Cats in ancient Egypt

Cats in ancient Egypt were represented in social and religious practices of Ancient Egypt for more than 30 centuries. Several
Ancient Egyptian deities were depicted and sculptured with cat-like heads such as Mafdet, Bastet and Sekhmet, representing justice,
fertility and power.[1] The deity Mut was also depicted as a cat and in the company of a cat.
[2]

Cats were praised for killing venomous snakes and protecting the Pharaoh since at least the First Dynasty of Egypt. Skeletal remains
of cats were found among funerary goods dating to the 12th Dynasty. The protective function of cats is indicated in the Book of the
Dead, where a cat represents Ra and the benefits of the sun for life on Earth. Cat-shaped decorations used during the New Kingdom
[3]
of Egypt indicate that the cat cult became more popular in daily life. Cats were depicted in association with the name of Bastet.

Cat cemeteries at the archaeological sites Speos Artemidos, Bubastis and Saqqara were used for several centuries. They contained
vast numbers of cat mummies and cat statues that are exhibited in museum collections worldwide.[4] Among the mummified animals
excavated in Gizeh, the African wildcat (Felis lybica) is the most common cat followed by the jungle cat (Felis chaus).[5] In view of
the huge number of cat mummies found in Egypt, the cat cult was certainly important for the country's economy, as it required
breeding of cats and a trading network for the supply of food, oils andresins for embalming them.[6]

Contents
History
Expeditions and excavations
Legends
See also
References
External links

History
Mafdet was the first known cat-headed deity in ancient Egypt. During the First Dynasty 2920–2770 BC, she was regarded as
protector of the Pharaoh's chambers against snakes, scorpions and evil. She was often also depicted with a head of a leopard
(Panthera pardus).[8][9] She was particularly prominent during the reign ofDen.[10]

The deity Bastet is known from at least the Second Dynasty 2890 BC onwards. At the time, she was depicted with a lion (Panthera
leo) head. Seals and stone vessels with her name were found in the tombs of the pharaohs Khafra and Nyuserre Ini, indicating that
she was regarded as protector since the mid 30th century BC during the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties.[11] A wall painting in the Fifth
Dynasty’s burial ground at Saqqara shows a small cat with a collar, suggesting that tamed African wildcats were kept in the pharaonic
quarters by the 26th century BC.[12]

Amulets with cat heads came into fashion in the 21st century BC during the 11th Dynasty.[3] A mural from this period in the tomb of
Baqet III depicts a cat in a hunting scene confronting a rat-likerodent.[13]

A tomb at the necropolis Umm El Qa'ab contained 17 cat skeletons dating to the early 20th century BC. Next to the skeletons stood
small pots that are thought to have contained milk for the cats.[14] Several tomb murals in the Theban Necropolis show cats in
domestic scenes. These tombs belonged to nobles and high-ranking officials of the 18th Dynasty and were built in the 15th and 14th
centuries BC. The murals show a cat sitting under a chair during a buffet, eating meat or fish; some show it in the company of a
goose or a monkey. A cat in hunting andfowling scenes is another recurring motive in murals ofTheben tombs.[15]
The first known indication for the mummification of a cat was found in an elaborately
carved limestone sarcophagus dated to about 1350 BC. This cat is assumed to have been
Prince Thutmose’s beloved pet.[16]

From the 22nd Dynasty at around the mid 950s BC onwards, the deity Bastet and her
temple in the city of Bubastis grew in popularity. She is now shown only with a small
cat head.[1][11] Domestic cats (Felis catus) were increasingly worshiped and considered
sacred. When they died, they were embalmed, coffined and buried in cat cemeteries.[17]
The domestic cat was regarded as living incarnation of Bastet who protects the
household against granivores, whereas the lion-headed deity Sekhmet was worshipped
as protector of the pharaohs.[18] During the reign of Pharaoh Osorkon II in the 9th
century BC, the temple of Bastet was enlarged by a festival hall.[19] Cat statues and
statuettes from this period exist in diverse sizes and materials, including solid and
hollow cast bronze, alabaster and faïence.[20][21]

Mummifying animals grew in popularity during the Late Period of ancient Egypt from
664 BC onwards. Mummies were used for votive offerings to the associated deity,
mostly during festivals or by pilgrims.[6] Catacombs from the New Kingdom period in
the Bubastis, Saqqara and Beni Hasan necropoli were reused as cemeteries for
mummies offered to Bastet.[4]

In the mid 5th century BC, Herodotus described the annual festival at the Bubastis
temple as the largest in the country, attended by several hundred thousand pilgrims.[22]

During the Hellenistic period between 323 and 30 BC, the goddess Isis became
associated with Bastet and cats, as indicated by an inscription at the Temple of Edfu:
“Isis is the soul of Bastet”.[18]

As described by Diodorus Siculus, killing a cat was regarded a serious crime. In the
years between 60 and 56 BC, outraged people lynched a Roman for killing a cat,
although pharaoh Ptolemy XII Auletes tried to intervene.[23]

Cats and religion began to be disassociated after Egypt became a Roman province in 30
BC.[1] A series of decrees and edicts issued by Roman Emperors in the 4th and 5th
centuries AD gradually curtailed the practice of paganism and pagan rituals in Egypt.
Cat-headed deity Bastet
Pagan temples were impounded and sacrifices prohibited by 380 AD. Three edicts
issued between 391 and 392 prohibited pagan rituals and burial ceremonies at all cult
sites. Death penalty for offenders was introduced in 395, and the destruction of pagan
temples decreed in 399. By 415, the Christian church received all property that was
formerly dedicated to paganism. Pagans were exiled by 423, and crosses replaced pagan
symbols following a decree from 435.[24]

Egypt has since experienced a decline in the veneration once held for cats.[18] They
were still respected in the 15th century, when Arnold von Harff travelled to Egypt and
observed mamluk warriors treating cats with honour and empathy.[25] Gentle treatment
of cats is part of Islamic tradition.[26] Mummified cats in theNatural
History Museum, London

Expeditions and excavations

In 1799, members of the French Commission des Sciences et des Arts surveyed the old city of Lycopolis near Asyut for the first time
and found mummified cats and remains of other animals.[27] They also found mummified cats and cat skeletons in the Theban
Necropolis.[28][29] In the 1820s, the Louvre Museum exhibited cat statues made of wood, bronze, and enameled pottery that
originated mostly in Bubastis.[30]

In 1830, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg accounted of having observed three different

small cat forms in Egypt: the jungle cat, the African wildcat, and a sacred cat that was
intermediate in size between the jungle cat and the domestic cat. He called this cat Felis
bubastis.[31]

The Egypt Exploration Society funded excavations in Bubastis in the late 1880s.
Édouard Naville accounted of numerous cat statues already available in Cairo shops at Blue Egyptian faience cat figurine
the time. At the city’s cemetery of cats, he and colleagues emptied several large pits up dated to 1981−1802 BC

to a volume of 20 m3 (720 cu ft) filled with cat and Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes
ichneumon) bones.[32] Among the bones, some embalming material, porcelain and
bronze objects, beads and ornaments, and statues of Bastet and Nefertem were also
[33]
found. By 1889, the cemetery was considered exhausted.

In the late 1880s, more than 200,000 mummified animals, most of them cats, were
found in the cemetery of Beni Hasan in central Egypt.[34] In 1890, William Martin
Conway wrote about excavations in Speos Artemidos near Beni Hasan: "The plundering
of the cemetery was a sight to see, but one had to stand well windward. The village
children came from day to day and provided themselves with the most attractive
mummies they could find. These they took down the river bank to sell for the smallest
coin to passing travelers. The path became strewn with mummy cloth and bits of cats'
skulls and bones and fur in horrid positions, and the wind blew the fragments about and
carried the stink afar."[35][36] In 1890, a shipment of thousands of animal mummies
reached Liverpool. Most of them were cat mummies. A large part was sold as fertiliser, Cat under a chair, mural in the
a small part was purchased by the zoological museum of the city's university tomb of Nakht copied by Norman
college.[34] de Garis Davies[7]

The Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon received hundreds of cat mummies excavated by
Gaston Maspero at Beni Hasan, Sakkara and Thebes. The cats were of all ages from
adult to kittens with deciduous teeth. Some of them were contained in statues and
sarcophags. The larger ones were bandaged in cloth of different colours with decorated
heads and ears formed of rubberized tissue.[37]

The Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale funded excavations near Faiyum where Sarcophagus of Prince
Pierre Jouguet found a tomb full of cat mummies in 1901. It was located in the midst of Thutmose's cat, exhibited in the
tombs with crocodile mummies.[38] Museum of Fine Arts of
Valenciennes, France
In 1907, the British Museum received a collection of 192 mummified cats and 11 small
carnivores excavated at Gizeh by Flinders Petrie. The mummies probably date to
between 600 and 200 BC.[5] Two of these cat mummies wereradiographed in 1980. The
analysis revealed that they were deliberately strangulated before they reached the age of
two years. They were probably used to supply the demand for mummified cats as votive
offerings.[39]

Remains of 23 cats were found in the early 1980s in a small mastaba tomb at the
archaeological site Balat in Dakhla Oasis. The tomb was established during the Old
Kingdom of Egypt in the 25th century BC and reused later. The cats were probably A bronze statue dated to
[40]
mummified as tissue shreds were still stuck in their bones. 664−332 BC, exhibited in the
Department of Egyptian
Antiquities of the Louvre
Excavations in the Bubasteum area at
Saqqara in the early 1980s yielded 200
cat mummies in the tomb of the Vizier
Aperel.[41] Another 184 cat mummies
were found in a different part of this
tomb in the 1990s, comprising 11
packets with a few cat bones and 84
packets containing mud, clay and
pebbles. Radiographic examination
showed that mostly young cats were
mummified; most cats died of skull
fractures and had dislocated spinal
bones, indicating that they were beaten
to death. In this site, the tomb of
Tutankhamun's wet nurse Maia was
discovered in 1996, which contained
cat mummies next to human
mummies.[4] In 2001, the skeleton of a
male lion was found in this tomb that
also showed signs of
Cat mummies exhibited in the Department of Egyptian Antiquities of the Louvre
mummification.[42] It was about nine
years old, probably lived in captivity
for many years and showed signs of malnutrition. It had probably lived and died in the
Ptolemaic period.[43] Mummified remains of 335 domestic and 29 jungle cats were
excavated in the catacombs ofAnubis at Saqqara during works started in 2009.[44]

Legends
In the 2nd century, Polyaenus accounted of a stratagem allegedly deployed by the
Persian king Cambyses II during the Battle of Pelusium (525 BC): Cambyses II ordered
placing of cats and other animals venerated by Egyptians before the Persian front lines. Tombs at Beni Hasan
Egyptians purportedly stopped their defending operations, and the Persians then photographed by Félix Bonfils
conquered Pelusium.[45]

See also
Gayer-Anderson cat Cat mummy from Beni Hasan in
Islam and cats the Fitchburg Art Museum
History of cats
Animal worship
Cats portal

Ancient Egypt portal

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External links
"Divine Felines: Cats of Ancient Egypt". Museum Exhibition. Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
"Distribution of Water". Translation of Sahih Bukhari, Book 40. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011 – via
University of Southern California Center for Muslim–Jewish Engagement.
"Cats and Islam". The Muslim Observer. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012.

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