Introduction

To start with graphics programming, Turbo C is a good choice. Even though DOS has its own
limitations, it is having a large number of useful functions and is easy to program. To implement
graphics algorithms, to give graphical display of statistics, To view signals from any source, we
can use C graphics. Here is a article to start programming with Turbo C. 'Run and Learn' is our
method. We have used source codes throughout the explanations. Just execute them to understand
what is happening.

You should have!!!

1. Graphics.h Header File
2. Graphics.lib library file
3. Graphics driver (BGI file)
4. At least 640×480 VGA monitor
5. Header File : graphics.h
6. All Graphical Functions are Included in Graphics.h
7. After Including graphics.h Header File [ You can get access graphical functions
]
8. You must Know Following Things before Learning Turbo Graphics
9. InitGraph : Initializes the graphics system.
10. In C Program execution starts with main() similarly Graphics Environment Starts with
this function.
11. initgraph() initializes the graphics system by loading a graphics driver from disk then
putting the system into graphics mode
12. As this is Our first topic Under Graphics so it is better not to go in details of Parameters.
1. A Simple Program
#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h> void main()
{
int gd = DETECT, gm;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "c:\\tc\\bgi");
///Your Code goes Here getch();
closegraph();
}
Output of this simple program

1. Firstly let me tell you what the output of this program is.

2. This program initializes graphics mode and then closes it after a key is pressed.
3. To begin with we have declared two variables of int type gd and gm for graphics
driver and graphics mode respectively.

4. DETECT is a macro defined in "graphics.h" header file.

5. Then we have passed three arguments to initgraph function 1st is the address of gd, 2nd is
the address of gm and 3rd is the path where your BGI files are present ( you have to adjust
 this accordingly where you turbo compiler is installed).

6. getch helps us to wait until a key is pressed, closegraph function closes the graphics mode
and finally return statement returns a value 0 to main indicating successful execution of
your program

7. After you have understood initgraph function then you can use functions to draw shapes
such as circle, line , rectangle etc, then you can learn how to change colors and fonts using
suitable functions, then you can go for functions such as getimage, putimage etc for doing
animation.
2. Program---Printing Textin Graphics Using
Outtextxy Function
#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdio.h> int main(void)
{

int gdriver = DETECT, gmode; initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "c:\\tc\\bgi");

int x = 200, y = 200;
outtextxy(x, y, "Hello World"); closegraph();
}

Explanation

outtextxy(x,y,"Hello World");

This Function is Similar to Printf Statement.

Printf Prints Text on Screen in “Text Mode” while outtextxy() function Prints Text onto Screen in
“Graphics Mode“.
This Function Accepts 3 Parameters. Syntax:
outtextxy(x,y,"Hello World");

3. Program --- How to Draw a Cricle

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h> void main()
{

int gd=DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "c:\\turboc3\\bgi " ); circle(200,100,150);

getch(); closegraph();
}

More detail on Syntax

1. InitGraph: Initializes the graphics system.

2. Declaration: void far initgraph(int far *graphdriver, int far *graphmode, char far
*pathtodriver);
 3. Remarks: To start the graphics system, you must first call initgraph.
4. initgraph initializes the graphics system by loading a graphics driver from disk (or
validating a registered driver) then putting the system into graphics mode.
5. initgraph also resets all graphics settings (color, palette, current position, viewport,
etc.) to their defaults, then resets graphresult to 0.

4. Program --- Draw a Rectangle

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h> void main()
{

int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "c:\\tc\\bgi"); line(300, 100, 200, 200); // (from_x,from_y,
to_x,to_y)

line(300, 100, 400, 200);

line(200, 200, 400, 200);

getch();

closegraph();

5. Program --- Setting Styles and More!!!

/*Here a sample program to illustrate how to use BARS which are used for visual
statistics */
#include<graphics.h> main() {
int gd=DETECT,gm,maxx,maxy,x,y,button; initgraph(&gd,&gm,"");
line(80,150,200,150);
line(80,150,80,50);
settextstyle(1,HORIZ_DIR,1);
outtextxy(100,153,"<-X axis");
settextstyle(1,VERT_DIR,1); outtextxy(60,50,"<-Y
axis"); bar(100,100,120,150); bar(130,120,150,150);
getch(); closegraph();
}

6. Program --- Draw Op-amp Using Graphics Function

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h>
#include<graphics.h> void main() {
int gd = DETECT, gm;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "c:\\tc\\bgi");

line(50, 125, 100, 125); //Horizontal Line -VE Terminal

 line(50, 175, 100, 175); //Horizontal Line +VE Terminal
line(100, 100, 100, 200); //Vertical Line
line(100, 100, 150, 150); //Top to Bottom Slant Line
line(150, 150, 100, 200); //Bottom to Top slant Line
line(125, 100, 125, 125); //Vertical Line +VCC
line(125, 175, 125, 200); //Vertical Line -VCC

line(150, 150, 200, 150); //Horizontal line

getch();

closegraph();

Important Functions

Clearing the graphics window…

cleardevice();
Delay the program, so that users can see what is happening…sending in the number of msec
delay(milliseconds); Wait
for a keyboard hit:
getch();or,kbhit();

Important functions (Drawing lines)

1. Set Drawing Color (for lines and edges)

2. (colors typically range from 0-15; 0 is usually black and 15 is white)

3. setcolor(color);

4. Set Background Color (usually for text)

5. setbkcolor(color);

6. Set Fill Style and Color (for interiors)

7. Pattern 0-12, 0 = empty, 1 = solid

8. setfillstyle(pattern, color)

9. Set Line Style and Thickness

10. Style: 0 = solid, 1 = dotted, 3 = dashed

11. Thickness is the width in terms of pixels

12. setlinestyle(style, pattern, thickness)

Important Functions ( How Text Look )

1. Text Formatting

2. Set the justification

3. Horizontal: (0 = left, 1 = center, 2= right)

4. Vertical: (0 = bottom, 1 = center, 2 = top)

5. settextjustify(horizontal, vertical)

6. Set the text style

7. Font: (0-11)

8. Direction: 0 = left to right direction

9. Character Size: 0 = normal, 6 is really big!

10. settextstyle(font,direction, character size)

BLACK: 0
BLUE: 1
GREEN: 2
CYAN: 3
RED: 4
MAGENTA: 5
BROWN: 6
LIGHTGRAY: 7
DARKGRAY: 8
LIGHTBLUE: 9
LIGHTGREEN: 10
LIGHTCYAN: 11
LIGHTRED: 12
LIGHTMAGENTA: 13
YELLOW: 14
WHITE: 15
Important Functions (Messages)

1. Text Output

2. Set Text color (index ranges 0-15)

3. setcolor(index);

4. Output a message on the graphics window at the current position

5. outtext(“messages on graphics window”);

6. Output a message on the graphics window at the given x,y coordinate

7. outtextxy(x,y,”message”);

Important Functions(Mouse Input )

1. Has there been a mouse click?

2. Right Click is 513

3. Left Click is 516Middle Click is 519 (the wheel…)

4. answer = ismouseclick(kind)

5. Clear the mouse click

6. (if you don’t do this you can’t get the next mouse click!)

7. clearmouseclick(kind);

8. What was the coordinate when the mouse click happens…

9. x = mousex(); y = mousey();
8. Program --- Moving On( concentric circles )

#include <graphics.h> int main()

{

int gd = DETECT, gm;

int x = 320, y = 240, radius; initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\TC\\BGI");

for ( radius = 25; radius <= 125 ; radius = radius + 20)
circle(x, y, radius); getch();
closegraph();
return 0;

9. Basic Shapes and Colors

#include<graphics.h>
#include<conio.h> void main()
{

int gd=DETECT, gm;

int poly[12]={350,450, 350,410, 430,400, 350,350, 300,430, 350, 450 };

initgraph(&gd, &gm, "");

circle(100,100,50);

outtextxy(75,170, "Circle"); rectangle(200,50,350,150);

outtextxy(240, 170, "Rectangle");

ellipse(500, 100,0,360, 100,50);

outtextxy(480, 170, "Ellipse"); line(100,250,540,250);

outtextxy(300,260,"Line"); sector(150, 400, 30, 300,
100,50);
outtextxy(120, 460, "Sector"); drawpoly(6, poly);
outtextxy(340, 460, "Polygon"); getch();
closegraph();

10. Program --- Moving Car

#include <graphics.h> #include <dos.h>

int main()

int i, j = 0, gd = DETECT, gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm,"C:\\TC\\BGI");

settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT,HORIZ_DIR,2);
outtextxy(25,240,"Press any key to view the moving car");
 getch();

for( i = 0 ; i <= 420 ; i = i + 10, j++ )

rectangle(50+i,275,150+i,400);
rectangle(150+i,350,200+i,400); circle(75+i,410,10);
circle(175+i,410,10); setcolor(j);
delay(100); if( i == 420 )
break;
if ( j == 15 ) j = 2;
cleardevice(); // clear screen

getch(); closegraph(); return

0;
}

11. Some Graphics Effects Using Random Numbers

#include "graphics.h" #include

"conio.h" #include "stdlib.h" void
main()
{

int gd,gm;
gd=DETECT;

initgraph(&gd, &gm, ""); setcolor(3);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,RED); bar(50, 50, 590, 430);
setfillstyle(1, 14);

bar(100, 100, 540, 380);

while(!kbhit())

putpixel(random(439)+101, random(279)+101,random(16));
setcolor(random(16)); circle(320,240,random(100));
}

getch(); closegraph();
}
Program for Circle Animation

#include<graphics.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<time.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dos.h>
void main()
{
int gd = DETECT, gm;
int x, y, maxx, maxy;
int xdir = 1, ydir = 1;
int color = 1;
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "c:\\tc\\bgi");
maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();
x = 25;
y = 45;
randomize();
while(!kbhit())
{
cleardevice();
rectangle(0, 20, maxx, maxy-20);
outtextxy(maxx/2-80, 0, "Moving Ball");
outtextxy(maxx/2-80, maxy-15, "Press any key to exit...");
setcolor(WHITE);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, color);
circle(x, y, 25);
floodfill(x, y, WHITE);
delay(40);
x = x + (xdir * 5);
y = y + (ydir * 5);
if(x >= maxx - 25 || x <= 25)
{
xdir *= -1;
color = random(15) + 1;
}
if(y >= maxy - 45 || y <= 45)
{
ydir *= -1;
color = random(15) + 1;
}
}
closegraph();
restorecrtmode();
}
Program for Traffic Signal

// C++ program for the above approach

#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <graphics.h>
#include <iostream.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

// Driver Code
void main()
{
clrscr();
int gd = DETECT, gm, midx, midy;

// Passed three arguments to the

// initgraph function to initialize
// graphics mode
initgraph(&gd, &gm, "C:\\TC\\BGI");

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

// Set color of intro text as cyan

setcolor(CYAN);

// Below just styling the text

settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 4);
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy - 10, "TRAFFIC LIGHT SIMULATION");
outtextxy(midx, midy + 10, "PRESS ANY KEY TO START");
getch();
cleardevice();
setcolor(WHITE);
settextstyle(DEFAULT_FONT, HORIZ_DIR, 1);

// rectangle lines
rectangle(midx - 30, midy - 80, midx + 30, midy + 80);

// Circle for red light

circle(midx, midy - 50, 22);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, RED);
floodfill(midx, midy - 50, 22);
setcolor(BLUE);

// Text inside red light

outtextxy(midx, midy - 50, "STOP");

// Delay of 2 sec
delay(2000);
graphdefaults();
 cleardevice();

setcolor(WHITE);

// Drawing lines of rectangle

// for traffic light
rectangle(midx - 30, midy - 80,
midx + 30, midy + 80);

// Drawing yellow circle for light

circle(midx, midy - 50, 22);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, YELLOW);
floodfill(midx, midy, WHITE);
setcolor(BLUE);

// Setting inner text to ready

outtextxy(midx - 18, midy - 3, "READY");
delay(2000);
cleardevice();

setcolor(WHITE);

// Drawing lines of rectangle

// for traffic light
rectangle(midx - 30, midy - 80,
midx + 30, midy + 80);

// Circle for green light

circle(midx, midy + 50, 22);
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, GREEN);
floodfill(midx, midy + 50, WHITE);
setcolor(BLUE);

// Setting inner text to GO

outtextxy(midx - 7, midy + 48, "GO");
setcolor(RED);
settextstyle(TRIPLEX_FONT,
HORIZ_DIR, 4);

outtextxy(midx - 150, midy + 100, "Brrrmmm");

getch();
}

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