Question 3: Write a C program for file handling that reads and writes

student records using structures. Implement functions to add, display, and

search records in the file.

Ans:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

typedef struct {
int rollNo;
char name[50];
} Student;

void addRecord();
void displayRecords();
void searchRecord(int roll);

int main() {
addRecord();
displayRecords();
searchRecord(101);
return 0;
}

void addRecord() {
FILE *fptr = fopen("students.dat", "ab");
Student s = {101, "John"};
fwrite(&s, sizeof(Student), 1, fptr);
fclose(fptr);
}

void displayRecords() {
FILE *fptr = fopen("students.dat", "rb");
Student s;
while (fread(&s, sizeof(Student), 1, fptr)) {
printf("Roll No: %d, Name: %s\n", s.rollNo, s.name);
}
fclose(fptr);
}
Question 5: Explain different storage classes in
C. Discuss automatic, register, static, and extern with examples of their usage.

Ans:
Storage classes in C define the scope, visibility, and lifetime of variables. The four main
storage classes in C are:

1. Automatic (auto)
2. Register
3. Static
4. Extern

1. Automatic Storage Class (auto)

 Default storage class for local variables.

 Scope: Block-level (inside functions or code blocks {}).
 Lifetime: Exists only within the block, memory is deallocated after function exits.
 Storage: Stored in stack memory.

Example
#include <stdio.h>

void func() {
auto int x = 10;
printf("Value of x: %d\n", x);
}

int main() {
func();
return 0;
}

2. Register Storage Class (register)

 Stored in CPU registers instead of RAM (faster access).

 Scope: Block-level.
 Lifetime: Exists only within the function.
 Cannot access address using & operator (register variables don’t have a memory
address).
 Used for performance optimization.

Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
register int i = 10;
printf("Register variable: %d\n", i);
return 0;
}
3. Static Storage Class (static)

 Scope:
o Inside a function → Retains value across multiple function calls.
o Outside a function (global) → Accessible only within the file (internal
linkage).
 Lifetime: Exists throughout program execution.
 Default value: 0 (if uninitialized).

Example 1: Static Variable Inside a Function

#include <stdio.h>

void counter() {
static int count = 0;
count++;
printf("Count: %d\n", count);
}

int main() {
counter();
counter();
counter();
return 0;
}
Example 2: Static Global Variable
#include <stdio.h>
static int num = 5;
void display() {
printf("Static global variable: %d\n", num);
}
int main() {
display();
return 0;
}

4. External Storage Class (extern)

 Scope: Global (accessible across multiple files).

 Lifetime: Exists throughout program execution.
 Used to reference global variables defined in another file.
 Does not allocate memory, just tells the compiler the variable exists elsewhere.

Example: extern Variable Across Two Files

File 1: file1.c (Define the variable)

#include <stdio.h>
int count = 10;
void show() {
printf("Count: %d\n", count);
}

File 2: file2.c (Use extern to reference it)

#include <stdio.h>
extern int count;
int main() {
printf("Count from file1: %d\n", count);
return 0;
}

Question 6: Develop a C program to perform bitwise operations to

encrypt and decrypt a string using XOR encryption.

Ans:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void xorEncryptDecrypt(char *input, char key) {
for (int i = 0; i < strlen(input); i++) {
input[i] ^= key;
}
}
int main() {
char str[] = "Hello";
char key = 'K';
xorEncryptDecrypt(str, key);
printf("Encrypted: %s\n", str);
xorEncryptDecrypt(str, key);
printf("Decrypted: %s\n", str);
return 0;
}

Question7:Program: Implement a C++ class for managing bank accounts

with features like deposit, withdraw, and balance check.

Test Cases:

1. Deposit: Initial Balance = 1000, Deposit 500, Expected Balance

= 1500.
2. Withdraw: Balance = 1500, Withdraw 2000, Expected Output:
"Insufficient funds".
3. Memory Test: Create and destroy multiple objects, Expected
Output: No memory leaks (use valgrind or similar tools).
4. Edge Case: Withdraw a negative amount, Expected Output:
"Invalid input".

Ans:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class BankAccount {
private:
double balance;
public:
BankAccount(double initialBalance) {
if (initialBalance < 0) {
cout << "Invalid initial balance. Setting to 0." << endl;
balance = 0;
} else {
balance = initialBalance;
}
}
void deposit(double amount) {
if (amount > 0) {
balance += amount;
cout << "Deposited: " << amount << ", New Balance: " << balance << endl;
} else {
cout << "Invalid deposit amount." << endl;
}
}
void withdraw(double amount) {
if (amount < 0) {
cout << "Invalid input" << endl;
return;
}
if (amount > balance) {
cout << "Insufficient funds" << endl;
} else {
balance -= amount;
cout << "Withdrawn: " << amount << ", Remaining Balance: " << balance << endl;
}
}
double getBalance() const {
return balance;
}
};

int main() {
double initialBalance, amount;
char choice;
cout << "Enter initial balance: ";
cin >> initialBalance;
BankAccount account(initialBalance);

do {
cout << "\nChoose an operation:\n";
cout << "1. Deposit\n";
cout << "2. Withdraw\n";
cout << "3. Check Balance\n";
cout << "4. Exit\n";
cout << "Enter your choice: ";
cin >> choice;
switch (choice) {
 case '1':
cout << "Enter amount to deposit: ";
cin >> amount;
account.deposit(amount);
break;
case '2':
cout << "Enter amount to withdraw: ";
cin >> amount;
account.withdraw(amount);
break;
case '3':
cout << "Current Balance: " << account.getBalance() << endl;
break;
case '4':
cout << "Exiting program." << endl;
break;
default:
cout << "Invalid choice. Please try again." << endl;
}
} while (choice != '4');

for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {

BankAccount *temp = new BankAccount(100);
delete temp;
}
cout << "Memory test completed successfully." << endl;
return 0;
}

Question 8: Function to find the maximum and minimum elements in an array.

Test Cases:

i. Input Array: [3, 5, 7, 2, 8], Expected Output: Max = 8, Min = 2.

ii. Edge Case: Empty array, Expected Output: Error message "Array is empty".

iii. Edge Case: Single element array [4], Expected Output: Max = 4, Min = 4.

iv. Large Input: Array with 1000+ elements, Expected Output: No performance issues.

Ans:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <limits>
using namespace std;
pair<int, int> findMaxMin(const vector<int>& arr) {
if (arr.empty()) {
throw runtime_error("Array is empty");
 }
int maxVal = numeric_limits<int>::min();
int minVal = numeric_limits<int>::max();
for (int num : arr) {
if (num > maxVal) maxVal = num;
if (num < minVal) minVal = num;
}
return {maxVal, minVal};
}
int main() {
try {
vector<int> arr1 = {3, 5, 7, 2, 8};
auto [max1, min1] = findMaxMin(arr1);
cout << "Test Case 1: Max = " << max1 << ", Min = " << min1 << endl;
vector<int> arr2;
try {
auto [max2, min2] = findMaxMin(arr2);
} catch (const runtime_error& e) {
cout << "Test Case 2: " << e.what() << endl;
}
vector<int> arr3 = {4};
auto [max3, min3] = findMaxMin(arr3);
cout << "Test Case 3: Max = " << max3 << ", Min = " << min3 << endl;
vector<int> arr4(1000, 5);
auto [max4, min4] = findMaxMin(arr4);
cout << "Test Case 4: Max = " << max4 << ", Min = " << min4 << endl;
} catch (const exception& e) {
cout << "Error: " << e.what() << endl;
}
return 0;
}

Question 13: Implement a program that searches for a specific string in a file.
The file name and the search string should be provided via command line
arguments.

Ans:

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
if (argc != 3) {
cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " <filename> <search_string>" << endl;
return 1;
}
string filename = argv[1];
string searchString = argv[2];
ifstream file(filename);
 if (!file) {
cerr << "Error opening file: " << filename << endl;
return 1;
}
string line;
int lineNumber = 0;
bool found = false;

while (getline(file, line)) {

lineNumber++;
if (line.find(searchString) != string::npos) {
cout << "Found at line " << lineNumber << ": " << line << endl;
found = true;
}
}
if (!found) {
cout << "String not found in file." << endl;
}
file.close();
return 0;
}

Question 14: Remove Duplicates from a String without using additional

data structures.

Ans:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void removeDuplicates(char* str) {
if (!str) return;
int len = 0;
while (str[len] != '\0') len++;
if (len < 2) return;

int index = 1;
for (int i = 1; i < len; i++) {
int j;
for (j = 0; j < index; j++) {
if (str[i] == str[j]) break;
}
if (j == index) {
str[index] = str[i];
index++;
}
}
str[index] = '\0';
}
int main() {
char str[] = "programming";
removeDuplicates(str);
cout << "String after removing duplicates: " << str << endl;
return 0;
}

Question 15: Program: Student Management System using Arrays, Pointers, and
Structures.

Ans:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

struct Student {
int id;
string name;
float marks;
};

void addStudent(Student* students, int& count, int id, string name, float marks) {
students[count].id = id;
students[count].name = name;
students[count].marks = marks;
count++;
}

void displayStudents(const Student* students, int count) {

cout << "\nStudent Records:" << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
cout << "ID: " << students[i].id << ", Name: " << students[i].name << ", Marks: " <<
students[i].marks << endl;
}
}

int main() {
const int MAX_STUDENTS = 100;
Student students[MAX_STUDENTS];
int count = 0;
int choice;

do {
cout << "\nStudent Management System" << endl;
cout << "1. Add Student" << endl;
 cout << "2. Display Students" << endl;
cout << "3. Exit" << endl;
cout << "Enter choice: ";
cin >> choice;

if (choice == 1) {
int id;
string name;
float marks;
cout << "Enter ID: ";
cin >> id;
cout << "Enter Name: ";
cin.ignore();
getline(cin, name);
cout << "Enter Marks: ";
cin >> marks;
addStudent(students, count, id, name, marks);
} else if (choice == 2) {
displayStudents(students, count);
}
} while (choice != 3);

cout << "Exiting Student Management System..." << endl;

return 0;
}