IT SKILL LAB-2

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

SESSION: 2023 TO 2024

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Miss. Sakshi Tripathi Rishabh Mishra
Head of Department MBA 2nd semester
Department of Management ROLL No.- 2307470700036
Studies
 Ref.no______________ Date__/__/_______

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify Miss./ Mrs./ Mr.____________ has completed her / his

project work of IT Skill assigned by collage in session 2023-2024.

The project work was given by the Department of Management Studies

under proper supervision and guidance of partial fulfillment in the
requirement of an MBA degree affiliated to AKTU,Lucknow.

The project work of IT Skill well acquainted information by the student

themselves.

SUPERVISOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

______________________________________________
Approved by AICTE and affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical
University, Lucknow, U.P. (COLLEGE CODE: 747)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I‘m very much obliged to many people who helped me in accomplishing my IT Skill work
and producing this Work For a good one needs proper time ,energy ,efforts ,patience
and knowledge. But without any guidance it remains unsuccessful. I have done this IT
Skill to the best of my ability and hope that it will serve its purpose.

It was really a great learning experience and I am really thankful to my faculties, who
not Only helped me in the successful completion of this report but also spread his
precious and Valuable time in expanding my knowledge base.

I wish to acknowledge my gratitude towards Miss. Sakshi Tripathi my IT Skill

supervisor Department of Management studies and other faculty members of
MBA Department my friends and all those person who are responsible for the
successful Completion of this IT Skill And to god, who made all things possible.
The product of this IT Skill would not be possible without all of them.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled “I.T SKILLS” has been prepared by me during
the academic year.

I also declare that this project is the result of my efforts and has been submitted to any
other University or institution for the award of any degree or personal favors
whatsoever. All the details and analysis provided in the report hold true to the best of
my knowledge.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2. DECLARATION
3. Describe the step of Developing Pivot Table?
4. Write the steps of editing an Excel cell?
5. How to create a scenario summary report?
6. How to use validating in MS Excel?
7. How to edit validation criteria for data entry and
Excel?
8. How to create Hyperlink in Excel ?
9. How to freeze panes in Excel ?
10. How to Use V-Look Up in MS Excel?
11. Write a procedure to create combined chat.
12. How to create a bar chart in MS Excel ?
13. Explain any 10 shortcut keys in MS Excel and its.
uses ?
14. How to restrict someone from copying a self from
your worksheet ?
15. How do we use the SUM IF () foundation in Excel?
16. What wild cards are available in Excel ?
17. What is macro in Excel? Create a macro and
automate a mask .
Q 1.Describe the step of Developing Pivot Table?

Developing a pivot table involves several key steps. Here’s a detailed description of the
process:

Step 1.Prepare Your Data: Ensure your data is organized in a tabular format with clear
headers for each column. Each row should represent a unique record.

Step 2.Select Your Data: Highlight the range of cells that you want to include in your
pivot table. This can include your entire dataset or a specific subset.

Step 3.Insert Pivot Table:

- In Excel, go to the "Insert" tab on the ribbon.
- Click on "PivotTable."
- In the dialog box that appears, confirm the data range and select where you want the
pivot table to be placed (either in a new worksheet or an existing one).
Step 4. Configure the Pivot Table Fields:
- Rows: Drag the field(s) you want to appear as rows in the pivot table into the
"Rows" area.
- Columns: Drag the field(s) you want to appear as columns into the "Columns" area.
- Values: Drag the field(s) you want to summarize into the "Values" area. You can
choose different types of summarization, such as sum, average, count, etc.
- Filters: Drag any field(s) you want to use as a filter into the "Filters" area. This allows
you to filter the entire pivot table based on specific criteria.
Step 5.Format and Customize:
- Adjust the layout and format of your pivot table to enhance readability.
- Apply number formatting to the values, such as currency, percentages, etc.
- Use pivot table options to display subtotals, grand totals, and to sort or filter data.
Step 6.Analyze and Refine:
- Analyze the data presented in the pivot table to gain insights.
- Refine the pivot table as needed by adding/removing fields, changing summarization
types, or applying filters.

Step 7.Update Data (if necessary):

- If your source data changes, you can refresh the pivot table to reflect the updates.
- Right-click on the pivot table and select "Refresh" to update it with any changes in
the data source.
Following these steps, you can effectively develop a pivot table that helps summarize,
analyze, and gain insights from your data.
Q 2.Write the method of editing excel cell?

To make changes in Excel, follow the steps below:

Step 1. Go to the Review tab

Step 2. Click on Unprotect Sheet

Step 3. in the unprotect sheet dialog box and click OK.

Step 4. Click on the File tab

Step 5. Click Options from the menu on the left side

Step 6. In the dialog box, click on Advanced from the left panel

Step 7. Under Editing option, check Allow editing directly in cells. Click OK at the
bottom.
Q 3.How to create scenario summary report?

Step 1.Select the cells that contain values that could change.

Step 2.Click the Data tab on the ribbon.

Step 3.Click the What-If Analysis button.

Step 4..Select Scenario Manager.

The Scenario Manager dialog box appears with the message “No Scenarios defined.
Choose Add to add scenarios.

Step 5.Click the Add button to add a new scenario.

Step 6.Type a name for the new scenario.

If you already have cells selected, the Changing cells field will already be populated with
your selection. If you didn’t select cells up front, you’ll have to specify the cells here.

Step 7.Click OK.

The Scenario Values dialog box appears, showing each of the variable cells you
selected.

If you name the worksheet cells you're changing, the cell names appear here, making it
easy to tell what value you're working with.
Step 8.Update any values you want to see for the given scenario.

To make sure you don’t lose the original values for the changing cells, use the original
cell values in the first scenario you create.

Step 9.Click OK.

The scenario is added and is listed in the Scenario Manager. If you click Add, the Add
Scenario dialog box appears again so you can add another scenario.

Repeat steps 5-9 to add all the desired scenarios.

Step 10.Select the scenario you want to view.

Step 11.Click the Show button.

The worksheet’s values are changed to the values you specified in the scenario.
You can select any scenario here to update the values in your spreadsheet.
Q 4 .How to use validating in MS Excel?

Step 1.Select the cells you want to validate.

Step 2.Click the Data tab.

Step 3.Click the Data Validation button.

Step 4.Click the Allow list arrow.

Step 5.Select the type of data you want to allow.

Any value: No validation criteria applied.

Whole number: Allows a whole number between the minimum and maximum limits set.

Decimal: Allows a decimal or a percent entered as a decimal between the set limits.

List: Allows a value from a list of choices. A list arrow appears in the cell, and users can
choose from the list.

Date: Allows a date within set limits.

Time: Allows a time within set limits.

Text length: Allows text containing a certain number of characters.

Custom: Allows a formula to be entered to calculate what is allowed in the cell.

Step 6.Specify the data validation rules.

The validation options will vary depending on the option selected in the Allow field.

Step 7.Click OK.

The data validation is set for the selected cell(s). When a user tries to enter data that is
not valid, Excel will prevent the entry and display a message about the cell being
restricted.

To find validated data in a worksheet, click the Find & Select button in the Editing group
on the Home tab and select Data Validation. The validated cells are highlighted.
Q 5 How to edit validation criteria for data entry and
Excel ?

Editing validation criteria for data entry in Excel involves modifying the existing data
validation rules applied to a cell or range of cells. Here’s how to do it:

Step 1.Select the Cells with Data Validation

- Click and drag to select the cells where you want to edit the validation criteria. If you
need to edit validation for an entire column or row, select the entire column or row.

Step 2.Open the Data Validation Dialog Box

- Go to the “Data” tab on the ribbon.
- In the “Data Tools” group, click on “Data Validation.”
- If the selected cells already have validation rules, the Data Validation dialog box will
display the current settings.
Step 3.Edit the Validation Criteria
- In the Data Validation dialog box, go to the “Settings” tab.
- Adjust the criteria as needed. You can change the type of data allowed, the specific
criteria, or the source list.
- Whole Number: Adjust the minimum and maximum values.
- Decimal: Modify the range for decimal numbers.
- List: Update the list of allowed values.
- Date: Change the date range.
- Time: Alter the time range.
- Text Length: Set a new text length limit.
- Custom: Edit the custom formula used for validation.

Step 4.Update the Input Message (Optional)

- Go to the “Input Message” tab.
 - Change the title and input message as needed. This message appears when the
user selects the cell.

Step 5.Update the Error Alert (Optional)

- Go to the “Error Alert” tab.
- Modify the title and error message that appear when invalid data is entered.
- Change the alert style (Stop, Warning, or Information) if necessary.
Step 6.Apply the Changes
- Click “OK” to save the changes and apply the updated validation criteria to the
selected cells.

Example: Editing a List Validation

Suppose you initially set up a list validation allowing "Yes, No, Maybe" and now you
want to add "Not Sure":
1. Select the cells with the existing list validation.
2. Open the Data Validation dialog box from the “Data” tab.
3. In the Settings tab, under “Allow,” choose “List.”
4. In the Source field, update the list to "Yes, No, Maybe, Not Sure."
5. Click OK to apply the changes.

By following these steps, you can easily edit the validation criteria for any cell or range
of cells in your Excel worksheet, ensuring that the data entered meets your updated
requirements.
Q 6 How to create hyperlink in Excel?

Step 1.Select the text or graphic you want to hyperlink.

Step 2.Click the Insert tab.

Step 3.Click Hyperlink.

Press Ctrl + K.
Step 4.Select a linking option at the left.

Existing File or Web Page: Creates a link that takes you to another file, a file created in
another program like a PowerPoint presentation, or to a web page. This is the most
common type of hyperlink.
Place in This Document: Jumps to a spot in the current spreadsheet.
Create New Document: Creates a new Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and then inserts a
hyperlink to the new file.
E-mail Address: Creates a clickable email address.

Step 5.Fill in the necessary informational fields.

Step 6.Click OK.

To edit a hyperlink, right-click the link or linked object and select Edit Link. To delete
one, right-click it and select Remove Link.
Q 7.How to freeze panes in Excel

Freeze Panes in Excel are used to fix any frame, row, or section of the table to access the data
located below so that the user can also see the header’s name. There is 3 type of Freeze Panes
option available in the View menu tab under the Window section, Freeze Panes, Freeze Top
Row, and Freeze First Column. Freeze Panes are used to freeze the worksheet from where we
keep our cursor. This freezes both the row and column both. Then to freeze a Row and a
Column, we have a separate option to freeze each of them. Once we do that, we will see some
portion of the worksheet will only move once we unfreeze it.

Freezing Panes allows us to split the dataset into multiple parts to ease analysis: The worksheet
gets split into different parts, which can be browsed independently. The figure above compares
the dataset with and without the first column frozen. The Grey Lines in the middle of the
worksheet indicate where the rows and columns have been frozen.

Freeze Top Row – Example

To do this, we have to perform the following steps:

Select View from the Excel toolbar. Select Freeze Panes from the view options; this will
open a dropdown menu with options to select the rows or columns we want to freeze.
Select Freeze Top Row; this will keep the active worksheet’s top row in place and allow
us to browse the rest of the data without disturbing the top row.
A Tiny grey straight line will appear just below the 1st row. This means the first row is
locked or frozen.

Freeze First Column – Example

Next, we look at the next most commonly used function in the Freeze Pane feature,
freezing the first column. This can be done using the following steps:

Select Freeze Panes from the view options. From the dropdown menu, select Freeze
First Column, and this would freeze the first column in place, allowing us to browse the
rest of the data without disturbing the first column.
A Tiny grey straight line will appear just below the 1st Column. This means the first
column is locked or frozen.
These features can be used simultaneously, making it easier for us to analyze data. As
we have seen in the examples, knowing the table’s basic structure helps us decide what
we want to freeze.

Freeze First Row and First Column – Example

Freeze the first row and first column.

Here is an example of the practice table with the frozen first row and first column.

This brings us to the most useful function in the freeze panes feature, freezing multiple
columns and rows.

I like to use this function the most because it enables the user to freeze rows and
unfreeze rows and columns based on any number of parameters depending on the
structure of the worksheet’s data.

To freeze the first row and first column, we need to perform the following steps:

Select Cell B2 from the worksheet.

Now, from the view options, select Freeze Panes. From the dropdown that appears,
select the first option, Freeze Panes.
These actions freeze the first row and first column in place.

Freeze Multiple Columns – Example

We can use similar steps to freeze multiple rows and columns. The
following steps illustrate this:

Select any cell above which the rows and columns have to stay in place:
Repeat steps 2 and 3 from the previous illustration to freeze all rows and columns
above and left of the selected cell.

The solid grey lines indicate that the rows and columns on the top left of the sheet have
been frozen. We can also choose a whole row above which we need data to stay in
place or a column.

Unfreezing rows and columns to their default state are very simple. We have to go into
the freeze panes dropdown and click on Unfreeze Panes, as shown below.

Freeze panes in Excel are an option that makes it very easy for us to compare data in
large datasets. In fact, freezing panes in Excel are so useful that software providers
provide additional features based entirely on freezing panes in Excel. One such
example is the ability to freeze and unfreeze multiple worksheets and tables
simultaneously, which many software vendors provide as a product.
Q 8.How to use V-Look Up in MS Excel?

Step 1:Open your Excel document.

Double-click the Excel document that contains the data for which you want to use
the VLOOKUP function.

If you haven't yet created your document, open Excel, click Blank workbook (Windows
only), and enter your data by column.
Step 2.Make sure that your data is properly formatted.

VLOOKUP only works with data that's organized in columns (e.g., in vertical sections),
meaning that your data most likely has headers in the top row of cells but not in the far-left
column of cells.

If your data is organized by rows instead, you'll won't be able to use VLOOKUP to find a value.
Step 3.Understand each aspect of the VLOOKUP formula.

The VLOOKUP formula consists of four main parts, each of which refers to a piece of
information in your spreadsheet:[1]

Lookup Value - The cell across from which the data that you want to look up is in. For
example, if you want to look up data in cell F3, your lookup value will be in the third row of the
spreadsheet.

Table Array - Your entire table's span from the top-left cell to the bottom-right cell (not
including headers). For example, if your table starts at A2, goes down to A20, and extends
over to the F column, your table goes from A2 to F20.

Column Index Number - The index number of the column in which the value that you want to
look up is in. A column's "index number" refers to its order number; for example, in a
spreadsheet that has data in columns A, B, and C, the index number of A would be 1, B
would be 2, and C would be 3. The index number starts at 1 for the far-left column of data, so
if your data starts in column F, its index number is 1.

Range Lookup - You'll normally want a precise answer for the VLOOKUP result, which can be
achieved by typing in FALSE for this value. For an estimate, you can type in TRUE instead.
Step 4.Select an empty cell.

Click a cell in which you want to store the result of the VLOOKUP formula.
Step 5.Add the VLOOKUP formula tag.

Type in =VLOOKUP( to start the VLOOKUP formula. The rest of the formula will go between
the open parenthesis and a closed one at the end.
Step 6.Enter the lookup value.

Find the cell in which the lookup value is written, then enter the cell's name into the VLOOKUP
formula followed by a comma.[2]

● For example, if the lookup value is written in cell A12, you'd type A12, into the formula.

● You'll separate each section of the formula with a comma, but you don't need to
use spaces.
Step 7

Enter the table array value. Find the top-left cell in which data is stored and enter its
name into the formula, type a colon (:), find the bottom-right cell in the data group and
add it to the formula, and then type a comma.

● For example, if your table goes from cell A2 to cell C20, you'd type A2:C20,
into the VLOOKUP formula.
Step 8

Enter the column index number. Find the index number of the column that contains
the value that you want VLOOKUP to display, then type it into the formula with a
comma after it.

● For example, if your table uses the A, B, and C columns and the data that

you want is in C, you would type in 3, here.

Step 9

Type in FALSE) to close the formula. This will allow VLOOKUP to find the exact value
in your specified column for the selected item. Your formula should look something like
this:

=VLOOKUP(A12,A2:C20,3,FALSE)
Step 10

Press ↵ Enter. Doing so will run your formula and display the result in the formula's cell.
Q 9.Write a procedure of creating combined chart

In Excel, we have the Combo Chart option, which can club two chart types, Column Clusters
Chart and Line Chart, to get valuable output, but for this, we must have 2 data set values that
we can plot on. First, create a Combo Chart, select the data we want to plot, and then choose
Combo chart type from the Insert menu section. There we can find a Combo chart of Column –
Line, Column Cluster – Line, and with Area Chart type. Under the Recommended Chart option,
we can even change the type axis for any of the data we have selected, and also we can
change the type of Chart type.

Combination charts are not inbuilt into Excel 2007 and earlier versions. Combo Charts is an in-
built tool from Excel 2013 onwards. You can see the combination chart under the INSERT tab.
Observe the icon of the chart carefully. It has two different charts on it. One is a column chart,
and the other is a line chart. So a combination of two different charts is called combination
charts in Excel. These charts are very helpful to compare two things at a time.

Excel Combo Chart – Example

To create an Excel combination chart, I have a few years’ sales, cost,

and profit data in an Excel sheet.
Step 1:

Select the entire data range and insert a simple column chart.
Step 2: Now, your chart should look like this.

Step 3: Right-click on the chart and select Select Data.

Step 4: First, remove the Year from the below window.

Step 5: Now click on EDIT on the right-hand side, i.e., horizontal axis
labels.
Step 6: Select the Year list here. Click on OK to complete the process.
Step 7: Now, your chart should look like this.

Step 8: Select the bar of COGS. Right-click and select Change Series
Chart Type.
Step 9: Now, you will see the Change Chart Type dialogue box. Here
select the option COMBO. (Excel must have selected this option by
default).
Step 10: In the same window, change the chart type of both COGS &
Profit to Line chart as shown in the below image. Click on OK.
Step 11: It will give us the below combination chart.

You can change the line and column bar colors according to your wish. I
have changed it according to my preferences; combo charts look like this
in Excel.
Interpretation of the Chart

Now you must be thinking about the use of the combination chart. Below
are some of the important observations of the above chart.

Sales have fluctuated throughout the last 10 years.

It reached its peak sale in 2012, i.e., 35 million.

In terms of profit margin, 2008 had a percentage of 66.50%, which is the

highest in terms of percentage.

From 2013 to 2016, revenue was constant, but profit fluctuated due to
variance in COGS. In 2013, COGS is more, and profit came down
drastically.
Q 10.How to create a bar chart in MS Excel?

Step 1

Open Microsoft Excel. It resembles a white "X" on a green background.

A blank spreadsheet should open automatically, but you can go to File > New > Blank if
you need to.

If you want to create a graph from pre-existing data, instead double-click the Excel
document that contains the data to open it and proceed to the next section.
Step 2

Add labels for the graph's X- and Y-axes. To do so, click the A1 cell (X-axis) and
type in a label, then do the same for the B1 cell (Y-axis).

● For example, a graph measuring the temperature over a week's worth of

days might have "Days" in A1 and "Temperature" in B1.

Step 3

Enter data for the graph's X- and Y-axes. To do this, you'll type a number or word
into the A or B column to apply it to the X- or Y- axis, respectively.

● For example, typing "Monday" into the A2 cell and "70" into the B2 field
might show that it was 70 degrees on Monday.
Step 4

Finish entering your data. Once your data entry is complete, you're ready to use
the data to create a bar graph.
Step 5
Select all of your data. To do so, click the A1 cell, hold down ⇧ Shift, and then click
the bottom value in the B column. This will select all of your data.

If your graph uses different column letters, numbers, and so on, simply remember to
click the top-left cell in your data group and then click the bottom-right while holding
⇧ Shift.
Step 6

Click the Insert tab. It's in the editing ribbon, just right of the Home tab.
Step 7

Click the "Bar chart" icon. This icon is in the "Charts" group below and to the right

of the Insert tab; it resembles a series of three vertical bars.

Step 8

Click a bar graph option. The templates available to you will vary depending on your
operating system and whether or not you've purchased Excel, but some popular options
include the following:

● 2-D Column - Represents your data with simple, vertical bars.

● 3-D Column - Presents three-dimensional, vertical bars.
● 2-D Bar - Presents a simple graph with horizontal bars instead of
vertical ones.
● 3-D Bar - Presents three-dimensional, horizontal bars.
Step 9
Customize your graph's appearance. Once you decide on a graph format, you can
use the "Design" section near the top of the Excel window to select a different
template, change the colors used, or change the graph type entirely.

● The "Design" window only appears when your graph is selected. To

select your graph, click it.
● You can also click the graph's title to select it and then type in a new
title. The title is typically at the top of the graph's window.
Q 11.Explain any 10 shortcut keys in MS Excel and their uses.

Here are 10 useful shortcut keys in MS Excel and their uses:

1.Ctrl + C: Copy. - Copies the selected cells to the clipboard.

2.Ctrl + V: Paste. - Paste the contents from the clipboard into the selected cells.

3.Ctrl + X:Cut. - Cuts the selected cells and moves them to the clipboard.

4.Ctrl + Z: Undo. - Reverts the last action performed.

5. Ctrl + Y: Redo. - Repeats the last action that was undone.

6. Ctrl + F: Find.- Opens the Find dialog box to search for specific content within the worksheet.

7.Ctrl + H:Replace. - Opens the Find and Replace dialog box to search and replace specific content.

8.Ctrl + S: Save. - Saves the current workbook.

9.Ctrl + P:Print. - Opens the Print dialog box to print the current worksheet.

10.Ctrl + A:Select All - Selects all the cells in the current worksheet.

These shortcuts can greatly enhance efficiency and productivity when working with MS Excel.
Q 12.how to restrict someone from copying a self from your worksheet ?

Restricting someone from copying a cell from your worksheet in Excel involves protecting the worksheet or workbook. Here are the steps to do

that:

1. Protect the Worksheet:

1. Open the Worksheet you want to protect.

2.Select the Cells You want to allow users to edit. By default, all cells are locked when you protect the sheet.

3. Right-click on the selected cells, choose **Format Cells**, and go to the **Protection** tab. Uncheck the **Locked** checkbox and click **OK**.

4. Go to the Review tab on the Ribbon.

5. Click Protect Sheet.

6. Set a Password (optional) and select the permissions you want to allow. By default, users can select locked cells, but cannot edit them.

7. Click OK.

2. Protect the Workbook:

1. Go to the Review tab on the Ribbon.

2. Click Protect Workbook.

3. Set a Password(optional) and choose the structure and windows you want to protect.

4. Click OK.

3. Advanced Protection:
For more advanced protection, you can use VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) to disable copying. However, this requires some programming

knowledge and is not foolproof, as users can disable macros.

4. Share Workbook with Restrictions:

When sharing the workbook, you can also set restrictions:

1. Go to the File tab.

2. Click Share.

3. Select Share with People and choose the level of access (e.g., View Only).

Note:

While these steps can deter casual users from copying cells, determined users with sufficient knowledge might still find ways to bypass these

protections. For sensitive information, consider additional measures such as using data encryption or sharing via secure methods.
Q 13.How do we use the SUM IF () function in Excel ?

The SUMIF Function[1] is categorized under Excel Math and Trigonometry functions. It will sum up cells that meet the given criteria. The criteria are

based on dates, numbers, and text. It supports logical operators such as (>, <, <>, =) and also wildcards (*, ?). This guide to the SUMIF Excel

function will show you how to use it, step-by-step.

As a financial analyst, SUMIF is a frequently used function. Suppose we are given a table listing the consignments of vegetables from different

suppliers. The names of the vegetable, names of suppliers, and quantity are in column A, column B, and column C, respectively. In such a

scenario, we can use the SUMIF function to find out the sum of the amount related to a particular vegetable from a specific supplier.

Formula

=SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])

The formula uses the following arguments:

Range (required argument) – This is the range of cells that we want to apply the criteria against.

Criteria (required argument) – This is the criteria which are used to determine which cells need to be added.

When we provide the criteria argument, it can either be:

A numeric value (which may be an integer, decimal, date, time, or logical value) (e.g. 10, 01/01/2018, TRUE) or

A text string (e.g. “Text”, “Thursday”) or

An expression (e.g. “>12”, “<>0”).

Sum_range (optional argument) – This is an array of numeric values (or cells containing numeric values) that are to be added together if the corresponding

range entry satisfies the supplied criteria. If the [sum_range] argument is omitted, the values from the range argument are summed instead.
How to use the SUMIF Excel Function

To understand the uses of the SUMIF function, let’s consider a few examples:

Example 1

Suppose we are given the following data:

We wish to find total sales for the East region and the total sales for February. The formula to use to get the total sales for East is:
Text criteria, or criteria that includes math symbols, must be enclosed in double quotation marks (” “).

We get the result below:

The formula for total sales in February is:

We get the result below:

A few notes about the SUMIF Excel Function

1 #VALUE! error – Occurs when the criteria provided is a text string that is more than 255 characters long.

2 When sum_range is omitted, the cells in range will be summed.

3 The following wildcards can be used in text-related criteria:

? – matches any single character

* – matches any sequence of characters

4 To find a literal question mark or asterisk, use a tilde (~) in front of the question mark or asterisk (i.e. ~?, ~*).
Q 14.what are the wild cards available in excel?

In Excel, wildcards are special characters used to represent one or more characters in text-based searches, filter operations, and formula conditions.

These characters are invaluable for enhancing data manipulation and search functions. Excel supports three primary wildcards: the asterisk (*), the

question mark (?), and the tilde (~). Each wildcard has specific functionalities that can be employed in various scenarios to optimize data handling and

analysis.

1. The Asterisk (*)

The asterisk (*) is used to represent any number of characters, including none. This makes it particularly useful for broad searches or when the exact

number of characters is unknown.

Usage Examples:

- Finding Text Patterns: When you want to find any text that contains a specific sequence, regardless of what comes before or after.

- Example: `invest` will match "investment", "investing", "reinvestment", etc.

- Filtering Data: In Excel’s filter function, you can use the asterisk to show all entries that include certain characters.

- Example: Filtering a list with `fintech` will show all entries containing the word "fintech".

Application in Functions:

- VLOOKUP: To look up values that match a specific pattern.

- Example: `=VLOOKUP("*2024", A1:B10, 2, FALSE)` will find any entry ending in "2024".

- COUNTIF/SUMIF: To count or sum values based on patterns.

-Example: `=COUNTIF(A1:A10, "*sustainable*")` counts cells containing "sustainable".

2. The Question Mark (?)

The question mark (?) wildcard represents any single character. This is useful when the position and number of characters are known but not their

exact identity.

Usage Examples:

- Finding Specific Length Text: Searching for text of a specific length where only certain characters are known.

- Example: `?nvest` will match "invest", "nvest", "hnvest", etc.

- Data Filtering: Applying the question mark in filters to match entries of a specific format.

- Example: Filtering with `b?n` would match "ban", "bin", "bon", etc.

- VLOOKUP: For precise single-character pattern matching.

- Example: `=VLOOKUP("??nvest", A1:B10, 2, FALSE)` will find entries like "Anvest", "Bnvest", etc.

- COUNTIF/SUMIF: For counting or summing based on specific character positions.

- Example: `=COUNTIF(A1:A10, "S?n")` counts entries like "Son", "Sun", etc.

3. The Tilde (~)

The tilde (~) is used to indicate that the subsequent character should be treated literally and not as a wildcard. This is crucial when you need to search

for the asterisk (*) or question mark (?) characters in your data.

Usage Examples:

- Literal Search: When your data contains the actual wildcard characters and you need to search for them.

- Example: Searching for `fintech~*` will look for the text "fintech*" exactly, not as a pattern.
- Data Filtering: Filtering entries that include wildcards as part of the text.

-Example: Filtering with `~*investment` will match "investment" preceded by an asterisk.

Application in Functions:

- VLOOKUP: To find entries with actual wildcard characters.

- Example: `=VLOOKUP("investment~?", A1:B10, 2, FALSE)` finds entries like "investment?".

- COUNTIF/SUMIF: For counting or summing values containing wildcard characters.

- Example: `=COUNTIF(A1:A10, "~*fintech")` counts entries with "*fintech".

Practical Applications of Wildcards

1. Data Cleaning

Wildcards are essential in cleaning datasets where uniformity in text patterns is necessary. For example, using `*corp*` to identify and standardize

entries referring to different corporations helps maintain consistency in your data.

2. Advanced Filtering

In large datasets, applying wildcards in filters can significantly enhance the efficiency of data retrieval. For instance, using `fin*` in a financial data

sheet can quickly isolate entries related to finance, such as "financial", "fintech", or "finances".

3. Conditional Formatting

Wildcards can be used in conditional formatting to highlight cells that match certain patterns. This is useful in identifying trends or outliers in the data

based on text patterns.

4. Complex Search Operations

Combining wildcards with Excel’s search functions allows for more complex and nuanced data exploration. For example, searching for `*2024*report`

can help locate all documents or entries relevant to reports from the year 2024.
Conclusion

Mastering the use of wildcards in Excel can drastically improve your data management capabilities. By leveraging the asterisk, question mark, and

tilde, you can perform sophisticated searches, apply dynamic filters, and ensure data consistency and accuracy. These tools are indispensable for

any user looking to optimize their use of Excel for data analysis and reporting, especially in complex and large datasets.
Q 15.What macro is in Excel? create a macro and automate a task.

A macro in Microsoft Excel is a script that allows you to automate processes to a single key. When creating a macro, you perform an activity within

your spreadsheet which can comprise multiple steps. Microsoft Excel records the steps you take and allows you to bind them to a set of key presses. In

the future, you can complete all the activities you recorded by using the keyboard shortcut

Uses for macros in Excel:

You may choose to use macros in Excel for a range of functions. Some of the most common uses for macro automation can include:

Data management: Creating a macro that manages data in your spreadsheet can help to save you time when sorting information or performing

calculations. A macro allows you to perform multiple-step adjustments to your data quickly.

Pivot tables: Using a pivot table allows you to extract data on groups or categories within a larger data set for analysis. Using a macro to generate

pivot tables from a selection can quickly provide data for your analysis.

Sheet tidying: Excel macros can be a useful tool for organizing your Microsoft Excel document. You may create a macro for tasks such as deleting,

rearranging or formatting rows and columns.

Workbook management: If you create a document with multiple worksheets, you may choose to include image galleries or a table of contents to help

users navigate throughout the document. Creating a macro to insert a table of contents section can make the workbook management process quicker

and easier.

How to create a macro in Excel:

If you're interested in creating macros in your Excel documents, follow these steps:

1. Open the Developer tab

Click on the "Developer" tab at the top of the program to access the developer options. Microsoft Excel uses tabs to organize features of the program

to make it easier for users. The "Developer" tab contains advanced options which allow for tasks such as automation and macro scripting.

2. Choose to record a macro

Search inside the "Code" group and choose "Record macro" from the options. This starts the prompt for creating your own macro. Find the icon that

shows a spreadsheet with a red recording dot in the upper left corner.

3. Provide macro details

Provide additional details before creating a macro to make it easier to access. Excel allows you to provide a name and description for your macro,

which can help you identify it and remember its purpose. You may also choose which shortcut key starts the macro in the future, allowing you to

choose a convenient or easy-to-remember option. Click "OK" after entering this information.

4. Perform your chosen actions

After clicking "OK," complete the actions you plan to bind to your macro. Excel automatically records each action you take. The program also includes

all actions you performed between starting your recording and completing it, so make sure you only perform those specific actions while it records.

5. Complete your macro and stop recording

Click on the "Stop recording" icon when you complete your last action. The button replaces the "Record macro" button at the top of the screen.

Excel binds all actions you take during the recording to the new macro for future use.

6. Use your shortcut

Execute your macro to perform the recorded tasks quickly. You may execute your macro by entering the keyboard shortcut. You may also execute a

macro using the "Macros" button in the Developer tab next to the button you used to record the macro.
How to run a macro in Excel

Below are steps you can use to run a macro you create in Excel:

1. Access the macros

First, find the macro you want. There are two options you can use. First, you can access the "Developer" tab in Excel and select the "Macros" button.

You can also use the "View" ribbon." First, access the "View" ribbon, then click the "Macros" button, followed by the "View Macros" button.

2. Select the macro you want

Once you can find the macros you've created, find the one you want to use. If you have multiple macros, there could be a long list. If you only have one

or two macros, then you can access them more easily. Once you select your macro, click the "Run" button to allow Excel to execute the macro on your

spreadsheet.

3. Check the results

After Excel runs the macro, check the results. This is important to ensure all functions occurred. If this is the first time you've created a macro, it's

important to check each function to ensure it did what you wanted. For example, if you created a macro to hide all columns, then each column is

hidden. If it's not, you can redesign your macro.

Macros in Excel are powerful tools that allow users to automate repetitive tasks by recording a sequence of actions and playing them back whenever

needed. Macros are written in VBA (Visual Basic for Applications), which is a programming language built into Excel. With macros, users can perform

complex operations quickly and efficiently, enhancing productivity and reducing errors.
Creating a Macro in Excel

To create a macro, follow these steps:

1.Enable the Developer Tab:

- Go to the File tab and select Options.

- In the Excel Options window, select Customize Ribbon.

- Check the box next to Developer in the right-hand list.

- Click OK.

2. Record a Macro:

- Go to the Developer tab.

- Click on Record Macroin the Code group.

- In the Record Macro dialog box, enter a name for the macro. For example, `AutomateMask`.

- Optionally, you can assign a shortcut key to run the macro.

- Choose where to store the macro: This Workbook, New Workbook, or Personal Macro Workbook.

- Click OKto start recording.

3.Perform the Actions:

- Carry out the actions you want to automate. Excel will record these actions as a macro.

- For example, if you want to automate applying a mask to a range of cells:

- Select the cells you want to apply the mask to.

- Format the cells as desired (e.g., applying a specific number format, font style, etc.).
 - If necessary, add formulas or functions to process the data.

4.Stop Recording:

- Go back to theDevelopertab.

- Click on Stop Recording.

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