Unit 1: Basic concepts

A. Information and Information processing

I. Data – Information – Knowledge

Data represent unorganized and unprocessed facts

II. Information Processing
Model of Information Processing

B. Computers and Classification of Computers

I. History
Blaise Pascal: invents first commercial calculator
1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard: create machine read punched holes
Charles Babbage: a programmable machine
Ada Lovelace: first programmer
1935: Konrad Zuse: mechanical calculator
Enigma: mechanical encoder by Germans
Alan Turing: proposed computer that compute any algorithm
1946: ENIAC
First successful computer IBM 701
1969 UNIX OS
Internet: ARPANet
1981: MSDOS
1985: MS Windows
Generation of computing:
• First gen:
o Vacuum tubes: store data, program
o Memory: Magnetic drums
o Input: punched holes card
o Size: big as rooms
 o Not reliable
• Second gen:
o Transistors and magnetic cores
o Smaller, More reliable, Cheaper
o High level programming language
o (Fortran)
• Third gen:
o Integrated circuits
o Smaller, cheaper (desk-sized)
o Software industry
• Fourth gen:
o Smaller (Type-writer size, first microcomputer)
o Personal computer common
o Networks, Email, GUI
• Fifth gen:
o AI
o Parrallel processors
o Handheld, personal digital assistants(PDAs)
o High-res graphics
o Multimedia
o Global telecommunications (data, TV, telephone, FAX, internet,
WWW)
o Wireless data communication
o Massive storage
o Ubiquitous computing (tính toán mọi nơi)
o Embed
II. Classification of computers
Different shapes, sizes and weights
Perform different jobs:
Mainframe computers (for large org, multiuser)
Supercomputers (Strongest computers for calculation)
Minicomputers (Multiuser but smaller than mainframe)
Microcomputers (Personal)
C. Computer science and relevant sciences
I. Information Technology
Definition of CS: study of computers, both hardware and software design. ->
broad disciplines (AI, Software engineering,…)
 IT: development, installation, implementation of information systems and
applications.
II. Information and Communications Technology
Communication devices or applications: radio, TV, Cellular phones,
Computers, Satellite, Netword hardware and software,…
Services: video call, distance learning,…

Unit 2: Representation of Information in Computers

1. Number systems
2. Number representation in computers – Units of Information
3. Representation of Integers
4. Operations on integers
5. Logical operaions on binary numbers
6. Symbol representation
7. Decimal System
8. Base-b system

9. Conversion from Decimal to base-b

10. Binary system
11. Hexadecimal system
12. Octal system
The octals numbers include only the representations for the values from 0 to 7: 0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7
Example: 235.648 = 2x82 + 3x81 + 5x80+ 6x8-1 + 4x8-2=157.812510
13. Data Representation in a Computer and Unit of Information
I. Basic principles
Data can be numbers, symbols, images, sounds…
Represent data in term of bit patterns
Different ways to encode types of data:
Numbers are converted to binary
Symbols are assigned a bit pattern
Other data must be digitalized
II. Binary representation
n binary can represent 2n things
III. Representing audio information
Digitize the sound wave
Sampling: measure voltage of signal and record value
Reproduce the sound
Audio format: wav, au, aiff, vqf, mp3,…
IV. Representing colors
RGB value
Color depth: amount of data used to represent color
HiColor: 16bit
TrueColor:24bit
V. Digitized Images and Graphics
Image: array of color pixel
Resolution: number of pixel
VI. Categorization of Data Types in programming
Basic types: standard predefined types (integer, float, boolean, char,…)
 Structured types: made from basic types
VII. Units of information
Smallest unit of information: bit (binary digit)
8 bits form a byte
Binary prefixes can be used to quantify computer memory sizes
Each successive prefix is multiplied by 1024

VIII. Represent integers

Unsigned integers: The value is never negative
Signed integers: Leftmost number == 1 then negative number
Unsigned signed
Bits value Bits value
0000 0 0000 0
0001 1 0001 1
0010 2 0010 2
0011 3 0011 3
0100 4 0100 4
0101 5 0101 5
0110 6 0110 6
0111 7 0111 7
1000 8 1000 -8
1001 9 1001 -7
1010 10 1010 -6
1011 11 1011 -5
1100 12 1100 -4
1101 13 1101 -3
1110 14 1110 -2
1111 15 1111 -1
10112 =-8+0+2+1= -5
IX. Binary operations
• Binary addition:
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1+1=0 carry 1
00011010
+ 00001100
= 00100110
• Binary subtraction:
0-0=0
0 - 1 = 1 borrow 1
1-0=1
1-1=0
00100101
-00010001
=00010100
• Multipilcation
0x0=0
0x1=0
1x0=0
1x1=1
00101001
x 00000110
----------------
00000000
00101001
00101001
---------------
0011110110
• Division
• AND
0 and 0 = 0
0 and 1 = 0
1 and 0 = 0
1 and 1 = 1
• OR
0 or 0 = 0
0 or 1 = 1
 1 or 0 = 1
1 or 1 = 1
• XOR
0 xor 0 = 0
0 xor 1 = 1
1 xor 0 = 1
1 xor 1 = 0
• NOT
not 1 = 0
not 0 = 1
X. Symbol representation
Problem: Encoding systems conflict with each other.
a. Basic principles
Text document -> characters
Character data: alphabet, number, punctuation, spaces, ...
They need to be represented in binary.
They dont have mathematical properties for character data
Character set:
List of characters and codes used to represent each one
Using a character set so manufacturers can make processing data easier
2 sets: ASCII and UNICODE
b. ASCII code table (American Standard Code for Information Interchange 1963)
Used 7 bits to represent character (0 to 127)
Extended ASCII used 8 bits including ASCII and special, mathematical symbol and
foreign chars.
Limitation:
- String data types allcated 1byte/char
- Not enough for other languages
- Logographic languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean,...) use more chars
c. Unicode table
Unique number for every character
Uses 16 bits or more / chars
Adopted by many companies
Supported in many OS,...
Advantages:
-Cost savings
-Multiplatforms, languages, countries software
-Data can be transported
 Disadvantages: if only use English, the text occupies more space.
Unit 3: Computer architecture
General model of computer
1. Computer operations
• Computer: programmable electronic device that store, retrieve and process
data.
• The Von Neuman Architecture

• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data retrieve
2. Architecture of computer systems
• Computer component:
o Case
o Power Supply
o Motherboard
Contain computer’s basic circuitry and components: microprocessor,
(optional) coprocessor, memory, BIOS (basic input output system),
expansion slot, interconnecting circuitry.
Expansion slot: Graphics card, sound cards, modem cards, network
adapter,....
o Microprocessor
o Memory
o Video Card
o Sound card
o Hard-disk drive
o CD-ROM
o MODEM
• Computer organization
o CPU: central processing unit
 Made decisions, computations, input/output delegate (giao nvu)
o Memory
Store information processed by CPU: data and instructions
o Input devices
Move data from outside world to computer
o Output devices
Move results from computer to outside world
3. The fetch – Execute cycle

❖ CPU:
Brains of the computer
• Arithmetic calculations ( performed in binary )are performed by
Arithmetic/Logical Unit (ALU)
• ALU have small amount of registers
• Control unit decodes and executes instructions
CPU is contained on integrated circuits (microprocessors)
Control unit:

• In charge of fetch-execute cycle

• Include 2 registers:
- IR (instruction register): instruction to be execute
- PC (program counter): address of next instruction
Registers:

• Temporary storage units within the CPU

• Some registers such as program counter and instruction register have
dedicated uses, others are for general use.
❖ Fetch-execute cycle
Fetch the next instruction
Decode the instruction
 Get data if needed
Execute the instruction
❖ Clock
A circuit that generate electronic pulse to synchronize operations of processor’s
components
Clock rate (frequency): number of pulse/s
Higher clock rate -> quicker speed of instruction processing
❖ Memory
Retain digital data used for computing
Internal memory:
• Can be accessed from processor without input output
• Main storage: RAM and ROM
o RAM (random access memory): computer memory that can be read and
written in arbitrary sequence (ngẫu nhiên lần lượt)
o ROM (Read-only memory): storage, tells computer how to load operating
system
o Storage capacity: total amount of stored information that a storage device
or medium can hold. It is expressed as a quantity of bits or bytes
• Cache memory
• Special registers
External Memory:only can be accessed by CPU if it is first transferred to main
memory. Retain information when computer shutdown.
Secondary storage devices: store data for future use (CD, Floppy disk)
❖ Buses
Transfers data or power between components or computers
Connect peripherals over same set of wires
Each bus defines its set of connectors to plug devices, cards, cables
❖ Input and output devices
INPUT: Keyboard, mouse, joystick, microphone, webcam, scanner,...
OUTPUT: media used by computer in displaying its responses to our requests
(monitor, speakers, printer, plotter)
❖ Monitor
Controlled by graphics card
Measured in dots(pixel)/inch
Number of colors 16-> billions
Unit 4: Computer network and operating systems
Computer network
• Computers are connected to communicate and share resources
• Connection in network: cable or wireless
Classification of computer networks

• By network layer
• By scale
• By connection method
• By functional relationship
o Server based(client/server): computers providing services (server),
computers request and use service (client)
o Peer to peer: computers act both server and client
• By network topology
• By protocol
Local area network (LAN): small number of machines in small area
Wide area network (WAN): more LAN over large distance
Metropolitan (MAN): network infrastructures of large city
Packet switching:

• Messages are divided into fixed-size, numbered packets

• Packets were sent individually then combined into original message
Topologies of LANs

Ethernet: based on bus topology

Open systems

• Interoperability: the ability of software and hardware on multiple machines to

communicate
 • Open systems: system based on common model of network architecture and
protocols
Layering of key network protocols

• Transmission control protocol (TCP): protocol that break message, reassemble

packets and take care of errors
• Internet protocol (IP): protocol used to routing packets (điều hướng)
• TCP/IP: protocol for low-level network communication
High level protocols:

• Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP): specify the transfer of email

• File transfer protocol (FTP): transfer file
• Telnet: remote desktop
• Hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP): www documents in HTML
Routers:

• A packet make several intermediate hops before reaches final destinations

• Routers are used to direct packets between networks
• If a path directs to a down machine or a path has many network traffic, a router
might choose an alternative route
Repeater:

• Strengthen and propagate signal

• Restrict data loss
The internet:

• Wide area network spans the planet

• Multiple networks have the same protocols to pass along messages
How to connect to the internet?

• Hardware: modem (dial up, ADSL) or ethernet card

• Software: OS, connection software
• Browser
• Connection options: dial up, cable, ADSL, wireless
 • Locating internet access providers
Internet connections:

• Internet backbone: high-speed networks carrying internet traffic

• Internet service provider (ISP): nhà mạng
• Phone modem: data<->audio signal
• Digital subscriber line (DSL):internet through phone lines
• Cable modem: device provide network using TV cable
Upload: send data
Download: receive data
Computer<->ISP<->Routers<->Webservers
Firewall: machine with software serve as special gateway that protect itselft from
inapproriate access

• Filters network traffic, check if messages valid or not

• Enforce org’s access control policy
Internet users<->firewall<->protected LAN
Network addresses

• Hostname(tên miền): unique identification to specify a computer

o Hostname = Computer name + domain name
• Network software translate hostname to IP address
• IP address: 4 bytes: 8bits.8bits.8bits.8bits
World Wide Web

• Infrastructure of information and the network software used to access it

• Web page: document contain various kinds of data
• Link: connection between web pages
• Web site: collection of related web pages
• Web browser: software that retrieves(lấy lại) and displays webpage
• Webserver: computer response to requests from webpage
• Uniform resource locator (URL): way of specifying location of webpage