Linux Fundamentals

• 1st Course in Linux Foundations Specialization

© LearnQuest 2015
2021
Linux Services
In the second module of this course, we will discuss the services
available in the Linux operating system. We will explore many
services including web servers and database servers, among others.
2

2 © LearnQuest 2021
Learning Objectives
Linux Services

Upon completion of this module, learners will be able to:

• List several services provided by the Linux operating system

• Describe several Web Servers available in Linux

• Describe several Database Servers available in Linux

• Start and Stop services

3 © LearnQuest 2021
Lesson 1 In this lesson, we look at the
difference between a Linux Server
Servers vs Desktops and a Linux Desktop

4 © LearnQuest 2021
Servers vs Desktops

Servers Desktops
Focus on programs Focus on programs
that provide shared that run in a
resources (services) Graphical User
Interface (GUI)

5 © LearnQuest 2021
 Launching Services
There are two primary ways Servers run service programs

As a process
As a background
spawned by a
process, always
parent program
running listening for
that listens for
requests
requests

6 © LearnQuest 2021
What is Deamon?

When a Linux services runs

continually as a
background process it is
called a deamon.
Linux deamons often end with
the letter d. For example,
mysqld.

7 © LearnQuest 2021
Major Service Types
• File Servers

• Print Servers

• Web Servers

• Database Servers

• Mail Servers

• Network Resource Servers (DHCP,

logging, etc.)

8 © LearnQuest 2021
Lesson 1
A Linux Desktop has programs
Review designed around GUI interactive
applications

A Linux Server has programs

designed around background
services that share resources

Deamons often end with the letter

“d” in their name

9 © LearnQuest 2021
Lesson 2 In this lesson, we the drill into very
common services run on Linux
Web Servers
Servers – Web Servers.

10 © LearnQuest 2021
Web Servers
Web Servers Listen on Port 80 and 443
for an incoming request and assign
the request to a process to return the
response
• Apache
• nginX
• Lighttpd
Apache

Free and open-source Compiled modules

cross-platform web extend the core
server software, functionality with things
Initial Release - 1995
released under the like Server-Side
terms of Apache Languages (PHP, Perl,
License 2.0 Python, Tcl, etc.)

First web server software 313 Million Web Servers

Apache uses .htaccess
to serve more than 100 run Apache as of April
for its configuration
million websites - 2009 2021

12 © LearnQuest 2021
nginX

Free and open-source

cross-platform web
server software, Initial Release – 2004 Owned by F5 Networks
released under the
terms of FreeBSD License

Nginx's modular event-

driven architecture can
432 Million Web Servers
provide predictable
run nginX as of April 2021
performance under high
loads (build time)

13 © LearnQuest 2021
Lighttpd
Free and open-source
web server software
optimized for speed-
Initial Release – 2015
critical environments,
released under the
terms of FreeBSD License

Lighttpd was used in the

Around 33 Million Web
past by several high-
Servers run Lighttpd as
traffic websites,
of April 2021
including YouTube

14 © LearnQuest 2021
Lesson 2
Review Web Servers run in the background
and serve HTTP and HTTPS requests

Apache is used by more shared

hosting providers

nginX has taken a lot of the web

server market because of its
performance

15 © LearnQuest 2021
Lesson 3 In this lesson we the drill into a very
common service run on Linux
Database Servers
Servers – Database Servers.

16 © LearnQuest 2021
Database Servers
Database Servers Listen on the
network for incoming request (often
SQL) and respond with the data

• Relational
• PostgreSQL
• MySQL
• NoSQL
• MongoDB
Relational Database Model
Dominant database model used in business
applications

Organized in two-dimensional tables

• Entity: a distinguishable component of system

• Example: an employee, a customer, or a rug for sale
• Tuple: a row of a relational table
• Attribute: category of a field
• Primary key: attribute(s) that uniquely identify a tuple
SQL (Structured Query Language)
• Standard query language for DBMS

• Use SQL queries to retrieve data according to some criteria

• Example 1: retrieve name, phone, and email for customers

in a specific zip code

• SELECT name, phone, email FROM customers where zip_code =

‘02176’
NoSQL Database Model
• Often Document Oriented

• CAP Theorem (Only two of the following) Consistency

Partition
Availability
Tolerance
CRUD
• Standard Operations on facts in a database include:

Create
Read
Update
Delete
Lesson 3
Review Both Relational and NoSQL Support
CRUD operations

Relational is Transactional Focused

NoSQL is Document Focused

22 © LearnQuest 2021
Lesson 4 In this lesson, we look at managing
Managing Services services in Linux

23 © LearnQuest 2021
Init Process

Init program or which init will

systemd is the show the
parent process location of the
for every process init process

readlink –f
/usr/sbin/init
24 © LearnQuest 2021
Systemd

Systemd is a software suite that

provides an array of system
components for Linux operating
systems.

Its main aim is to unify service

configuration and behavior
across Linux distributions

25 © LearnQuest 2021
Managing Services
with Systemd
• sudo systemctl start [application.server]

• sudo systemctl stop [application.server]

• sudo systemctl restart [application.server]

• sudo systemctl reload [application.server]

• sudo systemctl enable[application.server]

• sudo systemctl disable[application.server]

• sudo systemctl status[application.server]

26 © LearnQuest 2021
Lesson 4
Review Systemd is the new standard for
service configuration

The Which Init command will allow

you to see where your process init is
located

The readlink will allow you to see

what process controls your service
configuration

27 © LearnQuest 2021