton {
private static MySingleton instance = new MySingleton();
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2. Factory Method: Used in some APIs to create or return objects.
Example: Calendar.getInstance() returns a calendar object.
java
✅ Summary:
getInstance() returns an instance of a class.
🔹 Key Idea:
You don't use new directly.
🔸 Example:
java
class ShapeFactory {
static Shape getShape(String type) {
if (type.equals("circle")) return new Circle();
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else if (type.equals("square")) return new Square();
return null;
}
}
Usage:
java
Shape s = ShapeFactory.getShape("circle");
✅ Benefits:
Encapsulates object creation
📌 Real Example:
java
🔹 Key Features:
Only one object is created.
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Useful for shared resources (e.g., DB connections, config settings).
Constructor is private.
🔸 Simple Example:
java
class Singleton {
private static Singleton instance;
✅ Usage:
java
📌 Advantages:
Saves memory (only one object).
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Easy to manage shared resources.
⚠️ Important Notes:
Can be made thread-safe using synchronized .
Absolutely! Let's go step by step to understand the Singleton Design Pattern in Java in
simple terms with full working code and a clear explanation.
🧠 What is Singleton?
Imagine you have a printer in your hostel. If everyone creates their own printer object, it’s a
waste of memory. Instead, we should have only one printer object that everyone shares.
That's what Singleton does:
👉 It creates only one object and gives it to everyone.
✅ Features of Singleton:
1. Only one instance (object) is created.
// Singleton class
class Singleton {
// Step 2: Make the constructor private so no one can use 'new' from outside
private Singleton() {
System.out.println("Singleton object created.");
}
// Step 3: Create a public method to return the same object every time
public static Singleton getInstance() {
if (singleInstance == null) {
singleInstance = new Singleton(); // object is created only once
}
return singleInstance;
}
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}
}
}
🧾 Output:
pgsql
🧩 Explanation:
Singleton singleInstance; – stores the single object.
private Singleton() – no one can create a new object using new Singleton() .
Logging service
Configuration settings
File managers
Would you like to see a thread-safe version too? (In case of multi-threading)
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same for abstract factory
Sure! Let’s now break down the Abstract Factory Design Pattern in Java with a simple
explanation, full code, and clear explanation — perfect for exams.
🎯 Real-Life Analogy:
Imagine you’re ordering a gaming setup from a company. You choose either:
The Abstract Factory lets you choose a factory (High-end or Budget), and that factory gives
you the matching CPU + GPU pair.
✅ Features:
Used to create related objects together.
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1. CPU and GPU interfaces (product types)
interface CPU {
void process();
}
interface GPU {
void render();
}
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public void render() {
System.out.println("Rendering with High-End GPU");
}
}
interface ComputerFactory {
CPU createCPU();
GPU createGPU();
}
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return new BudgetCPU();
}
class FactoryCreator {
public static ComputerFactory getFactory(String type) {
if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("highend")) {
return new HighEndFactory();
} else if (type.equalsIgnoreCase("budget")) {
return new BudgetFactory();
}
return null;
}
}
🧪 Main Class
java
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cpu.process(); // Output: Processing with High-End CPU
gpu.render(); // Output: Rendering with High-End GPU
📘 Output:
sql
Would you like a diagram or memory trick to remember it better for exams?
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explain builder now
Of course! Here's a simple and complete explanation of the Builder Design Pattern in Java,
perfect for your exam. ✅
✅ When to Use:
When a class has many optional fields.
class Burger {
private String bun;
private String patty;
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private boolean cheese;
private boolean lettuce;
private boolean sauce;
// Private constructor
private Burger(BurgerBuilder builder) {
this.bun = builder.bun;
this.patty = builder.patty;
this.cheese = builder.cheese;
this.lettuce = builder.lettuce;
this.sauce = builder.sauce;
}
// 🔨 Builder Class
public static class BurgerBuilder {
private String bun;
private String patty;
private boolean cheese;
private boolean lettuce;
private boolean sauce;
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public BurgerBuilder addSauce() {
this.sauce = true;
return this;
}
📘 Output:
csharp
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✅ Summary for Exams:
Concept Explanation
🧠 Memory Tip:
Builder = Step-by-step creation
Just like building a custom pizza or burger 🍔🍕
Would you like an example with a real-world object like a Student or Car too?
composite
Sure! Let’s now break down the Composite Design Pattern in Java in a simple way, with a
full code example and clear explanation — great for exams. ✅
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✅ When to Use:
When you have a hierarchical structure (like a tree)
🏗️ Structure
Component: Common interface (e.g., FileSystem )
interface FileSystem {
void show();
}
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public File(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
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4️⃣ Main Class
java
folder2.show();
}
}
📘 Output:
vbnet
Folder: Media
File: Song.mp3
Folder: Documents
File: Resume.pdf
File: Photo.png
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Concept Explanation
🧠 Memory Tip:
Composite = Combine + Treat same
Like folders and files — you can open a file or a folder, same way.
Let me know if you want a diagram or a real-world analogy like employees and
departments!
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