1) Write a Short Note on NoSQL

NoSQL (Not Only SQL) is a database management system that does not follow the
traditional relational database structure. It offers flexible schema design, scalability, and high
performance, making it suitable for handling unstructured and semi-structured data. NoSQL
databases are primarily used in big data applications, real-time web apps, and distributed
systems.

Key Features:

 Schema-less
 High scalability
 Supports unstructured, semi-structured, and structured data
 Often open-source
 Suitable for distributed architectures

2) Explain CAP Theorem in Detail

The CAP Theorem, proposed by Eric Brewer, states that a distributed database system can
provide only two out of the following three guarantees simultaneously:

 Consistency (C): Every read receives the most recent write.

 Availability (A): Every request receives a (non-error) response.
 Partition Tolerance (P): The system continues to operate despite network partitions.

Explanation:

 CA (Consistency + Availability): Not partition tolerant.

 CP (Consistency + Partition Tolerance): May sacrifice availability.
 AP (Availability + Partition Tolerance): May not guarantee immediate consistency.

3) Write a Short Note on Advantages and Disadvantages

of NoSQL
Advantages:

 High scalability
 Flexible data model
 Better performance for large volumes of data
 Easily handles big data and real-time web apps

Disadvantages:

 Lack of standardization
  Limited support for complex queries
 No support for multi-row transactions in many cases
 Requires more development effort to maintain consistency

4) Give Comparison Between SQL and NoSQL

Feature SQL (Relational DB) NoSQL
Data Model Relational (Tables) Document, Key-Value, Graph
Schema Fixed Dynamic
Scalability Vertical Horizontal
Query Language SQL Varies (No standard)
ACID Compliance Full Partial or BASE
Data Type Structured Semi-structured/Unstructured

5) Explain BASE Model of NoSQL

BASE stands for:

 Basically Available: System guarantees availability.

 Soft state: State of the system may change over time, even without input.
 Eventual consistency: System will become consistent over time.

BASE is an alternative to the ACID model in traditional databases and is more suitable for
distributed systems.

6) Give All Comparison of ACID and BASE

Feature ACID (SQL) BASE (NoSQL)
Focus Consistency Availability
State Strong consistency Eventual consistency
Transactions Reliable and isolated Flexible and available
Performance Slower due to consistency High due to relaxation of rules
Suitable For Banking, ERP Social media, IoT, big data

7) Explain Various Technologies Used in Big Data

 Hadoop: Distributed storage and processing framework.
 Spark: In-memory data processing engine.
 Hive: SQL-like queries on large datasets.
  Pig: Data flow language for Hadoop.
 HBase: Column-oriented NoSQL database.
 Flume/Sqoop: Data ingestion tools.
 Kafka: Distributed messaging system.
 MongoDB: Document-oriented NoSQL database.
 Cassandra: Distributed NoSQL database optimized for scalability.

8) Explain Categories of NoSQL Databases

1. Key-Value Stores: Store data as key-value pairs (e.g., Redis, Riak).
2. Document Stores: Use documents (JSON/XML) to store data (e.g., MongoDB).
3. Column Stores: Store data in columns instead of rows (e.g., Cassandra, HBase).
4. Graph Databases: Store data in nodes and edges (e.g., Neo4j).

9) Explain NoSQL with Its Features

NoSQL is designed for:

 High availability
 Horizontal scalability
 Flexible schema
 Handling large volumes of data

Key Features:

 Schema-free design
 Fast read/write operations
 Supports big data and real-time apps
 Optimized for distributed computing

10) Explain Brief History of NoSQL

 1998: First mention of "NoSQL" for a lightweight database.
 2009: Term reintroduced by Johan Oskarsson.
 Growth of social media, big data, and distributed computing led to the rise of NoSQL.
 Companies like Google, Amazon, and Facebook drove NoSQL innovation.

11) Explain Need of NoSQL and Features of Its Databases

Need:
  Traditional RDBMSs fail to scale horizontally.
 Unstructured data needs flexibility.
 Real-time and big data applications demand high performance.

Features:

 Schema-less
 Horizontal scalability
 High availability
 Support for distributed architecture

12) Explain Following Terms:

a) Key-Value Based Database:

 Stores data as key-value pairs.

 Fast and scalable.
 Example: Redis, DynamoDB.

b) Column-Based Database:

 Stores data in columns instead of rows.

 Efficient for queries involving large datasets.
 Example: Cassandra, HBase.

c) Graph-Based Database:

 Stores data as nodes and edges.

 Suitable for complex relationships.
 Example: Neo4j, ArangoDB.

Unit 2

1) Explain MongoDB with Its Features

MongoDB is an open-source, document-oriented NoSQL database designed for high performance,
high availability, and easy scalability. It stores data in flexible, JSON-like documents, making it easier
to work with hierarchical and complex data structures.
Features:

 Document-Oriented Storage: Data is stored as BSON (Binary JSON) documents.

 Schema-Less: No predefined structure; allows flexibility in data types.
 Horizontal Scalability: Supports sharding for distributed data storage.
 Indexing: Supports primary, secondary, and compound indexing for faster queries.
 Aggregation Framework: Allows complex data processing and transformation.
 Replication: Supports replica sets for high availability and fault tolerance.
 Support for Geospatial Queries: Useful in location-based applications.
 Flexible Data Model: Easy mapping between application objects and database documents.

2) Explain Following Terms

a) Speed:

Refers to the rate at which a database can process read and write operations. MongoDB provides
faster operations due to in-memory computing, indexing, and document-based storage.

b) Scalability:

Ability of a system to handle a growing amount of data and requests. MongoDB achieves this via
sharding (horizontal scaling), where data is split across multiple servers.

c) Agility:

Database’s ability to adapt quickly to changing requirements. MongoDB’s schema-less design

enables rapid development and easier adjustments in data structure.

3) What is Non-Relational Approach?

A non-relational approach refers to databases that don’t use the traditional table-based relational
model. Instead, they use various data models like key-value, document, graph, or columnar.

Characteristics:

 No fixed schema
 Suited for large-scale data storage
 Enables rapid development
 Flexible data types and structures
 Ideal for unstructured or semi-structured data
4) Explain JSON-Based Document and Its Advantages
JSON Document:

JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is a lightweight data-interchange format that uses key-value pairs.

In MongoDB:

Documents are stored in BSON, an extended form of JSON.

Advantages:

 Human-readable format
 Easy to map with application-level data structures
 Supports nested documents and arrays
 Schema flexibility for fast iteration
 Ideal for web and mobile applications

5) Difference Between Performance vs Features

Aspect Performance Features

Focus Speed and efficiency Functionality and capabilities

Minimize latency and maximize

Goal Provide rich tools, APIs, and operations
throughput

Trade-off May reduce features for speed May slow down performance with more logic

Rich features like aggregation, geospatial

MongoDB High performance due to indexing, etc.
queries

6) Differentiate Between MongoDB and RDBMS

Feature MongoDB RDBMS

Data Structure Document-based (BSON) Table-based

Schema Dynamic Static

Transactions Multi-document (since 4.0) Full ACID support

Query Language Mongo Query Language (MQL) SQL

 Feature MongoDB RDBMS

Scalability Horizontal (Sharding) Vertical

Joins Limited support via $lookup Strong JOIN capabilities

Storage Collections Tables

7) What is MongoDB Schema

In MongoDB, schema refers to the structure or organization of documents in a collection. MongoDB
is schema-less, meaning documents within the same collection can have different fields or data
types.

However, schema design is still important:

 For efficient indexing

 For query optimization
 To maintain data integrity (optionally using schema validation)

8) Explain What Do You Mean by Running Database

Anywhere
This refers to MongoDB’s flexibility in deployment. MongoDB can be deployed:

 On-premises
 In cloud environments (AWS, Azure, GCP)
 As a managed service (MongoDB Atlas)
 On containers (Docker)
 On serverless platforms

This “run anywhere” capability gives developers the freedom to choose their preferred environment
without changing the codebase.

9) MongoDB Database Model

MongoDB follows a document-oriented database model, where:

 Database contains collections

 Collections contain documents
 Documents are BSON-encoded JSON objects
This model supports:

 Embedded documents and arrays

 No rigid schema
 Nested and hierarchical data

10) Difference Between JSON and BSON

Feature JSON BSON

Format Text-based Binary format

Readability Human-readable Not human-readable

Data Types Limited More (e.g., Date, Binary, int32)

Size Smaller in size Slightly larger due to metadata

Performance Slower for processing Faster parsing and encoding

11) What is Capped Collection and Polymorphic Schema

Capped Collection:

 Fixed-size collection that automatically overwrites the oldest documents.

 Maintains insertion order.
 Ideal for logging, real-time analytics.

Features:

 Fast write performance

 No deletion allowed
 Useful for circular buffer-like behavior

Polymorphic Schema:

 A collection where documents can have different sets of fields.

 Encourages flexible and evolving data models.

Example:

json
CopyEdit
{ "_id": 1, "type": "book", "title": "Mongo Basics" }
{ "_id": 2, "type": "video", "title": "MongoDB Crash Course", "duration":
120 }
Each document is shaped differently based on its type, yet stored in the same collection.