My SQL

SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases.

What is SQL?

• SQL stands for Structured Query Language

• SQL lets you access and manipulate databases

What Can SQL do?

• SQL can execute queries against a database

• SQL can retrieve data from a database
• SQL can insert records in a database
• SQL can update records in a database
• SQL can delete records from a database
• SQL can create new databases
• SQL can create new tables in a database
• SQL can create stored procedures in a database
• SQL can create views in a database
• SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views

RDBMS

RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.

RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database systems such as MS SQL Server,
IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access.

The keywords in SQL are note case sensitive.

The data in RDBMS is stored in database objects called tables. A table is a collection of
related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.

Example:

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_all

The SQL SELECT DISTINCT Statement

The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different) values.

Inside a table, a column often contains many duplicate values; and sometimes you only
want to list the different (distinct) values.
SELECT DISTINCT Syntax

CustomerI CustomerNam ContactNam Address City PostalCod Country

D e e e

1 Alfreds Maria Obere Str. Berlin 12209 German

Futterkiste Anders 57 y

2 Ana Trujillo Ana Trujillo Avda. de la Méxic 05021 Mexico

Emparedados Constitución o D.F.
y helados 2222

3 Antonio Antonio Mataderos Méxic 05023 Mexico

Moreno Moreno 2312 o D.F.
Taquería

4 Around the Thomas 120 Hanover Londo WA1 1DP UK

Horn Hardy Sq. n

5 Berglunds Christina Berguvsväge Luleå S-958 22 Sweden

snabbköp Berglund n8

Examples (click the link to try out). Note: learn the syntax

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_distinct2

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_distinct

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_distinct3

The DISTINCT clause can also be applied to one or more columns in the select list of the
SELECT statement.
The SQL WHERE Clause
The WHERE clause is used to filter records.

It is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified condition.

Examples

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_where

Operators in The WHERE Clause

The following operators can be used in the WHERE clause:

Operator Description Example

= Equal Try it

> Greater than Try it

< Less than Try it

>= Greater than or equal Try it

<= Less than or equal Try it

<> Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL this operator may be Try it
written as !=

BETWEEN Between a certain range Try it

LIKE Search for a pattern Try it

IN To specify multiple possible values for a column Try it

Do the following exercise 1 to exercise 5 by clicking on the link

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/exercise.asp?filename=exercise_where1

SQL Wildcard Characters

A wildcard character is used to substitute one or more characters in a string.

Wildcard characters are used with the LIKE operator. The LIKE operator is used in
a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a column.

Examples:

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/exercise.asp?filename=exercise_wildcards1

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_wildcard_percent

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_wildcard_underscore

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_wildcard_charlist&ss=-1

Wildcard Characters in SQL Server

Symbol Description Example

% Represents zero or more characters bl% finds bl, black, blue, and blob

_ Represents a single character h_t finds hot, hat, and hit

[] Represents any single character within the h[oa]t finds hot and hat, but not
brackets hit

^ Represents any character not in the brackets h[^oa]t finds hit, but not hot and
hat

- Represents a range of characters c[a-b]t finds cat and cbt

The SQL LIKE Operator

The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a column.

There are two wildcards often used in conjunction with the LIKE operator:

• The percent sign (%) represents zero, one, or multiple characters

• The underscore sign (_) represents one, single character

Examples:

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_like_ending

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_like_underscore

Try exercise 1 to exercise 5 by clicking on the link below

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/exercise.asp?filename=exercise_like1’

The SQL COUNT(), AVG() and SUM() Functions

The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that matches a specified criterion.

Demo Database

Below is a selection from the "Products" table in the Northwind sample database:

ProductID ProductName SupplierID CategoryID Unit Price

1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 20 18
bags

2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 oz 19
bottles

3 Aniseed Syrup 1 2 12 - 550 ml 10

bottles

4 Chef Anton's Cajun 2 2 48 - 6 oz jars 22

Seasoning

5 Chef Anton's Gumbo Mix 2 2 36 boxes 21.35

Examples

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_count

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_avg

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_sum

The SQL AND, OR and NOT Operators

The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR, and NOT operators.

The AND and OR operators are used to filter records based on more than one condition:

• The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions separated by AND are TRUE.
• The OR operator displays a record if any of the conditions separated by OR is TRUE.

The NOT operator displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUE.

Examples

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_where_and

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_where_or2

Try exercise 1 to 5

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/exercise.asp?filename=exercise_where4

The SQL MIN() and MAX() Functions

The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the selected column.

The MAX() function returns the largest value of the selected column.

Demo Database

Below is a selection from the "Products" table in the Northwind sample database:

ProductID ProductName SupplierID CategoryID Unit Price

1 Chais 1 1 10 boxes x 20 18
bags

2 Chang 1 1 24 - 12 oz 19
bottles

3 Aniseed Syrup 1 2 12 - 550 ml 10

bottles

4 Chef Anton's Cajun 2 2 48 - 6 oz jars 22

Seasoning
5 Chef Anton's Gumbo Mix 2 2 36 boxes 21.35

Examples:

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_min

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/trysql.asp?filename=trysql_select_max

practice exercise 1 to 5

https://www.w3schools.com/sql/exercise.asp?filename=exercise_functions1

Learning SQL: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE Statement

📋 Database Table Used: Customers

This is the table we'll be using for all examples:

CustomerID CustomerName Phone Address City Country

1 Alice Johnson 555-0123 123 Elm Street New York USA
2 Ravi Kumar 982-1234567 7 MG Road Mumbai India
3 Fatima Zahra 212-3344556 42 Pearl St Casablanca Morocco
4 John Smith 777-332211 98 King Ave London UK
5 Mei Lin 010-88997766 55 Lotus Rd Beijing China

INSERT Statement
Purpose:

Used to add a new record (row) into a table.

Syntax:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, ...);

• Strings (text) must be in single quotes: 'Paris', 'John Doe'

• Numbers do not need quotes: 6, 123456
Example: Add Carlos Mendes to the table

INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerID, CustomerName, Phone, Address, City,

Country)
VALUES (6, 'Carlos Mendes', '351-9123456', '21 Rosa St', 'Lisbon',
'Portugal');

Resulting Table:

CustomerID CustomerName Phone Address City Country

1 Alice Johnson 555-0123 123 Elm Street New York USA
2 Ravi Kumar 982-1234567 7 MG Road Mumbai India
3 Fatima Zahra 212-3344556 42 Pearl St Casablanca Morocco
4 John Smith 777-332211 98 King Ave London UK
5 Mei Lin 010-88997766 55 Lotus Rd Beijing China
6 Carlos Mendes 351-9123456 21 Rosa St Lisbon Portugal

UPDATE Statement
Purpose:

Used to change or modify the data in existing records in a table.

Syntax:

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

• Always use a WHERE clause to target the correct row

• Strings must be in single quotes
• ⚠️ Without WHERE, all rows will be updated

🧪 Example: Change Ravi Kumar’s city to Delhi

UPDATE Customers
SET City = 'Delhi'
WHERE CustomerID = 2;
📈 Resulting Table:

CustomerID CustomerName Phone Address City Country

1 Alice Johnson 555-0123 123 Elm Street New York USA
2 Ravi Kumar 982-1234567 7 MG Road Delhi India
3 Fatima Zahra 212-3344556 42 Pearl St Casablanca Morocco
4 John Smith 777-332211 98 King Ave London UK
5 Mei Lin 010-88997766 55 Lotus Rd Beijing China
6 Carlos Mendes 351-9123456 21 Rosa St Lisbon Portugal

DELETE Statement
Purpose: Used to remove one or more records from a table.

Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

• Use a WHERE clause to select which record(s) to delete

• ⚠️ If you don’t include a WHERE, all rows will be deleted!

Example: Remove John Smith from the table

DELETE FROM Customers

WHERE CustomerID = 4;

📈 Resulting Table:

CustomerID CustomerName Phone Address City Country

1 Alice Johnson 555-0123 123 Elm Street New York USA
2 Ravi Kumar 982-1234567 7 MG Road Delhi India
3 Fatima Zahra 212-3344556 42 Pearl St Casablanca Morocco
5 Mei Lin 010-88997766 55 Lotus Rd Beijing China
6 Carlos Mendes 351-9123456 21 Rosa St Lisbon Portugal

Summary Table: When to Use What

Operation Action Statement Format
INSERT Add a new row INSERT INTO ... VALUES (...);
UPDATE Modify existing data UPDATE ... SET ... WHERE ...;
DELETE Remove one or more rows DELETE FROM ... WHERE ...;