Inductor and Inductance

Phenomenon
 iAB [A] Transient Steady state

Inductor is charging 1

iAB (ꚙ) = 1A
5Ω I
1
2 A
0 τ t
iAB τ: time constant
iAB (0-) = iAB (0+) = 0
5V vAB
vAB [V]
II 5
10 Ω
B

0 τ t
II is called an Inductor = storing energy element. It can be
empty or full. vAB (ꚙ) = 0V
Empty => Open switch, Full => Closed switch vAB (0-) = 0V
vAB (0+) = 5V
Inductor is discharging, it acts like an energy source
iAB [A]
1
5Ω I
1
2 A
iAB
5V vAB 0 t
II τ τ time constant
10 Ω
B vAB [V] τ Transient Steady state
t
0

- 10
 Capacitor Inductor
5Ω I 5Ω I
1 1
2
iAB 2 A
A
iAB
5V
Charging 10 Ω
II 5V
II
B 10 Ω
B

5Ω I 5Ω I
1 1
2 2 A
iAB iAB
5V A 5V
Discharging 10 Ω
II
B 10 Ω
II
B
Inductors
Transformer
Symbols of inductor

Transformer
Inductance
 Basic notes
1. Inductor is a storing energy element: it can be
charged and discharged => time constant 𝜏 = 𝐿/𝑅𝑡ℎ
2. Empty => Open switch, Full => Closed switch
3. Magnetic flux 𝜑 [Wb] = L [H] . I [A]
4. Stored energy W [J] = ½ L [H] . I2 [A]
5. Current cannot change instantly i(0+) = i(0-)
6. Voltage changes instantly v(0) = max
𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑖
7. vL(t) = = L
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Inductor connections

• Series
o Same current
o Leq = L1 + L2 + L3 + …

• Parallel
o Same voltage V
o 1/Leq = 1/L1 + 1/L2 + 1/L3 + …
 General equations
𝑡
−
iL(t) = Iss + k 𝑒 𝜏

• iL(t): instantaneous current valid for all t

• Iss: steady state current i.e. when iL(∞)
• k: constant = IL(0) - Iss
• 𝜏 = 𝐿/𝑅𝑡ℎ
𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑖
vL(t) = = L
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Comparison between Capacitor
Inductor and Switches

Capacitor Switch Inductor

Full Open Empty
Empty Closed Full
 Example t = 1h
2
vR
1
t=0
A 10Ω B
iR
vC
2A vL 8A

iL iC

Switch 1 and 2 were open for a long time, at t = 0 sec, 1 closes

then 1h later 2 closes
Find: iR, iC, iL, VR, VC, VL
At t = 0-, t= 0+, t = 1h-, t = 1h+, t → ꚙ
14
 Solution t = 1h vR t=0
2 A 10Ω B 1
t= 0- iR

All switches are open => everything is 0 2A vL

vC
8A

iL iC

15
 iR [A] iC[A] iL[A] vR [V] vC[V] vL[V]

t = 0- 0 0 0 0 0 0

t = 0+

t = 1h-

t = 1h+

t→ꚙ
 iR [A] iC[A] iL[A] vR [V] vC[V] vL[V]

t = 0- 0 0 0 0 0 0

t = 0+ 0 0

t = 1h-

t = 1h+

t→ꚙ
t = 0+ Solution
vC (0+) = vC (0-) = 0 t = 1h vR t=0
2 1
iL (0+) = iL (0-) = 0 A 10Ω B
iR
Questions: vC
1. How is switch 1? closed 2A vL 8A

2. How is C? empty => SC iL iC

3. How is L? empty => OC C

vR
vC = 0V A 10Ω B 1

iL = 0A iR

iR = 0A vC
vL 8A
vR = 0V
iL iC
vL = vR = 0V
iC = 8A C
18
 iR [A] iC[A] iL[A] vR [V] vC[V] vL[V]

t = 0- 0 0 0 0 0 0

t = 0+ 0 8 0 0 0 0

t = 1h-

t = 1h+

t→ꚙ
t = 1h- Solution
Questions: t = 1h vR t=0
1. How are switches 1 & 2? 1 closed, 2 open 2 A 10Ω B 1

iR
2. How is C? full => OC
vC
3. How is L? full => SC 2A vL 8A

iC = 0A iL iC

vL = VAC = 0V vR
C

iL = 8A A 10Ω B 1

iR = – 8A iR

vR = vAB = – 80 V vL vC 8A
vC = vBC = 80V
iL iC

C
20
 iR [A] iC[A] iL[A] vR [V] vC[V] vL[V]

t = 0- 0 0 0 0 0 0

t = 0+ 0 8 0 0 0 0

t = 1h- -8 0 8 -80 80 0

t = 1h+

t→ꚙ
 iR [A] iC[A] iL[A] vR [V] vC[V] vL[V]

t = 0- 0 0 0 0 0 0

t = 0+ 0 8 0 0 0 0

t = 1h- -8 0 8 -80 80 0

t = 1h+ 8 80

t→ꚙ
t = 1h+ Solution
vC (1h+) = vC (1h-) = 80V t = 1h vR t=0
2 A 10Ω B 1
iL (1h+) = iL (1h-) = 8A
iR
Switches 1 & 2 closed vC
2A vL 8A

iL iC
vC = vBC = 80V
C
iL = 8A vR
2 1
iR = 2 – iL = – 6A A 10Ω B
iR
vR = – 60 V
iC = iR + 8 = 2A 2A vL vC = 80V 8A

vL = vAC = vAB + vBC = vR + vC = 20V iL = 8A iC

23
 iR [A] iC[A] iL[A] vR [V] vC[V] vL[V]

t = 0- 0 0 0 0 0 0

t = 0+ 0 8 0 0 0 0

t = 1h- -8 0 8 -80 80 0

t = 1h+ -6 2 8 -60 80 20

t→ꚙ
t→ꚙ Solution
Switches 1 & 2 closed t = 1h vR t=0
2 A 10Ω B 1
C Full => OC
iR
L Full => SC vC
2A vL 8A

iL iC
iC = 0A
C
vL = 0V
vR
iR = – 8A 2 A 10Ω B 1

vR = – 80 V iR

iL = 8 + 2 = 10A 2A vL vC 8A

vC = vBA = – vR = 80V iL iC

25
 iR [A] iC[A] iL[A] vR [V] vC[V] vL[V]

t = 0- 0 0 0 0 0 0

t = 0+ 0 8 0 0 0 0

t = 1h- -8 0 8 -80 80 0

t = 1h+ -6 2 8 -60 80 20

t→ꚙ -8 0 0 -80 80 0