Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.

Unit
Transmission Lines
5 SI
A GROUP

Syllabus
Transmission Lines: Introduction, Transmission line parameters, Transmission line equivalent circuit, Transmission line
equations and their solutions in their phasor form, input impedance, standing wave ratio, Transmission of finite length- half
wave, quarter wave transmission line, Smith chart, graphical analysis of transmission lines using Smith chart, stub matching-
single and double stub matching, Illustrative Problems.

Learning Objectives

C Types of transmission lines

C General solution to transmission line equation

C Primary and secondary constants of transmission line and their derivations

C Conditions for lossless lines condition for distortion less lines

C Definition of reflection coefficient, reflection factor and reflection loss.

C Derivation of input and transfer impedance of open and short circuited lines.

C UHF as circuit elements

C Smith chart and its applications

C Stub matching using smith chart

C Impedance matching using quarter wave transformers

Introduction
In communication engineering, transmission line is the cable or medium that transmits the radio frequency signal over long
distances. Transmission lines are used to connect the radio transmitters and radio receivers. Coaxial cables, twisted pair
lines, microstrip lines and strip lines are some examples of transmission lines. It has many applications such as in television
signal distribution, for routing calls, and for computer network connections etc.

In high frequency transmission lines, impedance matching helps to reduce the formation of standing waves and improves
the performance of the communication system. Impedance matching can be done using various techniques such as,
1. Quarter-wave Transformer
2. Stub matching
3. Smith chart
In this unit, we will study about these techniques in detail.

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5.2 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]

Part-a Short Questions with Solutions

Q1. Define transmission line. Explain different types

of transmission lines.  j ωC   j ωC   R G
= RG 1 +  1 +  Q = 
Ans: May/June-17, (R15), Q1(h)  G  G   L C
Transmission Lines
2
Two or more electrical conductors separated by a  j ωC 
= RG 1 + 
dielectric medium, used to transmit the electrical energy (high/  G 
low frequencies) from one end to another end is known as
 j ωC 
transmission line. ∴γ = RG 1 +
 G 
Types of Transmission Line
1. Coaxial line ∴ Attenuation constant, α = RG
2. Parallel-plate transmission line
Phase constant, β = ω LC
3. Two-wire parallel transmission line
4. Microstrip lines From the above equations we can conclude that a is inde-
5. Strip lines. pendent of operating frequency while b is dependent on frequency.

Q2. What are secondary constants? Q4. Draw the voltage and current variation along an
open circuited and a short circuited line.
Ans:
Ans: May/June-19, (R15), Q1(i)
The constants that are derived from primary constants
are called secondary constants. The voltage and current variations along and short-
circuited lines are as shown in figure below.
These include,
Receiving end
1. Characteristic impedance (Zo)
E I
2. Propagation constant (γ).
Q3. Show that “a distortion-less line is one in which
the attenuation constant is independent of
operating frequency while the phase constant l/4 l/2 3l/4 l 5l/4 RR = ¥
is linearly dependent on frequency”.
(a) V-I Variations on an Open-circuited Dissipation less Line
Model Paper-1, Q1(i)

Ans: (May/June-17, (R15), Q1(g) | May/June-15, (R13), Q1(j))

E
Distortionless Line I

A transmission line is said to be distortionless, if it sat-

isfies the following two conditions,
l/4 l/2 3l/4 l 5l/4 RR = 0
1. The attenuation constant (α) is independent of frequency.
(b) V-I Variations on a Short-circuited Dissipation less Line
2. The phase constant (β) is linearly dependent on the
frequency. Figure
A transmission line is also said to be distortionless if, Q5. Define reflection coefficient.
R G Ans: (Model Paper-2, Q1(i) | | Oct./Nov.-20, (R15), Q1(j)
=
L C
Reflection coefficient at the load is defined as the ratio of
Then, the expression for propagation constant γ is given
reflected wave strength to incident wave strength. It is denoted
by,
as ΓL .
γ = ( R + jωL)(G + jωC )
Reflected wave voltage
ΓL =
 j ωL   j ωC  Incident wave voltage
= R 1 +  G 1 + 
 R   G  (or)

 j ωL   jω C  V0− e γl
= RG 1 + .1 + ΓL = + − γl


R  G  V0 e

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.3
Where, As the first maximum is at the distance of 7.5 cm i.e., at
λ
V – Incident wave
+
distance from the load, therefore a voltage minimum occurs
4
V – – Reflected wave.
at the load. Thus, reflection coefficient (Γ) is real and negative.
Range
2
ΓL = –1 (for short load) ∴ Γ=–
3
= 0 for matched impedance load
  = H for open load Q8. A 50 W line is terminated in load ZR = 90 + j60 W.
Determine VSWR due to this load.
Q6. Define the voltage standing wave ratio.
Ans: May/June-17, (R15), Q1(i) Ans: May/June-18, (R15), Q1(j)

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is defined as the Given that,

ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage. For a transmission line with one end terminated
Vmax by load, Zo = 50 W
i..e, VSWR =
Vmin Load impedance, ZR = 90 + j60 W

Q7. Slotted line measurements yield a VSWR of 5, 15 VSWR due to load, G = ?

cm spacing between successive voltage maxima VSWR is given by,
and the first maximum at a distance of 7.5 cm in Z –Z
front of the load. Determine the frequency of the G = R 0
signal and value of the reflection coefficient. Z R + Z0

Ans: (Model Paper-1, Q1(j) | May/June-15, (R13), Q1(j))

Substituting corresponding values in above expression,
G is obtained as,
Given that,
(90 + j60) Ω – 50 Ω 40 + j60
For a slotted line measurement, G= =
(90 + j60 Ω) + 50 Ω 140 + j60
Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), S = 5
4 + j6 2 + j3
λ = =
Spacing between successive maxima, = 15 cm 14 + j6 7 + j3
2
λ 4+9
Distance of first maxima from load, = 7.5 cm G=
4 49 + 9
Frequency of the signal, f = ?
` Γ = 0.47
Reflection coefficient, Γ = ?
The general expression for frequency is given as, Q9. A 70 Ω lossless line has S = 1.6 and θ = 300°. If
c the line is 0.6 λ long calculate the distance of
f = ... (1)
λ the first minimum voltage from the load.
Where,
Ans: April/May-12, Set-4, Q8(b)
Velocity of light, c = 3 × 108 m/sec
Given that,
Wavelength, λ = 15 × 2 = 30 cm = 30 × 10–2 m
For a 70 Ω lossless line,
On substituting the corresponding values in equation (1),
we get, VSWR, S = 1.6
3 × 10 8
Angle, θ = 300
f = –2
30 × 10 Length of the line, L = 0.6 λ
= 109 Hz = 1GHz The distance of the first minimum voltage from
load, Z = ?
∴ f = 1 GHz
The distance of the first minimum voltage from load is
The expression for reflection coefficient is given as, given by,
S –1 λ
|Γ| = ... (2) Z = [θ – π]
S +1 4π
On substituting the value of ‘S’ in equation (2), we get, λ λ
= [300º –π] = [120º]
5 –1 4 2 4π 4π
|Γ| = = =
5 +1 6 3 ` Z = 0.1667λm

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5.4 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Q10. What is Smith chart? Phase constant, β = 0.05 rad/km.
Ans: Current sent at transmitting end, IS = 20 mA.

Smith chart is a simple graphical tool which consists of Receiving end is, ZR = 0.
locus of constant resistance values as circles on real axis and Receiving end current, IR = ?
locus of reactance values as circles on imaginary axis. The receiving end current is obtained using the equation,
Q11. List the applications of smith chart. 2Z 0 I S
IR = ... (1)
Ans: (Model Paper-3, Q1(i) | May/June-19, (R15), Q1(j) ( Z R + Z 0 )[ e γL − Ke − γL ]
The various applications of Smith chart are, Where,
1. Smith chart is used as admittance diagram. Z R − Z0
Reflection coefficient, K = = –1
2. It is used for converting a impedance into admittance. Z R + Z0
3. Smith chart is used to determine the load impedance. And, eγL = eαL ∠βl = e ∠0.05 × 10
4. It is used to determine the input impedance and the ⇒ eγL = 2.715 ∠0.5
admittance of a short-circuited lines and open circuited
lines. Substituting the values of IS, Z0, ZR, eγL and K in equation
(1), we get,
Q12. A telephone line, 10 km long has the following
constants; Z0 = 300∠0°Ω, α = 0.1 Neper/km and β 2 × 300∠0° × 20 × 10 −3
IR =
= 0.05 radians km. Determine the receiving end (0 + 300∠0°)[ 2.718∠0° + 2.718∠ − 0.5]
current when 20 mA are sent at the transmitting 12 ∠0°
=
end if the receiving end is shorted. 300 ∠0° × 5.435∠0°

April/May-11, Set-1, Q7(b) ∴ I R = 7.35 mA

(or)
Q13. What is the need for stub matching in trans-
A telephone line 10 km long has the following mission lines?
constants Z0 = 300∠0°Ω, β = 0.1 neper/km and Ans: (Model Paper-3, Q1(j) | May/June-18, (R15), Q1(j)
α = 0.05 rad/km. Determine the receiving end Stub matching is required in transmission lines due to
current when 20 mA are sent at the transmitting the following reasons,
end. If the receiving end is shorted. 1. It is used to eliminate reflection waves and standing waves.
Ans: April/May-11, Set-2, Q7(b)
2. It uses one type of transmission line for the main line as
Given that, well as the stub.
For a telephone line, 3. It is used to match any complex load to the characteristic
impedance.
Length of transmission line, l = 10 km
4. It is used to match fixed impedance at microwave fre-
Characteristic impedance, Z0 = 300∠0° Ω quencies.
Attenuation constant, α = 0.1 nepers/km
Q14. Difference between the single stub matching and double stub matching.
Ans: May/June-17, (R15), Q1(j)

Differences between single stub and double stub match in a transmission line are as mentioned below,
Single Stub Matching Double Stub Matching
1. Single stub matching is used for fixed frequency. 1. Double stub matching is used for variable frequency
(i.e., wide band range).
2. The location of stub depends on the frequency range. 2. The location of stub is independent of frequency range.
3. It requires slotted line section for matching in coaxial 3. It does not require any slotted line section.
line.
4. This method is complex to use. 4. This method is easy to use.
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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.5

Part-b eSSAY Questions with Solutions

5.1 Introduction, Transmission Line Parameters (Transmission Line Equivalent

Circuit), Transmission Line Equations and their Solutions in their Phasor
Form
Q15. Briefly discuss the different types of transmission lines.
Ans:
Types of Transmission Lines
The different types of transmission lines that are in use are ,
1. Coaxial line
2. Parallel-plate transmission line
3. Two-wire parallel transmission line
4. Microstrip lines
5. Strip lines.
1. Coaxial Line : A coaxial cable is an arrangement of two concentric cylindrical conductors that are separated by a dielectric
(air or polythene).
The geometry of a coaxial line with its field patterns is as shown in figure (1).

Figure (1): Coaxial Line and its Field Patterns

The coaxial transmission lines can be used as input cables in oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzer and network analyzers.
These cables can also be employed as antenna feed lines.
2. Parallel-Plate Transmission Line : Parallel-plate transmission lines consists of two or more metallic conducting plates
arranged in parallel and separated by a dielectric material. The cross-section of a parallel-plate transmission line and its
field patterns are as shown in figure (2).
Parallel conducting
Conductors
plates
Direction of
propagation
d d

a a

H dielectric
E
Figure (2): Parallel-Plate Line
Here,
a – Length of transmission line
d – Distance between parallel-plates.

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5.6 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
3. Two-Wire Parallel Transmission Line : A two-wire (i) Resistance : When current flows through the conductors
parallel transmission line consists of two wires of radius of a transmission line, there exists an opposition towards
‘a’ arranged in parallel and separated by a distance ‘d’ it (current). This phenomena represents the presence of
as shown in figure (3). resistance along the length of the transmission line which
is shown in figure (1).

Figure (1): Resistance of a Transmission Line

Resistance is a distributed constant i.e., it uniformly
Figure (3): Two-Wire Parallel Transmission Line distributed along the length of the line. It is denoted by
In this line, transmission of current takes place from R. It is expressed in ohms per unit length.
one wire to the source of other. The most commonly (ii) Inductance
used two-wire transmission lines are power lines and
telephone lines. When current flows through the conductor of a
transmission line, magnetic lines of force are generated
4. Microstrip Lines : Microstrip line is an arrangement of
a single ground plane and an open strip conductor having around them as shown in figure (2). Since, the variation
thickness ‘t’ and width ‘w’. The plane and conductor are in the flow of current proportionally varies the magnetic
separated by a dielectric substrate as shown in figure (4). field, there exists a certain amount of inductance. It is
Conductor strip also a distributed constant and is denoted by L. It is
expressed in micro henry per unit length.
w
Magnetic lines
of force
d
Ground plane
Dielectric
Figure (4): Microstrip Line
Microstrip lines are mainly used in Printed Circuit Boards
(PCBs) for component interconnects. Figure (2): Inductance of a Transmission Line
5. Strip Lines (iii) Capacitance
Strip lines consist of same arrangement as that of mi- When two parallel plates are separated by a dielectric
crostrip lines except that the conductor is closed in strip material, there exists capacitance between them. This is
lines. due to the presence of electric field between the conductors
Q16. Define primary & secondary constants. or wires. Figure (3) represents the existence of capacitance
Oct./Nov.-20, (R15), Q1(i) between the conductors of a transmission line.
(or)
Discuss about primary and secondary constants
of the line.
Ans: April/May-12, Set-3, Q7(a)

The two important parameters that describe the charac- Figure (3): Capacitance of a Transmission Line
teristics of a transmission line include,
Capacitance is also a distributed constant and is denoted
1. Primary constants by C. The capacitance between wires is generally ex-
2. Secondary constants. pressed in picofarads per unit length.
1. Primary Constants : The primary constants or electric (iv) Conductance
parameters of a transmission line given as,
(i) Resistance (R) When current flows through the two parallel conductors
or wires a leakage current flows between them due to
(ii) Inductance (L)
imperfect insulation of dielectric. This can be represented
(iii) Capacitance (C) by a shunt conductance as shown in figure (4). It is the
(iv) Conductance (G). reciprocal of resistance and is denoted by G.

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.7
Q17. Derive the characteristic impedance of
transmission line interms of its line constants.
Ans: April/May-11, Set-3, Q7(a)

Characteristic impedance is defined as the input

Figure (4): Conductance of a Transmission Line impedance of a uniform transmission line whose length is
infinite.
2. Secondary Constants : Secondary constants are derived
or
from primary constants. These include,
It is defined as the steady state vector ratio of voltage
(i) Characteristic Impedance
to current at the input of a finite line. It is denoted by Z0. If E0
It is defined as the input impedance of a uniform trans-
is a source voltage and I0 is a line current, then characteristic
mission line whose length is infinite. impedance Z0 is given by,
(ii) Propagation Constant : Propagation constant is defined E0
Z0 =
as a measure of change in the amplitude and phase of the I0
electromagnetic wave when propagating in a particular The expression for characteristic impedance of a
direction. It is a dimensionless quantity. Propagation transmission line is given by,
constant is a complex quantity and is denoted by γ. R + jwL
Z0 = G + jw C
Mathematically, γ = α + jβ
Where,
Where,
R – Conductor resistance (W)
α – Attenuation constant L – Inductance (H)
β – Phase constant. W
G – Dielectric conductance ( )
(a) Attenuation Constant (α) : Attenuation constant of C – Capacitance (F)
a line is defined as the reduction in voltage or current ω – Operating frequency (radians / second)
along the transmission line. It is the natural logarithm For extremely low frequencies , L = C = 0 , then,
of magnitude of ratio of the transmitted current, It to the R
Z0 =
G
received current, Ir.
For extremely high frequencies, R = G = 0 , then,
It
i.e., α = ln L
Ir Z0 = C
Units - Neper/metre. When load of a transmission line is equal to the
characteristic impedance, then maximum power is transmitted
(b) Phase constant (β) : Phase constant is defined as the
between the source and the load.
phase difference between the transmitted current and
Q18. The propagation constant and characteristic im-
received current. pedance of a line of length l are given by Y and
∠I t Z0 respectively, find its equivalent T network.
i.e., β =
∠I r Ans: April/May-12, Set-2, Q7

Units - radians/metre. The transmission line of length ‘l’ is as shown in figure

(1),
The propagation constant in terms of primary constant
is given by,
γ = ( R + jωL)(G + jωC )
Where,
R – Resistance per unit length
L – Inductance per unit length
G – Conductance per unit length
C – Capacitance per unit length
ω – Angular frequency. Figure (1): Transmission Line

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5.8 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
If ‘Z0’ and ‘γ’ represents the characteristic impedance Z0
and propagation constant of transmission line respectively, the = (cosh γl – 1)
sin hγl
output current ‘IR’ is given by,
 2 γl 

V
IR = IS coshγl – s sinhγl ... (1)  2 sin h 2 + 1 – 1 
=  Z
Zo γl γl  0
 2 sin h . sin h 
The equivalent ‘T’ network of a transmission line is as  2 2
shown in figure (2), γl
[ cosh γl = 2 sinh2 + 1 and
2
γl γl
sinhγl = sinh . cosh ]
2 2
γl
sinh 2
= 2 Z0
γl γl
sinh cosh
2 2
γl
cosh
= 2 .Z
Figure (2): Equivalent T-Network γl 0
cosh
2
Applying KVL at the input side of the ‘T’ network,
= tanh γl .Z0
 Z1  2
VS – IS   – (IS – IR) Z2 = 0
 2
Z1 γl
= z0 tanh
 Z1  2 2
VS = IS   + (IS – IR) Z2
 2 Then, the required ‘T’ network is as shown in figure (3).
γl γl
Dividing the above equation by ‘Z2’, Z 0 tanh Z 0 tanh
2 2
VS  Z1 
= IS   + (I – I )
Z2  2Z 2  S R

From the above equation ‘IR’ is obtained as, Z0

 Z  V γl
IR = IS  1  + IS – S sinh
2
 2
2Z Z2
 Z  V
= IS  1 +1 – S ... (2)
 2Z 2  Z 2 Figure (3)
By equating the like coefficients of equations (1) and (2) Q19. Explain measurement of primary constants
we get, experimentally.
Z1 Ans: April/May-12, Set-3, Q7(b)
coshγl = + 1 ... (3)
2Z 2 The transmission line has four primary constants. They
are,
1 1
And, sinhγl = (i) Resistance , R
Zo Z2
(ii) Inductance, L
i.e., Z2 = ... (4) (iii) Capacitance, C
(iv) Conductance, G
' Z1 '
From equation (3) is obtained as, These quantities can be determined from the input
2
impedance, Z of the transmission line. The experimental set-up
Z1 for the measurement of primary constants is shown in figure
= (cosh γl – 1) Z2
2 below,

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.9
By rationalizing the above expression we get,
R 1 − jωCR R − jωCR 2
Z = × =
1 + jωCR 1 − jωCR 1 + ω2C 2 R 2
R jωCR 2
= −
1 + ω2C 2 R 2 1 + ω2C 2 R 2
R ωCR 2
∴ Z = − j ... (2)
1 + ω2C 2 R 2 1 + ω2C 2 R 2
R
Real part of Z = 2 2 2 ... (3)
1+ ω C R
− ωCR 2
And, imaginary part of Z = ... (4)
1 + ω2C 2 R 2
The magnitude of ‘Z’ is given by,
R
|Z| =
1 + ω2C 2 R 2
And phase is given by,
φ = tan–1 (ωCR) ... (5)
From equations (3), (4) and (5) the required primary
Figure: Galvanometer
constants are obtained.
As shown in figure, the input end of the transmission Q20. Starting with the differential equations for the
line XY is connected in the ‘CD’ arm of the galvanometer. The elemental length of a uniform transmission line,
opposite arm ‘BC’ comprises of variable ‘R’ and variable ‘C’. obtain the expression for the sending end voltage
The values of ‘R’ and ‘C’ are adjusted in such a way that no and current in terms of their values at the receiving
current flows thought the galvanometer ‘G’. This condition is end and the secondary constant of the line.
(Model Paper-1, Q10(a) | May/June-19, (R15), Q10(a))
called ‘Null condition’ and is expressed as,
(or)
R1 Z IN
= .... (1) Starting from equivalent circuit derive the
R2 Z
Where, transmission line equations for V and I in terms
of source parameters.
Z - Input impedance of arm BC
Ans: April/May-11, Set-4, Q7(a)
ZIN - Input impedance of transmission line XY The second order differential equations of voltage
connected in arm CD. and current at a random point on a uniform line are known
as transmission line equations. These wave equations are
Under Null condition, if R1 and R2 values are selected necessary to describe the profiles of voltage and current over
equal, the equation (1) becomes, the transmission lines.
Z IN Consider a uniform transmission line formed by an infinite
=1 number of T sections, each of infinitesimal size dx. The equivalent
Z
circuit of T section of transmission line is shown in figure.
ZIN = Z
I + dI I
This implies that, under null condition, the impedance of L R L R
arm ‘BC’ is equal to the input impedance of transmission line.
Then, the input impedance of arm ‘BC’ is obtained as,
1 1
= + jωC
Z R V + dV G C V

1 + jωCR
=
R
R dx
∴Z=
1 + jωCR Figure: Equivalent Circuit of T section of Transmission Line

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5.10 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
The parameters R, L, G and C are distributed throughout Substituting the value of g in equation (3) and (4),
the transmission line. The constants of an incremental length we get,
dx of a line are shown in figure. The series impedance per unit d2 V
length and shunt admittance per unit length are expressed as, = g2V
dx 2
Z = R + jwL d2 I
= g2I
dx 2
Y = G + jwC
The solutions of the above linear differential equations
Consider a T section of transmission line of length dx. are,
Let V + dV be the voltage and I + dI be the current at one end of V = Aegx + Be–gx ... (5)
T section. Let V be the voltage and I be the current at the other
end of this section. I = Cegx + De–gx ... (6)
Where A, B, C and D are arbitrary constants.
The series impedance of a small section dx is (R + jLw)
dx. The shunt and admittance of this section dx is (G + jCw) dx. Differentiating the equation (5), with respect to ‘x’,
we get,
The voltage drop across the series impedance of T section
dV
i.e., the potential difference between the two ends of T section dx = A gegx – B ge–gx
is, dV
But dx = IZ
V + dV – V = I(R + jwL)dx
IZ = A gegx – B ge–gx
dV = I(R + jwL)dx
= A ZY e ZY x
–B ZY e – ZY x 7a g = ZY A
dV
dx = I(R + jwL) ... (1) I = A
Y ZY x Y
–B Z e – ZY x ... (7)
Ze
dV Similarly, differentiating the equation (6) with respect
dx = IZ to ‘x’
The current difference between the two ends of T section dI
dx = Cgegx – Dge–gx
is due to the voltage drop across the shunt admittance.
I + dI – I = V(G + jwC)dx dI
But, dx = VY
dI = V(G + jwC)dx VY = Cgegx – Dge–gx
dI
dx = V(G + jwC) ... (2) = C ZY e ZY x
– D ZY e – ZY x

dI Z ZY x Z
dx = VY V=C Y e – D Y e – ZY x ... (8)

Differentiating equation (1) with respect to ‘x’, we get, Since the distance x is measured from the receiving end
of the transmission line,
d2 V dI
= (R + jwL) dx x = 0, \ I = IR
dx 2
dI V = VR
Substituting the value of dx in the above equation,
we get, VR = IRZR

d2 V Where,
= (R + jwL) (G + jwC)V ... (3)
dx 2 IR – Current in the receiving end of line
Differentiating equation (2) with respect to ‘x’, we get, VR – Voltage across the receiving end of the line
d2 I dV
= (G + jwC) dx ZR – Impedance of receiving end
dx 2
dV Substituting this condition in equation (5), (6), (7) and
Substituting the value of dx in the above equation
(8).
d2 I VR = A + B ... (9)
= (R + jwL) (G + jwC)I ... (4)
dx 2
IR = C + D ... (10)
But the propagation constant is expressed as,
Y Y
IR = A Z –B Z ... (11)
g= (R + jwL) (G + jwC)
Z Z
= ZY VR = C Y –D Y ... (12)

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.11
These equations can be computed by considering the B = –Dx
following, I V
B = – 2R x + 2R
Z 1 Y
Let x =
Y and x = Z V I Z
A B \ B = 2R – 2R Y ... (20)
Then IR = x – x
The characteristic impedance is defined given by,
1
= x (A – B)
Z R + jw L
Z0 = Y = G + jwC ... (21)
But IR = C + D
1 Substituting the value of Z0 in equations (19), (20), (17)
C + D = x (A – B)
and (18),
Cx + Dx = A – B V I Z
A = 2R + 2R Y
A – B = Cx + Dx ... (13)
V V
Similarly, equation (12) becomes, A = 2R + 2ZR Z0
R
VR = Cx – Dx
V
A = 2R =1 + Z 0 G
Z
But VR = A + B ... (22)
R
A + B = Cx – Dx ... (14)
V I Z
From equations (13) and (14), we get, B = 2R – 2R Y

A – B = Cx + Dx A – B = Cx + Dx V V
= 2R – 2ZR Z0
R
A + B = Cx – Dx A + B = Cx – Dx
V
B = 2R =1 – Z 0 G
Z
A2 = 2Cx –2B = 2Dx ... (23)
R
Þ A = Cx Þ B = –Dx I V Y
C = 2R + 2R Z
Substituting the values of A and B in the following
equations. I I Z
= 2R + 2RZ R [Q VR = IRZR]
VR = A + B 0
I V Y
= Cx – Dx C = 2R + 2R Z
But IR = C + D I I Z
IRx = Cx + Dx ... (15) = 2R + 2RZ R [Q VR = IR ZR]
0
VR = Cx – Dx ... (16) I
C = 2R =1 + ZR G
Z
... (24)
Adding the equations (15) and (16), 0

2Cx = IRx + VR I V Y IR IR ZR
D = 2R – 2R Z = 2 – 2Z0
I V
C = 2R + 2Rx I
D = 2R =1 + ZR G
Z
I V ... (25)
C = 2R + 2R Z :a x =
Y ZD 0
Y ... (17)
Substituting the values of A, B, C and D in equations (5)
Subtracting the equations (15) and (16)
and (6), the solutions of the differential equations are,
2Dx = IRx – VR
V Z V Z
I V V = 2R e1 + Z 0 o e ZY x
+ 2R e1 – Z 0 o e – ZY x
... (26)
D = 2R – 2Rx R R

I Z I Z
I = 2R e1 + ZR o e + 2R e1 – ZR o e –
I V Y ZY x ZY x
\ D = 2R – 2R Z ... (18)
0 0

But A = Cx V Z Z
V = 2R >e1 + Z 0 o e ZY x
+ e1 – Z 0 o e – ZY xH
... (28)
I V R R
A = 2R x + 2R
I Z Z
V I Z I = 2R >e1 + ZR o e ZY x
+ e1 – ZR o e – ZY xH
... (29)
\ A = 2R + 2R Y ... (19) 0 0

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5.12 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Upon solving, we get,
V VR Z0 V V Z
V = 2R e ZY x
+ 2 ZR e
ZY x
+ 2R e – ZY x
– 2R Z 0 e – ZY x
R

I I Z I I Z
I = 2R e ZY x
+ 2E ZR e ZY x
+ 2R e – ZY x
– 2R ZR e – ZY x
0 0

V = VR c e + e– m + I R Z0 c e – e– m
ZY x ZY x ZY x ZY x
[Q VR = IRZR]
2 2
VR
=a I R = ZR G
V
Z0 ^e
I = IR c e + e– m+ ZY xh
ZY x ZY x
ZY x
– e–
2 R

Then equations can be written in terms of hyperbolic functions.

V = VR cosh ZY x + I R Z0 sinh ZY x
V ... (31)
I = I R cosh ZY x + ZR sinh ZY x
0

These are the equations for voltage and current of a transmission line at any distance ‘x’ from the receiving end of

transmission line.
The equations for voltage and current at the sending end a transmission line of length ‘l’ are given by,
V
=a I R = ZR G
V
VS = VR cosh ZY l + ZR Z0 sin ZY l
R R

IR ZR
Is = IR cosh ZY l + Z0 sin ZY l [Q VR = IRZR]

VS = VR =cos ZY l + Z 0 sinh ZY lG
Z
... (32)
R

IS = IR =cos ZY l + ZR sinh ZY lG
Z
... (33)
0

Q21. Define phase and group velocities in transmission line and derive the relation between them.
Ans:
Phase Velocity (VP)
Phase velocity is defined as the rate of change in phase of the propagating wave. It is denoted as Vp.
The expression for phase velocity is given as,
Vp = λg/t
Þ Vp = λf ... (1)
Where,
λ – Wavelength.
Equation (1) can be written as,
2πfλ 2π f
Vp = =
2π 2π/λ
2π
V p = ω / β (Q ω = 2πf , β = ) ... (2)
λ
Group Velocity (Vg)
The rate of change in energy of electromagnetic waves along the axis of line is termed as group velocity. It is denoted as
Vg. The expression for group velocity is given as,
dω
Vg = ... (3)
dβ

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.13
Relation between Phase Velocity and Group velocity Q22. Define the characteristic impedance and
The expression for phase velocity is given as, propagation constant, alternation constant,
w velocity of propagation and wave length of
vp = b ... (1)
transmission line interms of primary constants.
1 1 1
= = × Ans: April/May-11, Set-1, Q7(a)
me m0 e0 mr er
Characteristic Impedance
<a cF
c 1 =
= For answer refer Unit-5, Q17.
mr er m0 e0
c Propagation Constant
= h ... (2)
For answer refer Unit-5, Q16, Topic: Propagation
Where, Constant.
c = Velocity of light = 3 × 108 m/s Attenuation Constant
For answer refer Unit-5, Q16, Topic: Attenuation Constant.
η = Intrinsic impedance.
Velocity of Propagation
Group velocity is given as,
Velocity of propagation of a transmission line is defined
dw
vg = db as,
ω
d VP = ... (1)
= db (b v p) [ a From equation (1)] β
d Where, β = Phase constant.
= v p + db (b v p) ... (3)
ω = Angular frequency.
We know that,
‘β’ in terms of primary constants is,
2p
b= l
1 2
db β = (ω LC − RC ) − ( R 2 + ω2 L2 )(G 2 + ω2 C 2 
– 2p 2  
⇒ dl = l 2 Substituting this in equation (1), we get,
db –b
⇒ dl = l VP =
1 2
(ω L − RC ) − ( R 2 + ω2 L2 )(G 2 + ω2C 2 
dl 2  
db = – b l
Wavelength λ
Substituting the values of “db” in equation (3), we get, Wavelength ‘λ’ of a transmission line is defined as,
dv p 2π
vg = vp – l dl ... (4) λ =
β
Group velocity can also be written as, λ in terms of primary constants is,
vg = db cb hc m [ a From equation (2)]
d 2π

λ=
1 2
(ω LC − RC ) − ( R 2 + ω2 L2 )(G 2 + ω2 C 2 
= h <1 – h d nF
c c b dh n b dh
= h – 2 d
c 2  
h d b db
Q23. Draw an equivalent circuit of a two wire trans-
= vp <1 – h F
b dh
... (5) mission line and mention its applications.
db
Ans:
Equations (4) and (5) represent the relation between
phase velocity and group velocity. The equivalent circuit of a transmission line is as shown
in figure below,
From (4) and (5), it is observed that,
(i) The phase velocity and group velocity are equal for non-

dispersive medium <i.e ., F.

dh
db = 0
(ii) The group velocity is less than phase velocity for nor-
dv p
mally dispersive media where dl is positive.
(iii) The group velocity is greater than phase velocity for
d vp
anomalously dispersive media where dl is negative. Figure: Equivalent Circuit of Two Conductor Transmission Line

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5.14 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Applications of Transmission Lines Attenuation Constant (α) and Phase Constant (β)
1. Transmission lines are used to transfer energies among On comparing equation (1) with equation (4), we get,
circuits.
α = 0
2. These are used as circuit elements such as inductors,
capacitors etc. And β = ω (LC )
3. These are used as impedance matching devices. (ii) Phase Velocity (Vp)
4. These are used as stubs both single-stub and double The expression for phase velocity is,
stubs.
ω
5. These are used as measuring devices. Vp = ... (5)
β
6. These are used in connection of televisions to antennas
and in laboratories in the form of coaxial cables. On substituting the value of β in equation (5), we get,
ω
7. These are used as microstrips in integrating circuits in Vp =
which metallic strips connecting electronic components ω LC
are deposited on dielectric substrates.
1
8. These are used as twisted pairs and coaxial cables in ∴V p = ... (6)
LC
computer networks like internet and ethernet.
9. These are used in telephony and power transmission as (iii) Characteristic Impedance (Z0)
a pair of parallel lines. The expression for characteristic impedance is,
10. These are used as transmitters and antennas are
connected by planar lines. R + j ωL j ωL
Z0 = = ( R = G = 0)
G + j ωC j ωC
11. These are used for transferring information over long
short distances with least attenuation. L
= C
Q24. Define and explain lossless less transmission
line in terms of transmission line parameters. L
` Z0 =
Ans: C
Lossless Transmission Line
Q25. Derive the equations of attenuation constant
A transmission line is said to be lossless if it satisfies the and phase constant of a transmission line in
following conditions, terms of R, L, C & G.
(i) The conductors of the transmission line should be Ans: (Model Paper-2, Q10(a) | May/June-18, (R15), Q11
perfect i.e., σc = ∞. Distortionless Transmission Line
(ii) The dielectric medium between the transmission A transmission is said to be distortionless if the output
lines should be zero i.e., σd = 0. signal is the exact (identical shape) of the input signal.
Characterization of Lossless Transmission Line
The output signal of a distortionless transmission may
(i) Propagation Constant (γ) have different amplitudes and time delays with the input
The expression for propagation constant is, signal. However, the shape of both the output and input signals
should be same.
γ = α + jβ ... (1)
Condition for Distortionless Transmission
γ = ( R + jωL)(G + jωC ) ... (2)
A transmission line is said to be distortionless, if it sat-
The condition for lossless line is, isfies the following two conditions,
R = G = 0 ... (3) (i) The attenuation constant (α) is independent of
frequency.
On substituting equation (3) in equation (2), we get,
(ii) The phase constant (β) is linearly dependent on the
γ = ( jωL)( jωC ) frequency.
Mathematically, transmission line is said to be
= jω (LC ) distortionless if,
R G
∴ γ = jω (LC ) ... (4)
= .
L C

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.15
Propagation Constant Q26. List the conditions for minimum attenuation.
The expression for propagation constant γ is given by, Ans:
γ= ( R + jωL)(G + jωC ) The conditions for minimum attenuation are,
C
 j ωL   j ωC   Attenuation constant, α = R or RG
= R 1 +  G 1 +  L
 R   G 
 Phase constant, β = ω LC
 j ωL   jω C 
= RG 1 + .1 + R L


R  G   Characteristic impedance, Zo =
G
=
C

 jωC   jωC  Q R = G  1

= RG 1 +  1 +   Phase velocity, Vp =
 G  G   L C LC
ωC 
 JjwC
2  Propagation constant, g = RG 1 +
=

RG 1 +
j ωC 
  G 
 G 
or
 j ωC  g = RG + j ω
∴γ = RG 1 + ( γ = α + jβ) LC
 G 
It can be observed that the above conditions are same as
distortionless conditions.
∴ Attenuation constant, α = RG ... (7)
5.2 Input Impedance
Phase constant, β = ω LC ... (8)
Q27. Derive Zin of 2-wire tranmission line.
From equations (7) and (8), it is proved that, α is (Model Paper-1, Q10(b) | Oct./Nov.-20, (R15), Q11(a))

frequency independent and β is linear function of frequency. (or)

Characteristic Impedance Derive the expression for input impedance of a
The expression for characteristic impedance is given by, transmission line.
Ans: April/May-11, Set-4, Q8(a)
R + jω L
Z0 = Consider a transmission line of length ‘l’ terminated
G + jω C
with load ZL as shown in figure (1).
I0 l
R (1 + jωL / R )  R G Zg
= Q =  IL
G (1 + jωC / G )  L C
Vg ∼ V0 ZL VL
R L
= = = R0 + jX0
G C
z
Where, l–z
Zin
R L Figure (1)
R0 = = and X0 = 0
G C The equivalent circuit for sending end of finite
transmission line is as shown in figure (2).
R L
∴ Z o = Ro = = ... (9)
G C Zg

Velocity of Propagation
The velocity of propagation is given by,
Zin
ω ω 1
VP = = =
β ω LC LC

1
∴ VP = ... (10)
LC Figure (2): Equivalent Circuit

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5.16 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
If the transmission line extends from z = 0 to z = l at the Z0 VL (e γl + e − γl) + Z0 IL (e γl − e − γl)
load, then the voltage and current wave equations are, =
VL (e γl − e − γl) + Z0 IL (e γl − e − γl)
Vs(z) = V0+ e − γz + V0− e γz ... (1) Z0 VL (2 cosh γl) + Z0 IL (2 sinh γl)
=
V0+ V0− VL (2 sinh γl) + Z0 IL (2 cosh γl)
Is(z) = e − γz − e γz ... (2)
Z0 Z0
 e γl + e − γl 
Where, Q = cosh γl 
 2 
V0+ , V0− are wave amplitudes.  e γl − e − γl 
 = sinh γl 
For z = 0  2 
V = V0 VL + Z0 IL tanh γl I Z + Z0 IL tanh γl
I = I0 = Z0 = Z0 L L
VL tanh γl + Z0 IL IL ZL tanh γl + Z0 IL
1
∴ V0+ = ZL + Z0 tanh γl
= Z0 > H
(V0 + Z0I0) ... (3) IL [ZL + Z0 tanh γl]
2 = Z0
IL [Z0 + ZL tanh γl] Z0 + ZL tanh γl
1
V0− = (V – Z0I0) ... (4) Therefore, for lossy medium,
2 0
ZL + Z0 tanh γl
From figure (2), Zin = Z0 > H ... (11)
Z0 + ZL tanh γl
Zin
V0 = V ... (5)
Zin + Zg g For a lossless line, a = 0 and γ = jβ
Vg Hence, equation (11) can be written as,
I0 = ... (6)
ZL + Z0 tanh (jβ) l
Zin = Z0 > H
Zin + Zg

Z0 + ZL tanh (jβ) l
For z = l,
ZL + jZ0 tan βl
∴ Zin = Z0 > H
V = VL
Z0 + jZL tan βl
I = IL
1 Q28. Define and derive the input impedance of open
V0+ =
γl
∴ (V + Z0 IL) e ... (7) and short circuited transmission lines.
2 L
1 (Model Paper-3, Q11(a) | April/May-11, Set-1, Q8(a))
V0− = 2 (VL – Z0 IL) e–γl ... (8)
(or)
The input impedance (Zin) is given as,
Define the open and short circuited input
V ( z) impedance and derive the relation between Zoc,
Zin = s ... (9)
I s ( z) Zsc and β, Z0.
On substituting equations (1) and (2) in equation (9),
Ans: April/May-11, Set-2, Q8(a)
we get,
V0+ e − γz + V0− e γz Input Impedance of a Transmission Line with any Load (ZR)
Zin =
V0+ − γz V0− γz For answer refer Unit-2, Q20.
e − e
Z0 Z0 Expression for input impedance of a transmission line
Z0 (V0+ + V0−) is given as,
⇒ Zin = ... (10) V VR cosh γl + Z0 IR sinh γl
V0+ − V0− Zin = IS = JV N ... (1)
IR cosh γl + KK ZR OO sinh γl
S

On substituting equations (7) and (8) in equation (10), L 0P

we get, (a) Open Circuit Impedance (Zoc) : For an open circuited
RS 1 1 VW transmission line, no current flows i.e., IR = 0 and hence,
Z0 SSS (VL + Z0 IL) e γl + (VL − Z0 IL) e − γlWWW
2 2 Z L= 3 .
Zin = T X
1 1
(VL + Z0 IL) e γl − (VL − Z0 IL) e − γl Then equation (1) is written as ,
2 2
1R − V VR cosh γl + Z0 (0) sinh γl VR cosh γl
Z0 SSVL e γl + Z0 IL e γl + VL e γl − Z0 IL e γlWW
− ZOC = = Z0 V sinh γl
2 VR
= T X (0) cosh γl + Z sinh γl R

1 RS γl γl − − γl − γlV
W
0

SV e + Z I e V e + Z I e W
2T L 0 L L 0 L
X ` ZOC = Z0 coth γl ... (2)

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.17
(b)
Short Circuited Impedance (Zsc) : For short circuited SRS − γz W V
SS 1 + V0 e WWW
transmission line, ZR is zero and hence voltage across it SS V0+ e –γz WW
is zero i.e., = Z0 SS WW
SS V0− e γz WW
ZR = 0, VR = 0 SS1 − + –γz WW
S V0 e W
The equation (1) becomes, T X
JK − − γz N
^0 h cosh γl + Z0 IR sinh γl 1 + ΓL  KKa Γ = V0 e OOO
Zsc = = Z0   K
0 1 − ΓL  V0+ e − γz OO
L
IR cosh γl + Z sinh γl K
0 L P
RS + VW
Z0 IR sinh γl S 1 Γ LW
= I cos h γl \ Zin = Z0 SS W
R
S1 − Γ L WW
T X
\ Zsc = Z0tanh gl ... (3) Standing Wave Ratio
Therefore, equations (3) and (4) represent the input im- Consider two waves travelling on a transmission line with
pedance when the transmission line is open circuited and short same frequency but in opposite direction. When these waves
collide with each other, a standing wave pattern of voltage
circuited respectively.
and current is generated i..e, the incident and reflected waves
5.3 Standing Wave Ratio together form a standing wave.
1. Standing Wave Ratio : Standing wave ratio is defined
Q29. Define the reflection coefficient and derive the
as the ratio of magnitudes of maximum voltage or
expression for the input impedance in terms of current to magnitudes of minimum voltage or current.
reflection coefficient. It is abbreviated as SWR and denoted by ‘r’.
Ans: Vmax I max
∴r= =
Reflection Coefficient Vmin I min

Reflection coefficient is defined as the ratio of reflected or

wave strength to incident wave strength at the receiving end. It 1+| Γ |
ρ=
is denoted as ΓL . 1–|Γ|
Reflected wave voltage
∴ ΓL = 2.Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) : Voltage
Incident wave voltage
Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio of
(or)
maximum voltage to minimum voltage and is denoted
V0− e γl
ΓL = by ‘S’.
V0+ e − γl V
Where, S = max ... (1)
Vmin
+
V0 – Incident wave
–
Maximum voltage (Vmax) is obtained when the incident
V0 – Reflected wave.
and reflected voltages are in phase.
Derivation –
Vmax = |V +| + |V |
Input impedance is defined as the ratio of voltage to
current. Vmax = |V +| (1 + GL) ... (2)
V Where, GL – Reflection coefficient.
i.e., Zin = ... (1)
I
Similarly, minimum voltage (Vmin) is obtained when the
The general transmission line equations for voltage and
incident and reflected voltages are out of phase.
current are, –
i.e., Vmin = |V + | – |V |
V = V0+ e − γz + V0− e γz ... (2)
V+ V− Vmin = |V + | (1 – |GL|) ... (3)
And I = 0 e − γz + 0 e γz ... (3)
Z0 Z0 On substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1),
On substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1), we get,
we get, V + (1 + ΓL )
V− S =
V0+ e − γz + 0 e γz V + (1 − ΓL )
Z0
Zin = +
V0 − γz V0− γz 1 + GL
e − e \ S=
Z0 Z0 1 – GL

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5.18 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
3.Current Standing Wave Ratio (CSWR) : Current Q31. Explain how standing waves occur in an
standing wave ratio is defined as the ratio of maximum imperfectly matched transmission line.
current to minimum current. Ans: April/May-13, Set-4, Q8(a)
I max
CSWR = ... (4) Standing waves are also known as stationary waves.
I min
These waves are formed by combining incident waves with the
Maximum current (Imax) is obtained when the incident
and reflected currents are in phase. waves which are imperfectly matched and suffer from partial
– reflection in transmission lines. At the nodes, the amplitude of
i.e., Imax = |I +| + |I |
the wave is not equal to zero due to incomplete cancellation of
+
V amplitude. The incident wave ψi is given as,
Imax = (1 + | ΓL | ) ... (5)
Z0
x 
Similarly, minimum current (Imin) is obtained when the ψi = A1 cos ω  − t  ... (1)
c 
incident and reflected current are out of phase.
i.e., Imin = |I +| – |I – | and,

V
+ The partially reflected wave is given by,
⇒ Imin = (1 – | ΓL |) ... (6)
Z0 x 
On substituting equations (5) and (6) in equation (4), ψr = B1 cos ω  + t  ... (2)
c 
we get,
V
+ On combining equations (1) and (2), we get,
Z0 ^1 + G L h JK x NO JK x NO
CSWR = + ψi + ψr = A1 cos ω KK – t OO + B1 cos ω KK + t OO
V
Z0 ^1 – G L h Lc P Lc P
The above expression can be written as,
1 + GL
\ CSWR = KJ ωx NO KJ ωx NO
1 – GL ψi + ψr = (A1 + B1) cos KK OO cos ωt + (A1 – B1) sin KK OO sin ωt
L c P L c P
Q30. Derive the relation between reflection coefficient Then,
and characteristic impedance.
The resultant amplitude of the wave is obtained as,
Ans: April/May-11, Set-3, Q8(a)
2JK ωx NO 2J
K ωx NO
= _ A1 + B1i cos KK OO + _ A1 – B1i sin KK OO
2 2
Relation between Reflection Coefficient and Characteristic
Impedance L c P L c P
The expression for reflection coefficient at load is, 2 2 KJ 2ωx ONO
= A1 + B1 + 2A1B1 cos KK O
V0− e γl L c P
ΓL = ` ... (1)
V0+ e − γl Assuming the amplitude of the wave ranges between
The expression for V0+ is, (A1 + B1) and (A1 – B1) depending upon the values of x, then,
1
V0+ = (V + Z0 IL) eγl ... (2) Amax A + B1
2 L = 1
Amin A1 − B1
1
And the expression for V0− = (V – Z I ) e–γl ... (3)
2 L 0 L
B1
Where, 1+
A1 1+ G
Z0– Characteristic impedance. = =
B1 1– G
1−
On substituting equations (2) and (3) in equation (1), A1
we get,
1 Where,
(VL − Z0 IL) e − γl e γl
ΓL = 2 B 
1 G – Reflection coefficient  1 
(V + Z I ) e γl e − γl  A1 
2 L 0L
(Z I − Z I ) I _ ZL – Z0i The ratio
Amax
is called standing wave ratio (r).
= L L 0 L = L
(ZL IL + Z0 IL) IL _ ZL + Z0i Amin

ZL – Z0 B1 r –1
\ ΓL = ∴G= =
ZL + Z0 A1 r +1

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.19
The input impedance of a short circuited line is,
5.4 Transmission of Finite Length-Half
Wave, Quarter Wave Transmission Zin|sc = Z0 tanh(γl)
Line RS sinh (γl) WV
= Z0 SSS WW
cosh (γl) W
Q32. Describe the characteristics of UHF lines. T X
RS sinh (αl) cos (βl) + j cosh (αl) sin (βl) VW
= Z0 SS S WW ... (1)
Ans: cosh (αl) cos (βl) + j sinh (αl) sin (βl) W
T X
Ultra High Frequency Lines (UHF)
For line length of odd multiples of ‛l/4’,
The transmission lines which are operated at a
sin (βl ) = ± 1
frequencies from 300 to 3000 MHz and whose wavelengths
cos (βl ) = 0
are from 10 cm to 100 cm, these lines normally abbreviated as
UHF lines. Equation (1) becomes,
RS cosh (αl) VW
At UHF range ohmic and dielectric losses may be Zin|sc = Z0 SSS WW
appreciable but since the physical length of line is small the sinh (αl) W
T X
total attenuation is nearly zero and only the phase shift is of At high frequencies, αl is very small i.e., cosh(αl) = 1,
consequence. Therefore, UHF line can be considered as lossless sinh(αl) = αl
if only for short length are taken. These lines (UHF) can become JK 1 NO
∴ Zin|sc = Z0 KK OO ... (2)
resonant at particular frequencies. L αl P
The expression for the attenuation constant for lossless
When the far end is open or short-circuited. They are
line is,
used as ‘feeder lines’ to radio transmitter and in measurement
of permeability, power factor of dielectrics, wavelength, 1  C L 
α= R +G
impedance and as circuit elements. 2  L C 

Characteristic Impedance In case of air, losses due to conductance are zero.

At UHF range ωL >> R and ωC >> G
1  C 
∴ α = R
The series impedance, Z = R + jωL = jωL 2  L 
and shunt admittance, Y = G + jωC = jωC
1 JK 1 NO J L NO
⇒ α= KK R OO KKK` Z0 = O ...(3)
jω L L 2 Z0 L C OP
Z L P
∴ Z0 = = =
Y j ωC C On substituting equation (3) in equation (2), we get,

Q33. Write short notes on UHF lines as circuit elements. SR 1 WV

Zin|sc = Z0 SS J N WW
SS 1 K R O WW
(or) SS 2 KK Z OO l WW
For a transmission line which is terminated in T L 0P X
normalized impedance Zn, VSWR = 2. Find the RS 2Z VW
= Z0 SSS 0 WWW
normalized impedance magnitude. Rl
T X
2
(In table, Exclude all Open Circuit Content) 2Z0
=
Ans: Rl

The Ultra High Frequency (UHF) has a frequency range 2

Zin|sc = 2Z0
of 300 MHz to 3 GHz and the transmission lines which operate Rl
at this frequency are known as ultra high frequency lines.
The above equation represents the input impedance
At ultra high frequencies, the transmission lines are used
terminated with short circuit for quarter wavelength transmission
as circuit elements. These elements remain unaffected since the
line.
length, l of the circuits are greater than wavelengths i.e., l >> λ.
The resistive components of the input impedance for low loss Table below illustrates the input impedance values for
transmission lines is usually negligible i.e., ωL >> R, ωC >> G. different lengths of transmission lines.

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5.20 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Line Length Arrangement Behaviour Input Impedance

l < l/4 Short circuit Inductance Zin Zin jZ0 (tan bl )

Zin
Open circuit Capacitance Zin jZ0 (cot bl)

Short circuit Capacitance Zin Zin jZ0 (tan bl )

l/4 < l < l/2 Open circuit Inductance Zin Zin jZ0 (cot bl )

2
2Z0
Short circuit Parallel resonant circuit Zin =
Rl

2
λ 2Z
l= Open circuit Series resonant circuit Zin = 0
2 Rl
Q34. Write short notes on different lengths of transmission lines with open end load.

Ans:

The voltage and current waves cannot affect the complete circuit when the lengths of transmission lines are much higher
than the wavelengths (l >> l).

Open-end refers to the load impedance of infinite value (ZL = ¥).

The value of input impedance for different lengths of transmission lines varies in an open-end circuit.

1. If length of transmission line, less than l/4 (l < l/4) is terminated with open-end, then the impedance is equivalent to
capacitance.

2. If length of transmission line in between l/4 and l/2 is terminated with open-end, then it acts as inductance.

3. If length of transmission line equal to quarter wavelength (l = l/4) is terminated with open end, then it is equivalent to a
series resonant circuit.

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.21
Table below illustrates the input impedance for different lengths of transmission lines with open-end load.
Line Length Arrangement Behaviour Input Impedance

λ
l< 4 Open circuit Capacitance Zin = – jZ0(cotbl)

λ λ
4 <l< 2 Open circuit Inductance Zin = – jZ0(tanbl)

2Z 2
λ Zin = Rl0
l= 4 Open circuit Series resonant circuit

Q35. Explain the significance and utility of λ/8, λ/4 and λ/2 lines.
Ans:
λ
The significance and utility of is given below.
8
λ
If a transmission line of length ‘ ’ and characteristic impedance ‘Z0’ is terminated by a load impedance ‘ZR’ then the
8
impedance at the sending end is given by,

  2π λ 
 Z R + j Z 0 tan λ × 8    Z + j Z0 
Z     = Z0  R 
Zin = 0
  2π λ   Z0 + j Z R 
 Z 0 + j Z R tan λ × 8  
 
(i) When ZR = 0, then Zin = j Z0
(ii) When ZR = ¥, then Zin = –j Z0.
The significance and utility of λ/4 line is given below.
For a quarter-wavelength line, with characteristic impedance Z0 and terminated with ‘ZR’.
The input impedance ‘Zin’ is given as,
RS Z + jZ tan ((2π/λ) (λ/4)) VW
SS R 0 W
Zin = Z0 SS J 2π λ ON WWW
K
S Z0 + jZR tan KK × OO W
S W
T L λ 4P X
 Z R / tan (π / 2 ) + j Z 0 
= Z 0  
 Z 0 / tan (π / 2 ) + j Z R 
∴ tan(π/2) = ¥

 j Z 0  Z 02
Zln = Z 0  =
 j ZR  ZR
Z 02
Þ Zin =
ZR

Z in Z 1
∴ = 0 =
Z0 ZR (Z R / Z 0 )
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5.22 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
(i) The quarter-wavelength can be used for impedance Generally, the input impedance is given as,
inversion i.e., the normalized impedance of a quarter-
ZL + j Z0 tan (βl)
wavelength line is equal to the normalized admittance Zin = Z0 > H ... (1)
at the receiving end. Z0 + jZL tan (βl)

(ii) The quarter-wavelength line can be used for impedance Half-Wave Length λ/2 Line Impedance Transformation
matching.
The input impedance for l = λ/2 is given as,
Z 02 RS V
Zin = SS Z + jZ tan JKKK 2π × λ NOOO WWW
ZR S L 0
L λ 2 P WWW
Zin = Z0 SS
The above equation shows that the impedance at SS KJ 2π λ NO W
S Z0 + jZL tan KK λ × 2 OO WW
the input of a quarter wave line depends on two quantities. T L PX
RS Z + jZ tan (p) VW R V
These are the load impedance (Which is fixed for any load
= Z0 SS L 0 WW = Z SSS ZL + 0 WWW = Z
at a constant frequency) and the characteristic impedance of S Z0 + jZL tan (p) W 0 SZ + 0W L
T X T 0 X
the interconnecting transmission line. If the Z0 can be varied,
∴ Zin = ZL
the impedance seen at the input to the (λ/4) line will be
varied accordingly and the load may thus be matched to the KJ λ ON
Quarter Wavelength KK OO Line Impedance Transformation
characteristic impedance of the main line. L4P
The significance and utility of (λ/2) line is given below. λ
The input impedance for l = is given as,
4
The input impedance of a half-wavelength line (λ/2)
RS V
with characteristic impedance ‘Z0’ terminated with impedance SS Z + jZ tan JKKK 2π × λ NOOO WWW
S L 0
L λ 4 P WWW
‘ZR’ is given by, Zin = Z0 SS
SS KJ 2π λ NO W
  2π λ  S Z0 + jZL tan KK λ × 4 OO WW
L PX
 Z R + j Z 0 tan λ × 2   Z × Z T RS VW
Zin = Z 0 
 = 0 SS ZL W
SS e o + jZ0 WW

R RS λ VW
 +  2π λ  Z0 SS Z + jZ tan WW WW
3
 Z 0 j Z R tan λ × 2   = Z0 SSS
L 0 2 WW = Z SS WW
  SS Z + jZ tan λ WW W 0 S
SS e Z0 o W
S 0 L 2W SS 3 + jZL WWW
Zin = ZR. T X
T X
2
Thus, the input impedance of a λ/2 line is equal to the Z0
Þ Zin =
load impedance independent of ‘Z0’. ZL
Measurement of Load Impedance Þ
2
Z0 = Zin ZL
It is very often not practical to measure the impedance
of a load directly. This being the case, the impedance may be ∴ Z0 = Zin ZL
measured along a transmission line connected to the load, at a
If ZL = ∞, then Zin = 0. Hence open load is converted
distance which is half-wavelength from the load.
to short circuited load when l = l/4.
Sometimes it is necessary to short-circuit a transmission
line at a point that is not physically accessible. l/8 Line Impedance Transformation : The input impedance
The same result will be obtained if the short-circuit is for l = l/8 is given as,
placed a half-wavelength away from the load. SRS JK 2π λ NO WV
SS ZL + jZ0 tan KK × OO WWW
Q36. Determine the input impedance for l/2, l/4 and Zin = Z0 SS L λ 8 P WW
l/8 lines impedance transformations. SS KJ 2π λ NO W
S Z0 + jZL tan KK λ × 8 OO WW
Ans: T L PX
A transmission line of length ( l ) terminated with load SRS JK π NO WVW
S ZL + jZ0 tan K 4 O WW
(ZL) is as shown in figure below. = Z0 SSS L PW δ
SS Z + jZ tan KKJ π NOO WWW
l S 0 W
Z0 T
L
L 4 PX
RS Z + jZ VW π
= Z0 SS L 0W
f a tan d n = 1 p
Zin ZL S Z0 + jZL WW 4
T X
Since, the magnitude of (ZL + jZ0) = magnitude of (Z0 + jZL).
Figure \ Zin = Z0

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.23
Q37. Show that a lossless transmission line of (ii)
Capacitance ‘C’
different lengths can be made to behave as, Input impedance of a transmission line is expressed as,
Z + jZ tan bl
(i) Inductance ‘L’ Zin = Z0 = Z L + jZ 0 tan bl G
0 L
(ii) Capacitance ‘C’
Here, ZL = ∞, line is open-circuited at the receiving end.
(iii) Series impedance figure (1)
 ZL  Z0  1 
∴ Zin = Z0   = j tan β l Q = − j 
 jZ L tan βl   j 
= – jZ0cot βl
Figure (1) ` Zin = ZOC = – jZ0 cot bl ... (4)
λ
If l < < ⇒ βl ≤ 1
2π
∴ cot βl ~ 1 ~ 1
tan βl βl
RSa β = ω LC VW
SS WW
∴ Zin = –j Z0/βl SS L WW
SS Z0 = W
Figure (2) C W
T X
L
(iv) Shunt impedance resonant circuits figure = − j ω LC l = – j/ωCl
C
(2) (either shorted or open).
Ans: ∴ Z in = − j / ωCl ... (5)
(i) Inductance ‘L’ It is clear from equation (5) that a lossless transmission
Input impedance of a transmission line is expressed as, line behaves as a capacitance.
Z + jZ tan bl (iii) Series Impedance
Zin = Z0 = Z L + jZ 0 tan bl G ... (1)
o L

Here, ZL = 0 when the transmission line is short circuited

at the receiving end.
∴ Equation (1) becomes, Figure (1)
0 + jZ0 tan bl Input impedance of a transmission line is expressed as,
Zin = Zsc = Z0 = G Z + jZ tan bl
Z0 + 0 Zin = Zo = Z L + jZ 0 tan bl G
o L
 jZ tan βl  If the line is short-circuited, then Zin = Zsc
= Z0  0  = jZ0 tan βl
 Z0  ∴ Z in1 = Z = j ωlL
sc
` Zin = jZ0 tan bl ... (2)
∴ Z in1 = j ωl L ... (6)
λ
If l < < , then βl < < 1
If the line is open-circuited then, Zin =ZOC
2π
−j
i.e., tan βl ~
− βl. ∴ Zin = Zoc =
2 ωCl
∴ Zin = jZ0 βl ` Zin = – j/wCl ... (7)
2
 L  From figure (1), as L and C are in series the total impe-
L Q Z 0 = 
⇒ Zin = j .ω LC .l  C  dance of a circuit is,
C  β = ω LC 
  j
Zin = Z in1 + Z in = j ωlL –
2 ωCl
= j Llω
 1 
... (3) ∴ Z in = j ωlL − ... (8)
∴ Z in = j ωl L
 ωCl 
From equation (3), it is clear that a lossless transmission From equation (8), it is clear that a transmission line
line behaves as an inductor. behaves as a series impedance circuit.

Spectrum All-in-one journal for engineering students

5.24 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
(iv) Shunt Impedance Resonant Circuits 2π λ
Where, β = and l = for quarter wavelength line
λR 4
SS JK 2π λ NO VWW
SS ZL + jZ0 tan KK × OO W
Zin = Z0 SS L λ 4 P WWW
SS KJ 2π λ NO W
S Z0 + jZL tan KK λ × 4 OO WW
RST L V PX
SS Z L + jZ0 tan ` p j WWW
= Z0 S 2 W
S Z0 + jZ L tan ` 2 j WW
SS p W
Figure (2) T X
RS Z VW
Input impedance of a transmission line is expressed as, SS L
+ jZ0 WWW
SS π WW
Z + jZ tan bl
Zin = Z0 = Z L + jZ 0 tan bl G
SS tan WW
= Z0 SS 2
o L SS Z0 WW δ
SS + jZL WW
If the line is short circuited, then Zin = Zsc SS tan π WW
W
2
∴ Z in1 = Z sc = j ωl L TR XV
... (9) SS JK 1 NO W
SS ZL K 3 O + jZ0 WWW
K O
 π 
If the line is open circuited then Zin = Zoc = Z0 SS JL NP WW Q tan 2 = ∞ 

SS KK 1 OO + WW  
S Z0 K 3 O jZL W
−j ... (10) T L P X
∴ Z in2 = Z oc = RS Z (0) + jZ VW RS jZ VW Z0
2
ωCl = Z S L 0W = Z S 0W
=
0 S 0 SS jZL WW
S Z (0) + jZL WW

ZL
From figure (2), as L and C are in parallel, then the total T 0 X T X
2
circuit impedance is expressed as, Z
∴ Zin = 0 ... (2)
ZL
1 1
Zin = +
Z in1 Z in2 It is clear from equation (2) that a lossless quarter
wavelength line behaves as an impedance inverter.
 
1  1  Half-Wavelength as 1:1 Transformer : Generally, a half-
= +
jωlL  − j  λ
  wavelength is denoted as . The input impedance of a half-
 ωCl  2
 1  wavelength line with characteristic impedance ‘Z0’ terminated
1
= + jωCl Q = −1 with impedance ‘ZL’ is given by,
jωlL  j 
RS Z + jZ (tan βl) VW
RS 1 VWW Zin = Z0 SS L 0 W ... (3)
= j SSSωCl– W [ a j2 = –1] ... (11) S Z0 + jZL (tan βl) WW
ωlL W T X
T X
SR 1 WVW 2π λ
` Zin = j SSSωCl– W Where, β = and l = for half-wavelength line
ωlL W λ 2
T X SRS RS 2π λ VW WV
It is clear from equation (11) that a transmission line SS ZL + jZ0 tan SSS × WWW WWW
λ 2 W
behaves as a series impedance circuit. Zin = Z0 SS TSR XV W
SS
Z + jZ tan SS π × λ WWW WW
2
Q38. Show that a lossless quarter wavelength line S 0 L S λ 2 WW
T T XX
behaves as impedance inverter and a half- RS Z + jZ tan (π) VW
wavelength line behaves as 1:1 transformer. = Z0 SS L 0 Wδ
S Z0 + jZL tan (π) WW
Ans: T X
RS Z + 0 VW
Quarter Wavelength as Impedance Inverter : Generally,
= Z0 SS L W 6a tan (π) = 0@
S Z0 + 0 WW
lossless quarter wavelength line is denoted as λ . If a T X
4
λ ` Zin = ZL ... (4)
transmission line of length and characteristic impedance ‘Z0’
4 λ
Thus, the input impedance of aline is equal to the load
is terminated by a load ‘ZL’ then input impedance is expressed as, 2
RS Z + jZ tan (βl) VW impedance and is independent of Z0. Also, the half-wavelength
Zin = Z0 SS L 0 W ... (1)
S Z0 + jZ L tan (βl) WW line behaves as 1:1 transformer.
T X
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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.25
Q39. Discuss the importance of a half wavelength (ii) Transmission Line Properties of Various Lengths
line.
λ λ
Ans: April/May-13, Set-4, Q8(b) The short circuited line and a open circuited line
4 2
λ/2 forms a parallel turned circuit. If the operating frequency is
The significance and utility of (λ/2) line is given below. decreased, then, shunt inductive reactance is small and shunt
capacitive reactance is high. As a result, the circuit impedance
The input impedance of a half-wavelength line (λ/2)
becomes purely inductive. Hence, a line becomes pure inductive
with characteristic impedance ‘Z0’ terminated with impedance
‘ZR’ is given by, λ
when a short-circuited line is less than length. Similarly, a
4
  2π λ  line becomes pure capacitive when an open circuited line is
 Z R + j Z 0 tan λ × 2   Z × Z
Zin = Z 0    = 0 R λ
π λ lesser than . Figure illustrates various transmission line sec-
 +  2  Z 4
 Z 0 j Z R tan λ × 2  
0

  tions and their LC equivalent circuits.

Zin = ZR.

Thus the input impedance of a λ/2 line is equal to the

load impedance independent of ‘Z0’.
Measurement of Load Impedance
It is very often not practical to measure the impedance
of a load directly. This being the case, the impedance may be
measured along a transmission line connected to the load, at a
distance which is half-wavelength from the load.
Sometimes it is necessary to short-circuit a transmission
line at a point that is not physically accessible.
The same result will be obtained if the short-circuit is
placed a half-wavelength away from the load.
Q40. Explain the reactance properties of transmis-
sion lines. (a): Transmission Line Section (b): Equivalent Circuit
Figure
Ans: (Model Paper-3, Q10(a) | April/May-13, Set-2, Q8(b))
(iii) Variation of Impedance along a Mismatched Trans-
Transmission lines can be employed as shunt inductance mission Line
or capacitive reactance depending on its configuration as these
are useful in high frequency applications and are compatible. The standing waves are formed when a load is connected
The following are the reactance properties of transmission lines. to a line. They also arise when load impedance, ZL magnitude is
equal to characteristic impedance. The normalized impedance
(i) Open and Short Circuit Transmission Lines as Tuned λ
Circuits measured distance when ZL = r + jX is expressed as,
4
λ 1
The length transmission line input impedance is Z0 = YL = [ ZL = r + jx]
4 r + jx
infinity if it is short circuited at far end. Above or below this
1  r − jx 
λ =   [ Normalization]
the impedance is not infinite. Hence, a parallel-tuned circuit r + jx  r − jx 
4
r − jx r − jx
is formed. This type of lines are employed at UHF (Ultra High = 2 = 2
r + rxj − rxj + x 2 r + x2
Frequency) to function as oscillator tank circuit.
r − jx
λ ∴ Z0 =
If the line is open circuited at far end, then a series tuned r 2 + x2
4
λ The normalized load impedance becomes inductive. The
circuit is formed. A short-circuited line also forms a series tuned
2 normalized impedance at a distance far from the load behaves
circuit. Such type of lines (open or short circuited) are employed
as capacitive from the above equation. It is purely resistive
at high frequencies replacing LC circuits. Mostly short-circuited
between these two points. A Smith chart is used for calculation
lines are used because open-circuited lines may lead to radiations. of resistive point.

Spectrum All-in-one journal for engineering students

5.26 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
1. Constant-r Circle
5.5 Smith Chart, Graphical Analysis of
Constant-r circles are obtained by eliminating ‘x’ from
Transmission Lines using Smith Chart
equations (3) and (4),
Q41. What is smith chart? Derive the equations for 2 2
constant resistance and constant reactance  r   1 
i.e.,  A −  + B2 =   ... (5)
circles.  r +1   r +1 
Ans: The equation of circle is expressed as,
Smith chart is a simple graphical tool which consists of locus (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = a2 ... (6)  
of constant resistance values as circles on real axis and locus
Where,
of reactance values as circles on imaginary axis.
a – Radius
It basically converts reflection coefficient to corresponding
(h, k) – Centre at (x, y).
impedance (or admittance) and vice-versa.
On comparing equations (5) and (6), we get,
The expression for reflection coefficient is,
1
Z – Z0 Radius =
ΓL = L ... (1) r +1
ZL + Z0
Centre at (A,B) = d r + 1 , 0 n
r
ZL
–1
Z
⇒ Γ L= 0 The r-circle for different values of normalized resistance
ZL
+1 is shown in figure (1).
Z0
Imaginary axis B
Z –1
⇒ ΓL = n
Zn + 1
0
Where, r=
0.4
Zn – Normalized impedance r= 0.5 1
r=
r= 2
And, r=
ZL ∞ Real axis A
Zn = = r + jx
Z0
Equation (1) can be written as,
r + jx − 1
Γ =
r + jx + 1

= > H×
(r – 1) + jx (r + 1) – jx
(r + 1) – jx Figure (1): Constant r-circle
(r + 1) + jx)
Features of Constant-r Circles
2
(r – 1) (r + 1) – jx (r – 1) + jx (r + 1) – (jx) (i) In constant-r circles, the centre lies on horizontal axis.
= 2 2
(r + 1) – (jx) (ii) The value of r is ± ∞ at point A = 1, B = 0.
2 2
(r – 1 + x ) + j (2x) (iii) The circles pass through the point (1,0).
= 2 2 (iv) The circles compress when ‘r’ increases from 0 to ∞.
( r + 1) + x
(v) When radius = 0, centre is (0,0) the circle is the outermost
= Re {Γ} + Im {Γ}= A + jB ... (2) circle in smith chart.
On equating real and imaginary parts of equation (2), (vi) When radius = ∞, circle has a point at (1,0).
we get, 2. Constant-x Circle : Constant-x circles are obtained by
r 2 −1+ x2 eliminating r from equations (3) and (4),
Re {Γ}= A = ... (3) 2 2
(r + 1) 2 + x 2  1 1
i.e., ( A − 1) 2 +  B −  =   ... (7)
 x x
2x
Im {Γ}= B = ... (4)
(r + 1) 2 + x 2 On comparing equation (7) with equation (6), we get,
1
Smith chart consists of two circles, Radius =
x
1. Constant-r circle JK 1 NO
2. Constant-x circle. Centre at (A,B) = KK1, OO
L xP
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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.27
The x-circles for different values of reactances is shown in figure (2).
B

x=1
jx
x = 0.5

x=2
x=0
∞ A

–2
x=
.5
–0

–1
–jx =

x=
x

Figure (2): Constant-x Circles

Features of Constant-x Circles
1. In constant-x circles, the centre lies on A = 1
2. When x > 0 (inductive reactance), the circles lies above the A-axis. When x < 0 (capacitive reactance), the circles lie below
the A-axis.
3. The circles compress when |x| increases from x = 0 to x = ∞.
4. The value of x is ± ∞ at point A = 1, B = 0.
5. The circles are centered parallel to imaginary axis.
Q42. Describe about smith chart and transients on transmission lines.
Ans:
Smith Chart
For answer refer Unit-5, Q10.
Transients on Transmission Lines
Transients refer to the abrupt changes in the steady conditions of voltages or currents due to sudden on/off of switches
in device.
In circuit analysis, the transitional period required by the currents or voltages on transmission line, to reach steady state
values, when battery or pulse generator connected to it is turned on is called transient.
The transient behaviour at the instant of turning OFF a switch can be analyzed under time domain as,
Let us consider a lossless line having length ‘l’ and characteristic impedance Z0, as shown in figure 1(a),

(a) A Line Driven by a Pulse Generator (b) The equivalent Circuit at z = 0, t =0+
Figure (1): Transients on a Transmission Line

Spectrum All-in-one journal for engineering students

5.28 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
As shown in figure (1) (a), if the line is driven by a pulse Therefore,
generator having voltage Vg, internal impedance Zg at z = 0 and V(0, 2t1) = V+ – V–
a purely resistive load ZL for termination. When the switch is
= ΓG ΓLV0 + (1 + ΓL )V0
closed, immediately at t = 0, the initial current observes only
Zg and Z0 (and not ZL) as shown in the equivalent circuit figure ∴ V (0, 2t1) = (1 + ΓL + ΓG ΓL )V0 ... (8)
1(b),
And.
The initial current at z = 0 and t = 0+ is given as,
I (0, 2t1) = I+ + I–
I (0,0+) = I0
Vg = – ΓG (−ΓL I 0 ) + (1 − ΓL ) I 0
I0 = I (0,0+) = ... (1)
Z g + Zo ∴ I (0, 2t1) = (1 − ΓL + ΓL ΓG ) I 0 ... (9)
Similarly the initial voltage at z = 0 and t = 0 is given
+
Where,
as,
ΓG = Generator reflection coefficient
V (0,0+) = V0
= I0 Z0 Z g − Z0
Vg ΓG =
Z g + Z0
V0 = V (0,0+) = Vg ... (2)
Z g + Zo
The waves reflected from generator end i.e, V+ = ΓG ΓLV0
[Q From equation (1)] and I+ = ΓG ΓL I 0 again moves towards the load and this bouncing
After turning off the switch, the current and voltage action continues till the energy of the pulse is all absorbed by
I = I0 and V+ = V0 slowly propagates towards the load. The
+ Zg and ZL (resistors).
propagation speed is given as, These reflections are traced in a bounce diagram also
1 known as lattice diagram as shown in figure (2),
u = ... (3)
LC
Due to finite speed, the positively travelling waves
reaches the load with a delay during which the load causes no
effect on the waves. This delay or transit time is given as,
l
t1 = ... (4)
u
Thus, it takes t1 seconds for the waves to reach the load.
The voltage or current at the load is obtained by summing up
the incident and reflected voltages as,
V (l, t1) = V++ V–
= V0 +

V (l, t1) = ... (5)

And,
I (l, t1) = I++ I–
= I0 –
I (l, t1) = ... (6)
Where,
(a) A Voltage Wave (b) A Current Wave
ΓL – Load reflection coefficient
Z L − Z0 Figure (2): Bounce Diagram
= ... (7)
Z L + Z0
As shown in figure (2), the zig-zag lines indicates the
In addition to waves V0 and I0 travelling on the line, the position of voltage and current in association with the generator
reflected waves V– = and I– = gets reflected towards end. By adding the values appearing on the diagram above a
the generator on the line. The time required for the reflected given time, the voltage or current for a particular time can be
waves to each the generator is t = 2t1. obtained.

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.29
Q43. Discuss the configuration of the smith chart considering the two families of constant circles.
Ans: May/June-15, Set-2, Q7(a)

Configuration of Smith’s Chart: Figure (1) represents a basic smith chart.

0
, r=
S =∞

x=0
S=1 x=±∞

Psc
Poc

Figure (1): Basic Smith Chart

Figure (2) represents the scales and movements around the smith chart.
r
to
era
To

Zg en
sg
w
ard

rd
wa
sl

To
oa
d

Generator Transmission Load

Figure (2): Smith Chart Illustrating Scales Around the Periphery and Movement Around the Chart

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5.30 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
1. Observing figure (1), the point Psc on the chart, represents 6. Open-Circuited and Short-Circuited Lines : The
a short-circuit on the transmission line. i.e., ZR = 0 + j0.
­­
open circuited line is the right sided horizontal axis on
Similarly, the point Poc represents an open circuit on the which both R and X are infinity at the terminal point
transmission line, i.e., zL = ∞ + j∞. (i.e., ZR = ¥).
2. 3600 around the Smith chart represents a distance l/2 on The short circuited line, which is left side of horizontal
the line. axis gives short-circuited terminal point where,‘R’ and
3. Clockwise movement on the chart represents moving ‘X’ are zero. Hence impedance at this terminal is zero
towards the generator, while counter clockwise since, ZR = 0.
R
movement on the chart corresponds to moving towards 7. Matched Load : At any point on R = 1, circle =1
Z0
the load.
i.e., R = Z0
4. As shown in figure (2), there are three scales around
This implies that the resistive reactance (R) is equal to
the periphery of the Smith chart. Among the three, the
the characteristic impedance (Z0) of the transmission
outermost scale is used to determine the distance on the
line. It shows the condition of zero reflection where
line from the generator end in terms of wavelengths and
its reactive component is made zero using equal and
the next scale represents the distance from the load end
opposite reactance.
in terms of wavelengths.
Z
The innermost scale is a protractor (in degrees) which i.e., Zr = R = 1 + j0
Z0
determines the value of θ k. It can also be used to Þ ZR = Z0
determine the distance from the load or generator. So, the centre of Smith chart is called matched load point.
5. Vmax occurs where Zin max is located on the chart on the Q45. Explain the applications of smith chart.
positive Γr axis. Similarly, Vmin occurs where Zin min is
Ans: (Model Paper-2, Q11(a) | April/May-11, Set-2, Q8(b))
located on the chart on the negative Γr axis.
Applications of Smith Chart
Q44. Explain the properties of Smith Chart.
(i) Smith Chart used as a Admittance Diagram
Ans:
The Smith chart can also be used as admittance diagram.
Properties of Smith Chart
The normal input admittance Y is given as,
1. Impedance Normalization : Smith chart basically
Y = g – jb ... (1)
consists of two sets of circles (r-Circles) and (x-circles).
Where,
Normalizing an impedance is a process in which the
impedance is divided by the characteristic impedance (Z0). g – Conductance which is a reciprocal of
resistance
2. Impedance Plotting : Smith chart can show any complex
R b – Susceptance which is a reciprocal of
impedance by plotting the intersection point of circle
Z0 reactance.
jX
with circle. Since the admittance is the reciprocal of the impedance
Z0
Z R + jX 1
R X Y = ... (2)
i.e., Zr = R = = +j . Z
Z0 Z0 Z0 Z0
On substituting equation (1) in equation (2), we get,
3. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) : From the
1
Smith chart, VSWR can be determined by drawing the g – jb =
Z
S-circle, which is a circle with radius OP. 1
4. Determination of magnitude and direction of k : The ⇒ g – jb =
r + jx
angle of reflection coefficient (k) is the value at which the
On rationalizing the above equation, we get,
line OP meets the angle of reflection co-efficient circle 1 r − jx
at N. The magnitude of k is obtained by k-scale line ON. g – jb = ×
r + jx r − jx
5. Determination of Voltage Maximum and Minimum :
Voltage minima is the intersection point of S-circle with r − jx
⇒ g – jb =
horizontal axis-AB (i.e., on the left side of Smith chart) (r + jx)(r − jx)
whereas voltage maxima is the point of intersection of r − jx
⇒ g – jb = 2
S-circle with axis-AB at right side of the centre. r + x2
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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.31
r x circuit line. The starting point on this circle will begin
⇒ g – jb = −j 2
r +x
2 2
r + x2 at x = 0 and the phase shift of a short-circuit line is π/2
rad in βl.
1− k
or g – jb = (vi) Determination of Input Impedance and Admittance
1+ k
of Open Circuited Line
Therefore, the Smith chart is used for the admittance
Determining the input impedance and admittance of
diagram.
an open circuit line is same as short-circuit line but
(ii) Smith Chart is used for Converting a Impedance into the angles of making a chart is shifted by π/2 radians.
Admittance There exits a phase difference of π/2 radians between
In general, the product of the input impedance and the impedance or admittance of the short-circuit lines and
load impedance is equal to the square of the characteristic also to the open circuited lines.
impedance ‘Z0’ in a loss less λ/4 length. Q46. Describe the procedure for locating the voltage
Zin.ZR = Z 02 maxima and minima on transmission line and
Z in Z 1 derive the relevant equations.
= 0 or Zin =
Z0 ZR ZR Ans: April/May-12, Set-4, Q8(a)

Where, The location of voltage maxima (Vmax) and voltage

Zin – Input impedance and minima (Vmin) can be determined by the following process,
ZR – Load impedance. 1. Plot load impedance (ZL) using smith chart. The proce-
dure of plotting ZL using smith chart is,
∴ ZinZR = 1
The admittance of an impedance, point to a distance (a) Draw a constant circle with radius r = and center
of λ/4 or 0.25λ will represent half cycle in the smith
chart since the admittance will be the reciprocal of the
C= .
impedance.
(iii) Determining the Input Impedance Where,
The input impedance at any length of a line can be S = Standing wave ratio.
determined by considering a load impedance which is (b) The circle intercepts real axis at two places x1 and x2.
expressed by a point ‘P’ with ‘O’ as centre and OP as (c) x1 is located on the right hand side of the circles center,
radius of a circle ‘S’, produce a ‘OP’ to cut wavelength at a distance of S from it.
scale at ‘Q’ and generate the smith chart in a clockwise (d) x2 is located on the left hand side of the circles center
direction. So the point ‘T ’ on the wavelength scale is at a distance of 1/S from it.
obtained at a distance of 1/λ from the circle ‘S ’. (e) At x1, load impedance is maximum while at x2, load
(iv) Smith Chart is used for Determining of the Load impedance is minimum.
Impedance 2. According to the properties of smith chart, voltage
Smith chart can also be used to determine the load minima is located at the point where ZL is minimum i.e.,
impedance if Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) and the x2 and voltage maxima is located at the point where ZL
distance of a voltage is given. The point of voltage is maximum i.e., at x1, as shown in figure.
always lies in the left hand side of the horizontal axis
at a distance of 1/S from the centre ‘O’ of the chart.
Locate Vmin on the chart and move the given distance to
Vmin from a point ‘A’ and also locate the point ‘Q’ on
the wavelength chart. Now join ‘Q0’ to cut the circle
at ‘P’. Such that the coordinate of point ‘P’ will give a
normalized load impedance.
(v) Determination of Input Impedance and Admittance
of Short-circuited Line
Each point of the circle is associated with a particular
value of βl which is marked in wavelength. The value on
this circle gives the input impedance of a given short- Figure
Spectrum All-in-one journal for engineering students
5.32 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Q47. Explain the method of measuring an unknown load impedance ZL using a slotted transmission line and
VSWR with the help of Smith’s chart.
Ans: May/June-19, (R15), Q11(a)

A slotted transmission line is basically a device employed for measuring unknown load impedance (ZL) at high frequencies.
It also measures standing wave ratio (s) with the help of smith chart.
Figure (1), depicts a typical slotted line.
E To detector
Slotted line
Probe
K
To load
or S.C
To 0 50 cm
generator

Calibrated
scale
Figure (1): Typical Slotted Line
The above figure consists of a slotted line with a probe and calibrated scale.
The slotted line with probe is kept along the direction of E-field, such that it can sample the E field and determine the
potential difference between probe and its outer shield.
Procedure
Step-1: First, connect the device to the load. Take the value of standing wave ratio (s) through the readings shown on detection
meter.
Step-2: Through the obtained value of s, a s-circle is drawn on the smith chart, as shown in figure (3).
Step-3: Next, the load impedance ZL is determined by first short circuiting the line and then connecting it with the load.
(a) When the line is short circuited, a reference position for load impedance at minimum voltage (Vmin) point is located.
The wave pattern of such is shown in figure (2).
(b) When the line is connected with load, the exact position of Vmin is noted and thereby the distance (l) from the selected
reference point (Vmin) to the load is measured, as shown in figure (2),

Load

λ/2 A A′
Short
λ/2 l
50 cm
0
Vmin ZL

Figure (2): Wave Pattern Determining the Location of ZL and Vmin on Line
l = distance toward load

S-circle

Vmin S

l ZL

Figure (3): Smith Chart

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.33
1. Location of Stub : The expression for input impedance
5.6 Stub Matching – Single and Double is,
Stub Matching R V
Zin = Z0 SSS ZL + Z0 tanh γl WWW ... (1)
Q48. What is meant by stub? Explain its use in trans- S Z0 + ZL tanh γl W
mission lines. T X
Input admittance,
Ans:
1 ^ Z0 + ZL tanh γl h
Yin = =
A stub is a short circuit transmission line of appropriate Zin Z0 ^ ZL + Z0 tanh γl h
length. It is connected either in series or parallel to the short
Dividing both numerator and denominator with Z0 ZL,
circuited or open circuited sections of a transmission line.
we get,
The arrangement of a stub is as shown in figure below, Z0 ZL
+ tanh γl
Main transmission 1 Z0 ZL Z0 ZL
Line Stub =
Z0 ZL Z0
+ tanh γl
Z0 ZL Z0 ZL

Load (or) KJ Y + Y tanh γl ONO

Z0 ZL ∴ Yin = Y0 KK L 0 ... (2)
Y + Y tanh γl O
L 0 L P
(a) The normalized input admittance is,
(b)
Figure: Stub arrangement Yin
YS = ... (3)
Y0
In this case, the impedance of main transmission line is
equal to characteristic impedance. The impedance of the stub is On substituting equation (2) in equation (3), we get,
chosen such that it matches the loads to transmission line with YL
+ tanh γl
resistive characteristic impedances. Y0
YS = ... (4)
Y
The major advantages of using stub are, 1 + L tanh γl
Y0
1. It is rigid and adjustable. The normalized load admittance is,
2. It can be used at higher frequencies. YL
YR =
Q49. Derive an expression for the location ‘ls’ and Y0
length ‘lt’ of a short circuited single stub. ∴ Equation (4) can be written as,
Ans: (Model Paper-1, Q11(a) | May/June-19, (R15), Q10(b)) YR + tanh γl
YS =
1 + YR tanh γl
Single Stub Matching
Single stub matching is an impedance matching For a lossless line, γ = jβ
technique which consists of a single short circuit line connected YR + tanh (jβ) l
in parallel to the main transmission line as shown in figure YS =
1 + YR tanh (jβ) l
below.
YR + j tan βl
d ∴ YS = ... (5)
1 + jYR tan βl

(a tanh (jq) = j tan q)

l s

On rationalizing equation (5), we get,

^YR + j tan βl) (1–jYR tan βl h
YS =
Stub Zin ^1 + jYR tan βl) (1–jYR tan βl h
2 2
YR (1 + tan βl) + j (1–Y R) tan βl
Figure YS = 2  ... (6)
[1 + (YR tan βl) ]
The two parameters for single stub matching are,
For the position of stub length, the imaginary part should
1. Location of stub with reference to load (d ) be zero. Also, normalized impedance has to be unity i.e., real
2. Length of stub line ( ls ). part of YS should be unity.

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5.34 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
∴ From equation (6), The input impedance of a short-circuit transmission line
YR (1 + tan βd)
2 is,
2 =1
1 + (YR tan βd) Zin = jZ0 tan βl

⇒ YR + YR tan2 βd = 1 + Y R tan2 βd
2 Stub impedance, Zt = jZ0 tan ( βls )

⇒ (YR – 1) = YR (YR – 1)tan2 βd Where,

1 ls – Stub length
⇒ tan2 βd = Y Stub susceptance is,
R

⇒ 1 KJ 1 ONO Yt = – jY0 cot ( βls )

tan–1 KK
d =
β K YR OO
L P From expression (3), stub susceptance in terms of
JK Y NO JK Y N normalized admittance is given by,
=
1 K 0O
tan–1 KK Y OO KKa YR = L OOO
β Y0 Y – jY0 cot βls
L L
P L P Ys = t =
∴ Stub positional length, Y0 Y0
JK Y NO ∴ Ys = –j cot βls ... (8)
1 K 0O
d = tan–1 KK Y OO
β L L
P On equating equation (7) and (8), we get,
1 J
K Z N
LO

= tan–1 KKK O Y0 Y0 – YL
f p
β Z0 OO – jcot(bls) = j
Y0
L P YL

tan– 1 f p
λ Z 2π
= L
ea β = o Y0 1
YL Y0 ^ 0 Lh
2π Z0 λ Þ cot(bls) = – 2 (Y0 – YL) = – Y –Y
YL Y0
The expression for location of stub interms of reflection
1 1
coefficient (Γ) is, = – ZL Z0 f Z – Z p
0 L
λ –1
d = 2π (φ + π – cos | Γ |)
p = –> H

ZL – Z0 ZL – Z0
=– ZL Z0 f
Where, ZL Z0 Z0 ZL
ZL – Z0
| G | = – 1 ZL – Z0
cot f p
1
ZL + Z0 Þ ls = –
β Z0 ZL
2. Length of Stub : The length of stub is determined by
considering the imaginary part of equation (6). 1 J
– 1K Z Z O
N
\ ls = – tan KKK 0 L OOO
2 β Z – Z0
(1–Y R) (tan βl) L L P
Ys = j
1 + (YR tan βl)
2 In terms of reflection coefficient stub length is,
J 2N
λ – 1K O
Since, tan βl =
1
=
Y0 ls = – tan KKK 1 – | Γ | OOO
YL 2π 2|Γ|
YR L P
JK Z – Z0 NO
Y0 JKK Y L NOO KKa | Γ | = L O
2
KK1 – 2 OO K ZL + Z0 OO
YL K Y O L P
∴ YS = j L2 0P The above expression can also be written as,
Y Y λ –1
1 + L2 . 0 ls =
Y YL 2π tan (Bs)
0
Y Y Where,
f1 + L p f1 – L p
Y0
YL Y0 Y0 1–|G|
2
= j Bs = "
YL 2|G|
f1 + p
Y0 Thus, the expression for single stub length is,
Z] J N
f 1– YL p
Y0 Y ]] λ – 1K
2O
= j
YL ]] – tan KKK 1 – | Γ | OOO , Bs > 0
0 ] 2π 2|Γ|
ls = [] JL 2N
P
]] λ – 1K 1 – | Γ | O
K O
Y0 (Y0 – YL) ]] tan KK O , Bs < 0
\ YS = j ... (7) ] 2π 2|Γ| O
YL Y0 \ L P

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.35
Advantages The expression for the input impedance is,
1. It is used to eliminate reflection waves and standing RS Z + Z tanh γ l VW
S L 0 WW
waves. Zin = Z0 SS ... (1)
S Z0 + Z L tanh γ l WW
2. It uses one type of transmission line for the main line as T X
Þ Input admittance
well as the stub.
3. It is used to match any complex load to the characteristic 1 _ Z0 + Z L tanh γl i
Yin = =
impedance. Zin Z _ Z L + Z0 tanh γl i
0
4. It is used to match fixed impedance at microwave fre-
Dividing both numerator and denominator with Z0ZL,
quencies.
we get,
Disadvantages
1 Z0 Z
1. It is not suitable for matching variable impedances. + L tanh γl
Z Z Z0 Z L
2. It is not easy to change the location of a stub. = 0 L
ZL Z
Q50. Explain double stub matching. + 0 tanh γl
Z0 Z L Z0 Z L
Ans:
JK Y + Y tanh γl NO
Double stub matching is an impedance matching
\ Yin = Y0 KKK OO
L 0
technique in which two stubs are employed to overcome the Y0 + YL tanh γl O
L P
disadvantages of a single stub matching method.
The normalized input admittance is,
In double stub matching technique, the location of
the two stubs is fixed and their lengths are varied to achieve Yin
Y = ... (3)
impedance matching in the systems. The device is placed at a Y0
suitable point near the load. The first stub of length l1 is located
On substituting equation (2) in equation (3), we get,
at a distance of ‘l’ from the load and at a distance of ‘d’ from
the second stub of length l2 as shown in figure below. YL
+ tanh γl
l d Y
= 0 ... (4)
2 1 YL
1 + tanh γl
Y0

The normalized admittance is,

Z0 ZL
YL
YL =
Y0

Hence, equation (4) can be written as,

2' 1'
YL + tanh γl
Y =
l2 l1 1 + YL tanh γl

For lossless line, g = jb

Figure: Double Stub Matching
YL + tanh (jβl)
The load impedance is given by, Y =
1 + YL tanh (jβl)
ZL = RL + jXLW
In double stub matching, the impedance, ZL is converted YL + j tan βl
= (Q tanh( jq) = jtanq) ... (5)
into normalized admittance at the location of first stub. The 1 + jYL tan βl
spacing between the stubs is adjusted to l/4 frequently. A
= G + jB
spacing of l/2 is not preferred, since it makes parallel alignment
of stubs which results in only one effective adjustment. Location of the Stub
The input admittance at 22’ must be YS = G0 for smooth
For the real part of the normalized admittance is equal
line operation or it is terminated in its characteristic impedance.
If the admittance at 22’ is of the form 1 + jb, matching is said to to of stub length unity and the imaginary part is zero due to the
be achieved. It implies that the admittance must be transformed conjugate the susceptance of second stub. It is represented as,
λ Y + jB1 + tan βd
version of 1 + jb at a distance of from generator. + jB2 = 1 ... (6)
4 1 + j _Y + jB1i tan βd

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5.36 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Where, To find the primary constants R, C, G, L
jB1 – Susceptance of first stub Characteristic impedance ‘Z 0’ in terms of primary
constant is given by,
jB2 – Susceptance of second stub
b – Propagation constant. R + jωL
RS V Z0 = = 40.04 ∠-2.86 ... (1)
SS Y + j _ B1 + tan βd i WWW
G + jωL
For, Re S =1
SS1 + j _Y + jB1i tan βd WWW  R + jωL 
T X ⇒ Z02 =   = (40.04 ∠–2.86)2
On simplifying above equation, we get,  G + jωL 

G2tan2bd – G(1 + tan2bd) +[1 – (B + B1)tanbd]2 = 0 ... (7) R + jωL

∴ = 1603.2 ∠–5.72 ... (2)
Since, conductance of passive network is always positive, G + jωL
the matching of double stub is achieved only if it satisfies the Propagation constant γ in terms fo primary constants in
condition, given by,
0 < G < sec2bd γ = ( R + jωL) (G + jωC ) = 0.18 ∠86.8
86.8 ... (3)
On solving equation (7), susceptance, B1 of first stub that γ2 = (R + jωL) (G + jωC) = (0.18 ∠86.8)2
can match load is obtained as, ∴ (R + jωL) (G + jωC) = 0.0324 ∠173.6 ... (4)
R V
B1 = cotbdSS1 – B tan βd ! G sec 2 βd – (G tan βd) 2WW ... (9) From equation (2),
T X
On solving equation (7) normalized susceptance, B2 of (R + jωL) = (G + jωC) 1603.2 ∠–5.72,
second stub is obtained as, Substituting this in equation (4), we get,
G 2 tan βd – (B + B1 + tan βd) [1 – (B + B1) tan βd]
B2 = R V2 ... (10) (G + jωC)2 (1603.2 ∠–5.72) = 0.0324 ∠173.6
(G tan βd) 2 + SS1 – (B + B1) tan βd WW
T X 0.0324 173.6
Once the susceptance of stub is measured, its short-circuit ⇒ (G + jωC)2 =
1603.2 − 5.72
length of stub are determined as,
1 ⇒ (G + jωC)2 = 2.020 × 10–5 ∠179.32
l1 = cot –1(–B1) ... (11)
β ∴ G + jωC = 1.421 ∠89.66 ... (5)
1 G + jωC = 8.43 × 10 + j1.420
–3
l2 = cot –1(–B 2) ... (12)
β
Comparing real and imaginary parts,
Advantages
G = 8.43 m /m
1. It is used to eliminate reflection losses.
And ωC = 1.420
2. It is used for variable length of the line.
1.420 1.420
Disadvantage ⇒ C= =
2πf 2 × π × 8 × 10 6
It can be used only for fixed frequencies.
= 2.82 × 10–08
5.7 Illustrative Problems ∴ C = 0.0282 µF/m
Q51. A 8 MHz the characteristic impedance of Substituting equation (5) in equation (4), we get,
transmission line is (40 – j2) Ω and propagation (R + jωL) [1.421 ∠89.66] = 0.0324 ∠173.6
constant is (0.01 + j0.18) m find the primary
0.0324 173.6
constants. ⇒ R + jωL =
1.421 89.66
Ans: April/May-11, Set-3, Q7(b)
∴ R + jωL = 0.0228 ∠83.94
Given that,
= 2.406 × 10–3 + j0.0226
For a transmission line,
Comparing real and imaginary parts,
Characteristic impedance, Z0 = (40 – j2) Ω = 40.04
∠–2.86 R = 2.4 m /m and ωL = 0.0226

Propagation constant, γ = (0.01 + j0.18) m = 0.18 0.0226 0.0226

⇒L= =
∠86.8 2πf 2 × π × 8 × 10 6
Frequency, f = 8 MHz L = 449 pH/m

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.37
Therefore, the primary constants are, Propagation Constant
R = 2.4 mΩ/m, Propagation constant is given by,
C = 0.0282 µF/m, g = ZY
L = 449 pH/m and Substituting Z and Y values in above equation g is
G = 8.43 m /m obtained as,

Q52. An open wire transmission line has R = 10 ohms g = 25.29 × 52.13 × 10 –6 ×+66.71 × +89.56
per km, L = 0.0037 Henry per km, G = 0.4 × 10–6 g = 0.036Ð78.135
mhos per km and C = 0.0083 × 10–6 Farad per
km. Determine the characteristic impedance Q53. The characteristic impedance of a uniform
and propagation constant. Assume frequency transmission line is 2309.5 Ω at frequency of 800
as 1000 Hz. Hz. At this frequency, the propagation constant
Ans: May/June-18, (R15), Q10 was found to be 0.054 ∠87.9º. Determine the
primary constants.
Given that,
Ans: April/May-13, Set-3, Q7
For an open wire transmission line,
R = 10 W/km Given that,

L = 0.0037 H/km For a uniform transmission line,

C = 0.0083 × 10–6 F/km Characteristic impedance, Z0 = 2309.5 Ω

G = 0.4 × 10–6 M/km Frequency, f = 800 Hz
Frequency, f = 1000 Hz Propagation constant, γ = 0.054 ∠ 87.9º
Characteristic impedance, Z0 = ? Then,
Propagation constant, g = ? Primary constants
Characteristic Impedance Resistance, R = ?
It is given by, Inductance, L = ?
Z Conductance, G = ?
Z0 = ... (1)
Y
Series impedance Z is given by, Capacitance, C = ?
Z = R + jwL The characteristic impedance of transmission line is
given by the expression,
= 10 + j2 × 3.14 × 1000 × 0.0037
= 10 + j23.236 R + j ωL
Z0 = ... (1)
Z = 25.29 Ð66.71° W G + j ωC

Shunt admittance Y is given by, The propagation constant of transmission line is given
Y = G + jwC as,

Y = 0.4 × 10–6 + j × 2 × 3.14 × 1000 × 0.0083 γ = ( R + jωL)(G + jωC ) ... (2)

× 10–6
Multiplication of equations (1) and (2) yields,
= 0.4 × 10–6 + j52.124 × 10–6
R + jωL = γ × Z0 ... (3)
= [0.4 + j52.124] × 10–6
⇒ R + jωL = 0.054 ∠ 87.9 º × 2309.5
Y = 52.13 × 10–6 Ð89.56° M
= 124.713 ∠ 87.9 º
Substituting Z and Y values in equation (1),
characteristic impedance is obtained as, = 124.713 (cos 87.9 º + j sin 87.9 º)
25.29+66.71 = 124.713 (0.0366 + j 0.9993)
Z0 = –6
52.13×10 +89.56 R + jωL = 4.564 + j 124.62 ... (4)
66.71 – 89.56
= 696.51 Ð Comparing real and imaginary parts in equation (4), we
2
obtain,
= 696.51 Ж11.425°
Z0 = 696.51 Ж11.425°W ∴ RL = 4.564 ohms/km ... (5)

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5.38 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
And, (i) For σ = 0 mho/m,
ωL = 124.62 Propagation constant of the medium, γ = ?
124.62 Intrinsic impedance of the medium, µ = ?
L =
ω (ii) For σ = 10 mho/m,
124.62 124.62 Propagation constant of the medium, γ = ?
= =
2πf 2π × 800 Intrinsic impedance of the medium, µ = ?
(i) For σ = 0 mho/m
= 0.02479 Henry/km σ
As, loss tangent, tan θ =
∴ L = 24.79 mH/km ... (6) ωε
tan θ = 0
The division of equations (1) and (2) yields,
Then, the expression for propagation constant is given
γ by,
G + jωC = ... (7)
Z0 γ = jω (µe)1/2 [1– j tan θ]1/2
0.054∠87.9º = jω (µ0 µr e0er)1/2 [1– j (0)]1/2
G + jωC =
2039.5 = jω (µ0 e0 er)1/2 (1)1/2 [ µr = 1]
= 26.47 × 10–6 ∠ 87.9º = j 2π f (µ0 e0 er)1/2
= 26.47 × 10–6 (cos 87.9º + j sin 87.9º) = j 2π × 0.3 × 109(4π × 10–7 × 8.854 × 10–12× 9)1/2
= 26.47 × 10 (0.0366 + j 0.9993)
–6
= j 2π × 0.3 × 109 × 10.0068 × 10–9
G + jωC = 0.9688 × 10–6 + j 26.45 × 10–6 ... (8) = j 18.86
On comparing real and imaginary parts of equation (8), \ Propagation constant, g = j18.86
we obtain, The expression for intrinsic impedance is given by,
G = 0.9688 × 10–6 mhos/km
KJ µ ON
1/2
1
∴G = 0.9688 μmhos/km ... (9) η = KK OO ×
LεP [1 – j tan θ]1/2
And,
RS µ VW1/2 1
ωC = 26.45 × 10–6 S 0 WW
= SS W ×
S ε0εr W [1 – j (0)]1/ 2
26.45 × 10 −6 26.45 × 10 −6 T X
C= =
ω 2πf RS VW1/2
S 4π × 10 –7 WW 1
26.45 × 10 −6 = SS × = 125.58 Ω
= = 0.0052 × 10 – 6 S 8.854 × 10 × 9 W
– 12 W (1)1/ 2
2π × 800 T X
\ Intrinsicimpedence h = 125.58 W
∴C = 0.0052 μF/km ... (10)
Q55. A transmission line 100 km long has the
∴ The primary constants are, following impedance measurements at 1796 Hz,
R = 4.564 ohms/km, Zoc = 328Ж 29.2°, Zsc = 1548Ð6.8°. Determine the
L = 24.79 mH/km primary line constants.
G = 0.9688 µmhos/km and Ans: May/June-17, (R15), Q10
C = 0.0052 µF/km Given that,
Q54. If ∈r = 9, µ = µ0 for the medium in which a wave For a transmission line,
with frequency f = 0.3 GHz is propagating,
Length, l = 100 km
determine propagation constant and intrinsic
Frequency, f = 1796 Hz
impedance of the medium when, σ = 0.
Open circuit impedance, Zoc = 328Ж29.2º
Ans: (Model Paper-2, Q10(b) | Oct./Nov..-20, (R15), Q8(a))
Short circuit impedance, Zsc = 1548Ð6.8º
Given that,
For a wave propagation, Primary line constants, R = ?
Relative permittivity, ∈r = 9 L=?
Permeability, µ = µ0 G = ?
Operating frequency, f = 0.3 GHz C = ?

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.39
The expression for characteristics impedance in terms 3.41 3.41 3.41
Þ L = = =
of Zoc and Zsc is given as, w 2pf 2p×1796
Z0 = Zoc ×Zsc ... (1) ` L = 0.3 mH/km
g 0.048+16.93°
Substituting the corresponding values in equation (1), And G + jwC = =
Zo 712.56+–11.2°
we get,
= 6.73 × 10–5Ð28.13°
Z0 = 328+–29.2º×1548+6.8º
\ G + jwC = 5.94 × 10–5 + j3.17 × 10–5
\ Z0 = 712.56Ж11.2° On comparing LHS and RHS, we obtain,
The expression for propagation constant in terms of G = 5.94 × 10–5
Zoc and Zsc is given as, ` G = 0.0594 mM/km
Zsc And wC = 3.17 × 10–5
tanh(gl) =
Zoc –5 –5
3.17×10 3.17×10
2γl C= =
e –1 1548+6.8° 2p f 2p×1796
Þ = ` C = 2.80 nF/km
e +1
2γl 328+–29.2°
= 2.17Ð18° = 2.06 + j0.67 \ The primary line constants are,
R = 34.03 W/km
Þ e2gl – 1 = (e2gl + 1)[2.06 + j0.67]
G = 0.0594 m M /km
Þ e2gl – 1 = e2gl[2.06 + j0.67] + 2.06 + j0.67
L = 0.3 mH/km
Þ e2gl[1 – 2.06 – j0.67] = 3.06 + j0.67 C = 2.80 nF/km.
3.06 + j0.67 3.13+12.35°
Þ e2gl = = Q56. The characteristic impedance of a certain line is
–1.06 – j0.67 1.25+–147.7°
710Ж16° when the frequency is 1 kHz. At this
Þ e2gl = 2.5Ð160.05° frequency the attenuation is 0.01 neper/km and
Þ 2gl = ln(2.5Ð160.05°) the phase constant is 0.035 rad/km. Calculate
the primary constants and the phase velocity.
= ln(2.5) + j160.05
Ans: April/May-13, Set-1, Q7
(\ ln(x + iy) = ln x + iy) Given that,
Þ 2gl = 0.92 + j160.05 For a certain line,
0.92 + j160.05 0.92 + j160.05 The characteristic impedance, z0 = 710 – 16
Þ g= =
2l 2 (100) The attenuation constant, α = 0.01 neper/km
= 0.0046 + j0.8
The phase constant, β = 0.035 rad/km
\ g = a + jb The operating frequency, f = 1 kHz
a = 0.046 m/km The primary constants, R,L,G and C = ?
b = 0.8 deg/km The phase velocity, vP = ?
p As, ω = 2πf
b(in rad) = 0.8 ×
180
= 2 × 3.14 × 1000
= 0.014 rad/km
= 6280
\g = 0.046 + j0.014
And, P = α + j β
Propagation constant, g = 0.048Ð16.93
= 0.01 + J 0.035
We know that, = 0.0364 74.05
R + jwL = Zog Since,
= 712.56Ж11.2° × 0.048Ð16.93° R + jωL = z0 × P
= 34.2Ð5.73° = 710 –16° × 0.0364 74.05
\ R + jwL = 34.03 + j3.41 = 25.844 –16 + 74.05
= 25.84 58.05
On comparing LHS and RHS, we obtain,
= 25.84 [cos 58.05 + j sin 58.05]
R = 34.03 W/km
= 25.84 [0.529 + j 0.848]
And wL = 3.41 = 13.66 + j 21.91

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5.40 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
By equating real and imaginary parts, we get, (i) Terminating impedance = ?
R + jωL = 13.66 + j 21.91
(ii) Attenuation suffered and phase velocity (Vp) = ?
R = 13.66
(i) If a transmission line is terminated by its characteristic
ωL = 21.91 impedance then, there is no reflection.
21.91 21.91 21.91 Thus,
L= = =
ω 2πf 6280
The terminating impedance z0 is given as,
= 3.48 × 10–3 = 3.48 mH/km
Z
P 36.4 × 10 –3 ∠74.05 Z0 = ... (1)
And, G + jωL = = Y
z0 710∠ – 16
Here,
= 5.13 × 10–5 74.05 + 16
Z – Series impedance
= 5.13 × 10–5 90.05
Y – Shunt admittance.
= 5.13 × 10–5(cos 90 + j sin 90°)
Then,
= 5.13 × 10–5 (0 + j(1))
= j 5.13 × 10–5 Series impedance, Z = R + jωL
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get, Where,
G=0 ω = 2πf

= 2 × π × 1000
ωC = 5.13 × 10–5
= 6283.18
5.13 × 10 –5 5.13 × 10 –5
C = = ω = 6.28 × 103 Hz
ω 6280
= 0.008 × 10 farad/km
–6
⇒ Z = 6 + j 6.28 × 103 × 2.2 × 10–3
C = 0.008 µF/km = 6 + j 6.28 × 2.2
The phase velocity can be expressed as,
= 6 + j 13.8
ω 6280
vP = = ∴ Z = 15.04Ð66.5°
β 0.035
And,
vP = 179428.5 km/sec
Shunt admittance,
Q57. The constants of a line per km are R = 6 Ω, L =
2.2 mH, C = 0.005 mF, and G = 0.25 x 10-6 mhos. Y = G + jωL
Calculate at the frequency of 1 kHz, = 0.25 × 10–6 + j 6.28 × 103 × 0.005 × 10–6
(i) The terminating impedance for which no
= 0.25 × 10–6 + j 6.28 × 0.005 × 10–3
reflection will be set up in the line
= 0.25 × 10–6 + j 0.0314 × 10–3
(ii) The attenuation in db suffered by signal
while traveling a distance of 100 km when ∴ y = 31.4 × 10–6Ð89.5°
the line is properly terminated and the Substituting the values of z and y in equation (1), we get,
phase velocity with which the signal would
transmit. 15.04∠66.5°
Z0 =
Ans: April/May-13, Set-4, Q7 31.4 × 10 −6 ∠89.5°
Given that,
=
For a transmission line,
Resistance, R = 6 Ω
= 0.478 × 10 6 –11.5°
Inductance, L = 2.2 mH
Capacitance, C = 0.005 mF = 0.692 × 103 –11.5°
Conductivity, G = 0.25 × 10 mhos –6
` Z = 692+–11.5°Ω
Frequency, f = 1 kHz Hence, the terminal impedance, Z0 = 692 Ж11.5°W

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.41
(ii) Attenuation suffered and phase velocity (Vp) Reflection coefficient, k
The relation between real and imaginary parts of 1. At load end = ?
propagation constant P is given as, 2. At 20 cm from load = ?
P = ZY = 15.04∠66.5° × 31.4 × 10 −6 ∠89.5° Expression for reflection coefficient k is given by,
Z R − Z0
k =
66.5° + 89.5° Z R + Z0
= 15.04 × 31.4 × 10 –6
2 Where,
Z0 characteristic impedance is given as,
= 472.25 × 10 −6 ∠78° = 0.02173 ∠78° R + j ωL
= = 21.73 × 10–3 (cos (78°) + j sin (78°)) Z0 =
G + j ωC
= 21.73 × 10–3 (0.2079 + j 0.9781)
0.1 + j 4π × 10 9 × 0.01× 10 −6
= 4.51 × 10 – j 21.25 × 10
–3 –3 =
0.1 + j 4π × 10 9 × 100 × 10 −12
∴ P = 0.00451 – j 0.0212
0.1 + j125.66 125.66∠89.95
Now, comparing the real and imaginary parts with = =
P = α + j β, we get, 0.01 + j1.257 1.257∠89.54
Attenuation suffered while travelling 100 km = 99.968+0.41° = 9.998+0.205
= 100 × α Z0 = 10 + j0.0358 Ω
= 100 × 0.00451 Nepers
1.
Reflection Coefficient, k at Load End
= 0.451 × 8.66 db Z R − Z 0 10 + j 20 − 10 − j 0.0358
= 3.9 db k = =
Z R + Z 0 10 + j 20 + 10 + j 0.0358
∴ Attenuation suffered while travelling 100 km is 3.9 db j19.9642 20 − j 20.035
= ×
And, 20 + j 20.035 20 − j 20.305
Phase velocity (Vp) by which signal would travel is given 399.28 + j 399.98 399.28 + j 399.98
as, = =
400 + 401.40 801.40
ω 6.28 × 10 3
Vp = = = 296.2 ×103 k at load = 0.499 + j 0.498
β 0.0212
∴V p = 2.96 × 10 5 km/sec 2. Reflection Coefficient, k 20 cm From Load
Expression for reflection coefficient k at 20 cm from load
Q58. A TX line has primary constants R = 0.1 W/mt, is,
G = 0.01 mhos/mt, L = 0.01 mH/mt; C = 100 pF/ k(l = 20cm) = kLe–2γL
mt. If the line is connected to a load impedance
Where, γ is a propagation constant.
of (10 + J20) ohms, find reflection coefficient at
the: γ= ( R + jωL)(G + jωC )

1. Load end = [0.1 + j (4π × 10 9 )( 0.01× 10 −6 )][ 0.01 + j (4π × 10 9 )(100 × 10 −12 )]

2. 20 cm from load. = (0.1 + j (12.56)(10))( 0.01 + j (12.56)(10 −1 )

Ans: (Model Paper-3, Q10(b) | May/June-19, (R15), Q11(b))
= (0.1 + j (125.6)( 0.01 + j1.256)
Given that,
For a transmission line, = (125.66+89.95°) (1.257+89.54°)
Load impedance (ZR) = (10 + j20) ohms ( a Angles are added and magnitudes are multiplied)
R = 0.1 Ω/mt = 157.954+179.49 = 12.568+89.745
G = 0.01 mhos/mt γ = 0.055 + j12.566
L = 0.01 µH/mt k (l = 20cm)
∴ or = k.e–2γl
(l = 0.2 m)
C = 100 pF/mt
= (0.499 + j0.498)e–2(0.055 + j12.566)0.2
f = 2 GHz
k = – 0.3127 + j0.6149
⇒ ω = 2πF = 2π(2 × 109)
ω = 4π × 109 rad/sec ∴ k (at l = 20cm) = −0.3127 + j 0.6149

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5.42 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Q59. Calculate the length of a piece of 50 Ω open Then, the reflection coefficient of a transmission line is
circuited line if its input admittance is to be j given by,
80 × 10–3 S.
Z R − Z0 300 − 100
Ans: April/May-12, Set-3, Q8(b) k = =
Z R + Z0 300 + 100
Given that,
200 1
For a open circuited line, = = ∴ k = 0.5
400 2
Characteristic impedance, Z0= 50 Ω
Admittance, Yi = j80 × 10–3 S The expression for standing wave ratio of a transmission
line is given by,
Length of the piece, e = ?
The impedance can be given as, 1+ k
1 + 0.5 1.5
VSWR = 1 − k = =
1 1 –j 1 − 0.5 0.5
Zi = = Ω= Ω
Yi j80 × 10 – 3 80 × 10 – 3 ∴ VSWR = 3
∴ Z i = – j 0.0125 k Ω
Q61. For a transmission line which is terminated in
The equation for length of open circuited line can be a normalized impedance Zn, VSWR = 2. Find the
derived from input impedance as follows, normalized impedance magnitude.
 2πl  Ans: Oct./Nov.-20, (R15), Q11(b)
Zi = jZ0 cot  
 λ 
Given that,
Zi  2πl 
= cot   For a transmission line,
jZ 0  λ 
VSWR, r = 2
 – Zi  Normalized impedance magnitude, |Zn| = ?
cot–1  = l
 jZ 0 
Then, the expression for normalized impedance Zn is
given by,
λ  Z 
l = cot–1  i  Z
2π  jZ 0  Zn = ZL
o

Therefore, length of open circuited line is, Then, reflection coefficient can be obtained from VSWR
λ – j 0.0125 × 10 3 as,
l = cot–1 S–1 2–1 1
2π j 50 |r| = S + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3

= 0.16λ cot–1 [– 0.25] = 0.16 λ[– 1.326] Then, the reflection coefficient can be also expressed as,

  ZL
–1 –π –1 Z –1
Q cot (– x) = 2 + tan ( x)  | r | = Zo
L
Zo + 1
∴ l = 0.212λ m ZL
1 Zo – 1
Q60. A low transmission line of 100 Ω characteristic Þ 3 = ZL
impedance is connected to a load 300 Ω Zo + 1
calculate the reflection coefficient and standing ZL d ZL n
wave ratio. Zo + 1 = 3 Zo – 1
Ans: April/May-11, Set-4, Q7(b)
2ZL
Þ Zo = 4
Given that,
For a low transmission line, Z
` ZL = 2
o
Z0 = 100 Ω
ZR = 300 Ω ` Normalized impedance magnitude | Zn | = 2

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.43
Q62. What is significance of standing wave ratio (ii) Short-circuit
in transmission line? Calculate the reflection ZR = 0, Zo = 50
coefficient and VSWR for a 50 Ω line terminated | 0 + 50 | + | 0 − 50 |
with S =
| 0 + 50 | − | 0 − 50 |
(i) Matched load 100
∴S = =∞
(ii) Short circuited load 0
0 − 50
(iii) + j50 Ω load k = = –1
0 + 50
(iv) – j50 Ω load. ∴ k = –1
Ans: April/May-11, Set-4, Q8(b) (iii) +j50 Ω Load
∴ ZR = +j 50, Zo = 50
Significance of Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) in Transmission
Line + j 50 − 50 − 1 + j 1.414 135º
k = = =
j 50 + 50 1+ j 1.414 45º
Standing wave ratio in a transmission line gives the
measure of the matching of a load connected to a transmission ∴ k = 1 ∠90o
line with its characteristic impedance. 1+ | k | 1 + 1 2
S = = = =∞
1− | k | 1 − 1 0
SWR represented by ‘S’ and is given by,
∴S =∞
Vmax
S= (iv) –j50 Ω Load
Vmin
∴ ZR = –j50, Zo = 50
1+ | k |  − j 50 − 50 1.414 − 135º
∴S =   k = = = 1 − 90º
1− | k |  − j 50 + 50 1.414 − 45º
Where, k = Magnitude of reflection coefficient 1+1 2
∴S = = =∞
⇒ k = | k |.e jφ 1−1 0

Z R − Zo ∴S =∞
k = Q63. Estimate VSWR of the loads, Z o = 50W and
Z R + Zo
Z L = 60 W.
Z − Zo Ans:
1+ R Oct./Nov.-20, (R15), Q10(b)
Z R + Zo Given that,
S =
Z − Zo Characteristics impedance, Zo = 50 W
1− R
Z R + Zo
Load impedance, ZL = 60 W
| Z R + Zo | + | Z R − Zo | The expression for VSWR is given as,
∴S = 1+ G
| Z R + Zo | − | Z R − Zo | VSWR = ... (1)
1– G
(i) Matched Load Where,
Zo = 50, ZR = 50 G – Reflection coefficient
It is expressed as,
50 − 50
∴k = =0 ZL – Zo 60 – 50 10
50 + 50 G=
ZL + Zo
= =
60 + 50 110
= 0.0909

| 50 + 50 | + | 50 − 50 | Substituting the value in equation (1), we get

∴ S =
| 50 + 50 | − | 50 − 50 | 1 + 0.0909
VSWR = = 1.199978
1 – 0.0909
∴S =1 ` VSWR = 1.199978

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5.44 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Q64. Using Smith chart, determine VSWR, the input impedance and reflection coefficient at the input end of
a transmission line of 50 W, terminated by a load impedance ZL = 25 + j50 W . The length of the line is
60 cm and the wavelength on the line l = 2 cm.
Ans: (Model Paper-1, Q11(b) | May/June-17, (R15), Q11)

Given that,
For a transmission line,
Characteristic impedance, Z0 = 50 W
Load impedance, ZL = 25 + j50 W
Line length, l = 60 cm
Wavelength, l = 2 cm
VSWR = ?
Input impedance, Zi = ?
Reflection coefficient, G = ?
Step 1
The normalized load impedance is obtained as,
ZL 25 + j50
ZL = r + jx = =
Zo 50

Þ r + jx = 0.5 + j

\ r = 0.5, x = 1
Step 2
The point of intersection of r and x is indicated by point ‘P’ on Smith chart.
Step 3
Extend the line OP to meet r = 0 circle at Q. Measure OP and OQ. Thus reflection coefficient is obtained as,
OP 5
G = = = 0.625
OQ 8

Angle q G is observed from the Smith chart as,

q G = 83°

` G = 0.625+83°
Step 4
A circle with radius OP is drawn as shown in figure (Smith chart). It cuts the centre line at S = 4.25.
` VSWR = 4.25
Step 5
The input impedance of the line can be obtained as, l should be expressed in terms of l.
Given, l = 2 cm = 0.02 m
l = 60 cm = 0.6 m
Þ l = 30 × 0.02 = 30l = 30 × 720°
` l = 216°
Since, l corresponds to an angular movement of 720° on the chart, the length of line corresponds to an angular movement
of 216°.

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.45
Step 6
Move clockwise away from the load by 216° on the s-circle from point ‘P’ to point ‘X’. The point ‘X’ represent normalized
input impedance Zin.
Zin = 0.26 – j0.42
Hence, input impedance is given as,
Zin = ZoZin = 50(0.26 – j0.42)
` Zin = 13 – j21
Figure below illustrates the diagrammatic representation of VSWR, input impedance and reflection coefficient.

q Γ = 83°

qΓ
S = 4.25
2 16°

Figure: Smith Chart

Spectrum All-in-one journal for engineering students

5.46 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Q65. A lossy cable which has R = 2.2.5 W/m, L = 1.0 mH/m, C = 1 pF/m and G = 0 operates at f = 5 MHz. Find
the attenuation constant of the line.
Ans: Oct./Nov.-20, (R15), Q10(a)

Given that,
For a lossy cable,
R = 2.25 Ω/m
f = 0.5 GHz
L = 1.0 µH/m
C = 1 pF/m
G = 0
α = ?
The attenuation constant is given by,

1
α= ( RG − ω2 LC ) + ( R 2 + ω2 L2 ) (G 2 + ω2 C 2 ) 
2  

1
= (−ω2 LC ) + ( R 2 + ω2 L2 ) (ω2 C 2 ) 
2 
 

1 (−2 × π × 0.5 × 10 ) × 1× 10 × 1× 10 + (2.25 

9 2 −6 −12 2
=  
2 + (2π × 0.5 × 10 9 ) 2 (1× 10 −6 ) 2 (2π × 0.5 × 10 9 ) 2 (1× 10 −12 ) 2 

=
1
2
[
(9.87 ) + 102 .47 = ] 1
2
(9.87 + 10 .12 ) = 3.16

∴ α = 3.16 Np/m
Q66. The characteristic impedance of the line R0 is 50 Ω and the SWR, ρ = 2 when the line is loaded. When
the line in shorted, the minima shift 0.15 λ toward the load. Determine the load impedance.
Ans: April/May-12, Set-2, Q8(b)

Given that,
Characteristic impedance, R0 = 50 Ω and
SWR, ρ = 2 when the line loaded.
When the load is shorted, the minima shift 0.15 λ toward load.
Load impedance, Zl = ?
Now,
1. Draw SWR circle for ρ = 2
2. Move anti-clockwise direction from Vmin = 0 to 0.15 λ and locate point as A.
3. Joint origin ‘O’ to A. This line OA cuts circle at point A.
4. The intersection between the line and the SWR circle can be given as,
Zl = 1 – j 7
5. The load impedance is given as,
Zl = Zl R0 Zl = Zl R0
= (1 – j 0.7) (50) = (1 – j 0.7) (50)

∴ Z l = 50 – j 3.5 ∴ Z = 50 – j 3.5

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.47

Figure
Q67. An open wire line which is 200 km long is correctly terminated. The generator at the sending end has
VOC = 10 V, f = 1 kHz and internal impedance of 500 Ω. Z0 of the line is (683 – j138) Ω and propagation
constant is (0.0074 + j0.0356) per km. Determine sending end voltage, current, and power and receiving
end voltage, current, and power.
Ans: April/May-13, Set-2, Q7

Given that,
For an open wire line,
Length = 200 km
Voc = 10 V
f = 1 kHz

Spectrum All-in-one journal for engineering students

5.48 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Internal impedance, Zg = 500 Ω Ps = Average power entering the line and is
expressed as,
Zo = (683 – j138) Ω
2
Propagation constant = (0.0074 + j0.0356)/km Ps = | I s | Rs [ Z = R + jX = 683 + 138
Sending end voltage, Vs = ? ∴ R = 683]
Sending end current, Is = ? = (8.4 × 10–3)2 × 683
Sending end power, Ps = ? = 48.2 × 10–3 Watt
Receiving end voltage, VR = ? = 48.2 mW
Receiving end current, IR = ? ∴ Ps = 48.2 mW
Receiving end power, PR = ? Voltage at receiving end is expressed as,
Figure below illustrates an equivalent circuit for open VR = Vse–pl
wire line at sending end.
= Vs e–(α + jβ)l
= Vs e–αl . e–jβl
= 5.83 × e–(0.0074 × 200) × e–j(0.0356 × 200)
[ l = 200 km, α = 0.0074, β = 0.0356]
= 5.83 × 0.2276 × e–j7.12
= 1.33e–j7.12
= 1.33(cos 7.12 – jsin7.12)
Figure: Equivalent Circuit of Sending End for a Line
Terminated in Zo [ e–jθ = cos θ – jsin θ]

From figure, = 1.33[0.669 – j0.742]

  180 
Voc = Vg = 10 V Q Radians to degrees = −0.84 
  π 
Zs = Z0 = 683 – j138
Vs is expressed as, = 1.33∠–0.84 = 1.33∠– 48º

| Vs | = | Is Zs | ∴VR = 1.33∠ − 48º

Where,
IR is expressed as,
Vg 10
| Is | = = VR 1.33
Zg + Zs 500 + 683 − j138 | IR | = =
ZR 6832 + 138 2
10 10 1.33 1.33
= =
1183 − j138 2
(1183) + (138) 2 = =
696.8 697
10 10 = 0.0019081
= =
1418533 1191.02 = 1.91 × 10–3 A
= 0.0084 A = 8.4 mA = 1.91 mA
∴ I s = 8.4 mA ∴ I R = 1.91 mA

| Vs | = | I s Z s | Receiving end power is expressed as,

= | (8.4 × 10–3) × (683 – j138) | PR = | IR |2 RR
= (1.91 × 10–3)2 × 683
= 8.4 × 10–3 6832 + 138 2
= 2491 × 10–6 W
= 8.4 × 10–3 × 696.8
= 2.49 × 10–3 W
= 5853.13 × 10–3
= 2.49 mW
= 5.85 V
∴ PR = 2.49 mW
∴Vs = 5.85 V

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.49
Q68. A certain transmission line 2 m long operating at ω = 106 radians/sec has α = 8 db/m, β = 1 radian/m and
Z0 = 60 + j40 Ω. If the line is connected to a source of 10 0° Zg = 40 Ω and terminated by a load 20 + j50
Ω. Determine,
(i) The i/p impedance
(ii) The sending end current
(iii) The current at the middle of the line.
Ans: April/May-13, Set-1, Q8

Given that,
For a transmission line,
Length of transmission line, l = 2 m
Operating frequency, ω = 106 radians/sec
Attenuation constant, α = 8 dB/m
Propagation constant, β = 1 radian/m
Characteristic impedance, z0 = 60 + j 40 Ω
Generator impedance, zg = 40 Ω
Load impedance, zL = 20 + j 50 Ω
(i) The input impedance, zin = ?
(ii) The sending-end current, I(z = 0) = ?
(iii) The current at middle of the length, Is(z = l/2) = ?
(i) Input Impedance
The input impedance can be expressed as,
 z + z 0 tanh γl 
zin = z0  L 
 ... (1)
 z 0 + z L tanh γl 
Since,
1 NP = 8.686 dB
8
⇒ α=
8.686
= 0.921 Np/m
γ = α + jβ = 0.921 + j 1
γl = 2(0.921 + j 1)
= 1.84 + 2 j
The formula for tanhγl is given as,
sinh γl
tanhγl =
cosh γl
It is convenient to evaluate sinhγl and coshγl separately,
sinhγl = sinh(1.84 + j 2)
= sinh 1.84 cos 2 + j cosh 1.84 sin 2
= 3.069(0.999) + j(3.228)(0.035)
= 3.066 + j 0.113
= 3.068 2.1107
Similarly,
cosh γl = cosh(1.84 + j 2)
= cosh 1.84 cos 2 + j sinh 1.84 sin 2
= 3.228(0.999) + j 3.069(0.035)
= 3.225 + j 0.107
= 3.226 1.9002

Spectrum All-in-one journal for engineering students

5.50 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Equation (1), can be written as,
 sinh γl 
 z L + z0 cosh γl 
zin = z0   = z0  z L cosh γl + z 0 sinh γl 
z + z sinh γl   
 0 L   z 0 cosh γl + z L sinh γl 
cosh γl 

 (20 + j 50)3.226∠1.9002 + (60 + j 40)3.068∠2.1107 

= 60 + j 40  (60 + j 40)3.226∠1.9002 + (20 + j 50)3.068∠2.1107 
 

 [53.85∠68.19 3.226∠1.9002 + 72.11∠33.69 3.068∠2.1107] 

= 72.11 33.69  [72.11∠33.69 3.226∠1.9002 + 52.85∠68.19 3.068∠2.1107] 
 

 173.720∠70.09 + 221.23∠35.801  12526.949∠103.780 + 15952.895∠69.491 

= 72.11 33.69  232.627∠35.59 + 165.212∠70.301  = 
   232.627∠35.59 + 165.212∠70.301 

12526.949(cos(103.780) + j sin(103.780)) + 15952.895[cos( 69.491) + j sin(69.491)] 

=  
 232.627[cos( 35.59) + j sin(35.59)] + 165.212[cos( 70.301) + j sin(70.301)] 

[12526.949(–0.238 + j 0.971) + 15952.895(0.350 + j 0.937)]

=
[232.627(0.813 + j 0.582) + 165.212(0.337 + j 0.941)]
(–2981.414 + j12163.667 + 5583.51 + j14947.863) 2602.096 + j 27111.53
= =
(189.126 + j135.389 + 55.676 + j155.464) 244.802 + j 290.853

27236.11∠84.517
= = 71.643 34.607
380.162∠49.91
zin = 58.96 + j 40.68 Ω
(ii) Sending-end Current
The sending-end current can be expressed as,
Vg 10 10 10
I(z = 0) = = = =
zin + z g (58.96 + j 40.68) + 40 98.96 + j 40.68 106.99∠22.34

= 0.093Ж 22.34 As
(iii) Current at the Middle of the Line
To find the current at any point, it is necessary to evaluate and ,
Since,
I0 = I(z = 0) = 0.093 – 22.34 A

V0 = zin I0 = 71.64 34.607 (0.093) – 22.34 = 6.663 12.267 V

1 1
= (V0 + z0I0) = [6.663 12.26 + (60 + j 40)(0.093 – 22.34)]
2 2

1 1
= [6.663 12.26 + 72.11 33.69(0.093) – 22.34] = [6.663 12.26 + 6.706 11.350]
2 2

1
= [6.663(cos 12.26 + j sin 12.26) + 6.706(cos 11.350 + j sin 11.250)]
2
1 1
= [6.663(0.977 + j 0.212) + 6.706 (0.98 + j 0.197)] = [6.510 + j 1.413 + 6.572 + j 1.321]
2 2
1
= [13.082 + j 2.734] = 6.541 + j 1.367 = 6.68 11.804
2

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.51
Similarly,

1 1
(V – z I ) = [6.663 12.26 – (60 + j 40) (0.093 – 22.34)]
=
2 0 00 2
1 1
= [6.663 12.6 – 72.11 33.69(0.093 – 22.34)] = [6.663 12.6 – 6.706 11.350]
2 2
1
= [6.663(cos 12.26 + j sin 12.26) – 6.706(cos 11.350 + j sin 11.350)]
2
1 1
= [6.663(0.977 + j 0.212) – 6.706(0.980 + j 0.197)] = [6.510 + j 1.413 – 6.572 – j 1.321]
2 2
1
= [– 0.062 + 0.092 j] = – 0.031 + j 0.046 = 0.0554 123.97
2
At the middle of the line z = l/2, γz = 0.921 + j 1
Thus, the current at this point is given as,
V0+ –γz V0– γz (6.68 e j11.804)e – 0.921– j1 (0.055 e j123.97 )e 0.921+ j1
Is(z = l/2) = e – e = – [ j is in radians, j = j 57.3°]
z0 z0 60 + j 40 60 + j 40
(
 6.68e j11.804e –0.921.e – j 57.3
–
) (
0.055 e j123.97e 0.921e j 57.3  )
 = 6.68 e
– j 45.496
(0.398) 0.055 e181.270(2.512)
=  33.69 33.69 –
 72.1 e 72.1 e  72.1 e j 33. 69
72.1 e j 33.69
2.659 –j45.496 – j33.69 0.138 –j181.270 – j33.69
= e – e = 0.37 e–j(79.186) – 0.002 ej147.580
72.1 72.1
= 0.037(cos 79.186 – j sin 79.186) – 0.002(cos 147.580 + j sin 147.580)
= 0.037(0.188 – j 0.982) – 0.002(– 0.844 + j 0.536) = 0.007 – j 0.036 + 0.002 – j 0.001 = 0.009 – j 0.037
Is(z = l/2) = 0.038Ж 76.32
Q69. A load (50 – j100) ohms is connected across a 50 ohms line. Design a short circuited stub to provide
matching between the two at a signal frequency of 30 MHz using Smith chart.
Ans:
Given that,
For a transmission line,
Characteristic impedance, Z0 = 50 Ω
Load impedance, ZL = 50 – j100 Ω
Operating frequency, f = 30 MHz
Length of the stub, ls = ?
Position of the stub, d = ?
The general expression for calculating wavelength (λ) is given as,
8
c 3×10 m/s
λ= = = 10 m
f 30×106 Hz
Step 1 : The normalized load impedance is obtained as,
Z 50 − j100
zn = r + jx = L = r + jx =
Z0 50
⇒ zn = r + jx = 1 – j2
∴ r =1 and x = – 2
Step 2 : The point of intersection of r and x is indicated by point ‘P’ in smith chart.
Step 3 : A circle with radius OP is drawn as shown in figure (smith chart). It cuts the centre line at 5.9.
∴ SWR = 5.9
Step 4 : The line OP is extended to ‘Q’ as shown in figure (smith chart).
The point ‘Q’ represents the normalized admittance.
From chart, the normalized admittance is obtained as yn = 0.2 + j 0.4

Spectrum All-in-one journal for engineering students

5.52 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Step 5 : The circle of radius OP cuts r = 1 circle at the point ‘R’.
From chart, the value of ‘R’ is obtained as R = 1 + j 2
Step 6 : The distance from points G and H on the rim of the chart is equal to the distance of stub from the load.
i.e., stub distance from load = Distance from G to H
∴ Stub distance, d = 0.187 – 0.062 = 0.125 λ = 0.125(10) = 1.25 m
Stub distance, d = 1.25 m

Step 7 : The susceptance of load = + j 2

The susceptance of stub = – j 2
Starting from the point ( ∞ , j ∞ ) moving in clockwise direction around the rim of the chart (0, – j2) point is reached.
It is marked as ‘S’ on the smith chart.
The distance from point ‘S’ to the short circuit admittance point is equal to the length of the stub.
∴ Stub length, ls = 0.336 – 0.250 = 0.086 λ = 0.086 (10) = 0.86 m
Stub length, ls = 0.86 m
∴
Figure below illustrates the design of short circuted stub for given specifications.
Stub Distance = 1.25 m

G H

Q
R

P
m
.86
=0
th
ng
Le

S
ub
St

Figure: Short – Circuited Stub

Q70. By using smith chart, Find the input impedance of 75 W lossless transmission line of length 0.1l, When
the load is short.
Ans: (Model Paper-2, Q11(b) | April/May-16, Set-2, Q7(b))
Given that,
For a lossless transmission line length, l = 0.1l
Characteristic impedance Z0 = 75 W
Load impedance, ZL = 0 W (since short)
Input impedance, Zin = ?

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.53
Then, the input impedance of transmission line can be calculated using smith chart as described below:
1. Mark the point ‘Psc’, which is the intersection of circle r = 0 and x = 0.
2. Move clockwise from Psc along the perimeter of the chart by 0.1l towards the generator and mark it as point Ps
3. At Ps, r = 0 and x = 0.725 i.e., Zin = Normalized
Input impedance = 0 + j 0.725
4. Input impedance, Z1 = Z0 Zin = 75(j0.725)

Zi = j54.375Ω
The corresponding smith chart implementation is shown in figure.

Figure

Spectrum All-in-one journal for engineering students

5.54 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Q71. A telephone line has the following parameters: Propagation constant is given by,
R = 40 Ω/m, G = 100 mS/m, L = 0.2 µH/m, C = 0.5 υ = α + jβ = ZY
nF/m. If the line is operated at 10 MHz, calculate
the characteristic impedance and velocity of the ⇒ α + jβ = ZY
signal.
= 41.92+17.43 × 0.104+17.43°
Ans: (Model Paper-3, Q11(b) | May/June-15, (R13), Q11(b)
= 4.359+34.86
Given that,
α + jβ = 2.087 34 .86
For a telephone line,
Resistance, R = 40 Ω/m α + jβ = 1.712 + j1.192

Capacitance, C = 0.5 nF/m ⇒ α = 1.712

Inductance, L = 0.2 µH/m β = 1.192

ω
Conductance, G = 100 mS/m Velocity = VP =
β
Operating frequency f = 10 MHz = 10 × 106 Hz 2π × 10 × 10 6
=
Characteristic Impedance, Z0 = ? 1.192
= 52.71 × 106 m/sec
Velocity of signal, VP = ?
The series impedance ‘Z’ is given by, ∴ VP = 52.7 × 10 6 m/sec

Z = R + jωL Q72. An antenna with an impedance of 40 + j30

= 40 + j2π × 10 × 10 × 0.2 × 10
6 –6
ohms is to be matched to 100 ohm lossless
= 40 + j4π transmission line using short circuited stub.
Determine the required stub admittance, stub
= 40 + 12.56j
length and the distance between the stub and
Z = 41.92 + 17.43° the antenna. Assume that the signal frequency
Shunt impedance is given by, is 900 MHz.
Ans: May/June-16, (R13), Q10(b)
Y = G + jωC
Given,
= 100 × 10–3 + j2π × 10 × 106 × 0.5 × 10–9
Antenna impedance, ZL = 40 + j 30 Ω
= 100 × 10–3 + j31.4 × 10–3
Characteristic impedance, Z0 = 100 Ω
= 0.1 + j0.0314
Signal frequency, f = 900 MHz
Y = 0.104 + 17.43° The distance between stub and antenna is,
Characteristic impedance is given by,  Z 
1
Z l = tan –1  L  ... (1)
Z0 = β  Z 0 
Y

41.92 17.43 Here,

=
0.104 17.43 2π c
β = and λ =
λ f
= 403.07 17.43 – 17.43
f
∴ β = 2π×
= 20.07 c

∴ Z 0 = 20.07 Ω [ C = Velocity of light = 3 × 108 m/s]

Velocity of signal is given by 900 × 106

β = 2π × [Q 1 mega = 106]
ω 3 × 108
VP =
β β = 18.85 m–1

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.55
Substitute in equation (1) Where,

1  40 + j 30  YR = Normalized load impedance.

⇒ l = tan −1  
18.85  100 
YL Z o
YE = =
l =
1
18.85
tan −1 ( 0.4 + j 0.3 ) Yo Z L

1 100
l = (26.565) ∴ YR =
18.85 40 + j 30

l = 1.41 m 100 40 − j 30
YR = ×
40 + j 30 40 − j 30
Stub length,

1  Z  Z  4000 − j 3000
cot −1  o  1 − o   YR =
d = β 1600 + 900
 Z L  Z L  
40 30
1  100  100   YR = −j
cot −1  1 −  25 25
d = 18.85
 40 + j 30  40 + j 30  
= 1.6 – j 1.2
1  100 40 − j 30  40 + j 30 − 100  
d= cot −1  ×  
18.85  40 + j 30 40 − j 30  40 + j 30   = (1.6 – j 1.2)2

1 = 2.56 + 1.44 – j 3.84

d = cot −1  1.6 − j1.2(−0.6 + j1.2) 
18.85
= 4 – j 3.84
1
d = cot −1[2(−0.6 + j1.2)]
18.85 1– = 1 – (4 – j 3.84) = – 3 + j 3.84 ... (1)
 Magntiude of 1.6 − j1.2 = 2 
 tan βl = tan[(18.85) (1.41)] = 0.5 ... (2)

1 tan2 βl = 0.25 ... (2)

d = cot −1[−1.2 + j 2.4]
18.85
Substitute equations (1), (2) and (3) in equation (2),
a + jb = tan −1 (b / a )
1.6 − j1.2(1 + 0.25) + j (0.5)(−3 + j 3.84)
∴ YS =
1   2.4   1 + (4 − j 3.84)0.25
d = cot −1  tan −1  
18.85   −1.2  
1.6 − j1.2 − 0.3 j − 1.5 j − 1.92
1 YS =
d = cot −1 (−63.435) 1 + 1 − j 0.96
18.85
−0.32 − 3 j
π YS =
cot −1 θ = − tan −1 θ 2 − j1
2

1 π  −0.32 − 3 j 2 + j1
d = − tan −1 ( −63.435)  YS = ×

18.85  2 2 − j1 2 + j1

1 −0.64 − 6 j – 0.32 j + 3
d = (90 + 89.1) YS =
18.85 5
2.36 6.32
d = 9.5 m YS = − j
5 5
Ye (1 + tan 2 βl ) + j (tan βl )(1 − YR2 )
Stub admittance, Ys = YS = 0.472 – j 1.264
1 + (YR tan βl ) 2

... (2) YS = 0.5 – j 1.3 mho

Spectrum All-in-one journal for engineering students

5.56 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]
Q73. A 60 ohm transmission line operating at 20 MHz is 10 m long. If the input impedance is 90 + j 150 Ω,
calculate load impedance, SWR and complex reflection coefficient.
Ans: May/June-16, (R13), Q11(b)

Given characteristic impedance Z0 = 60Ω

Input impedance (Zin) = 90 + j 150 Ω
Operating frequency (f) = 20 MHz
Load impedance ZL = ?
We know that,
⇒ Characteristic impedance,

Z 0 = Z in Z L

Z 02
⇒ ZL =
Z in
60 × 60
=
90 + j150
3600 90 – j150
= ×
90 + j150 90 – j150
324000 – j 540000
=
8100 – j 2 22500

324000 – j 540000
= [j2 = – 1]
8100 + 22500
324000 – j 540000
=
30600
324000 j 540000
= −
30600 30600
ZL = 10.588 – j17.65 Ω
Z L – Z0
⇒ Complex reflection co-efficient (G) =
Z L + Z0
10588 – j17.65 – 60
=
10.588 – j17.65 + 60
−49.41 − j17.65
=
70.59 − j17.65

−3176 − j 2118
=
5295
= 0.6 – j0.4
1+ | Γ | 1 − 0.6 − j 0.4
⇒ SWR = =
1− | Γ | 1 + 0.6 + j 0.4

0.4 − j 0.4
=
1.6 + j 0.4
0.4 − j 0.4 1.6 − j 0.4
= ×
1.6 + j 0.4 1.6 − j 0.4
SWR = 0.29 – j 0.29

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Unit-5 (Transmission Lines) 5.57

Frequently Asked & Important Questions

Q1. Show that “a distortion-less line is one in which the attenuation constant is independent

REPEATED
of operating frequency while the phase constant is linearly dependent on frequency”. 2
TIMES
Ans: Refer Q3. (May/June-17, (R15), Q1(g) | May/June-15, (R13), Q1(j))

Q2. Define primary & secondary constants.

REPEATED
2
TIMES
Ans: Refer Q16. (Oct./Nov.-20, (R15), Q1(i) | April/May-12, Set-3, Q7(a))

Q3. Starting with the differential equations for the elemental length of a uniform transmission

REPEATED
line, obtain the expression for the sending end voltage and current in terms of their values 2
at the receiving end and the secondary constant of the line. TIMES

Ans: Refer Q20. (May/June-19, (R15), Q10(a) | April/May-11, Set-4, Q7(a))

Q4. Derive Zin of 2-wire transmission line.

REPEATED
2
TIMES
Ans: Refer Q27. (Oct./Nov.-20, (R15), Q11(a)) | April/May-11, Set-4, Q8(a))

Q5. Define and derive the input impedance of open and short circuited transmission lines.

REPEATED
2
TIMES
Ans: Refer Q28. April/May-11, Set-1, Q8(a) | April/May-11, Set-2, Q8(a))

Q6. Briefly discuss the different types of transmission lines.

Ans: Refer Q15. Important Question

Q7. Derive the equations of attenuation constant and phase constant of a transmission line in terms of R,
L, C & G.

Ans: Refer Q25. Important Question

Q8. Define the reflection coefficient and derive the expression for the input impedance in terms of reflection
coefficient.
Ans: Refer Q29. Important Question

Q9. Explain the significance and utility of λ/8, λ/4 and λ/2 lines.

Ans: Refer Q35. Important Question

Q10. Discuss the configuration of the smith chart considering the two families of constant circles.

Ans: Refer Q43. Important Question

Q11. Explain the applications of smith chart.

Ans: Refer Q45. Important Question

Q12. Derive an expression for the location ‘ls’ and length ‘lt’ of a short circuited single stub.

Ans: Refer Q49. Important Question

Q13. Explain double stub matching.

Ans: Refer Q50. Important Question

Spectrum All-in-one journal for engineering students

5.58 Electromagnetic waves and transmission lines [JNTU-Anantapur]

EXERCISE QUESTIONS

Q1. A generator of 1V, 1 kHz supplies power to a 100 km long line terminated in Z0 and having the following constants,
R = 10.4 W/km, L = 0.00367 H/km, G = 0.8 × 10–6 mho/km, C = 0.00835 × 10–6 F/m. Calculate Z0, a, b, l and n.
RSZ = 694.32++11.703°ΩVW
SS 0 WW
SSα = 0.007928 Np/km WW
SS WW
SSβ = 0.03553 rad/km WW
SS WW
Sν = 1.95×10 km/sec
4 W
T X
Q2. A telephone line has R = 30 W/km, L = 0.1H/km, C = 20 mF/m and G = 0. At f = 10 kHz, find the secondary constants and phase velocity.
RS V
SSZ 0 = 2.236 – j0.0055ΩWWW
SS WW
SSVp = 22.367 m/sec W
SSγ = 6.863 + j2809.09 WWW
T X
Q3. A Communication line has L = 3.67 mH/km, G = 0.08 × 10–6 mhos/km, C = 0.0083 mF/km and R = 10.4 ohms/km. Determine the characteristic
impedance, propagation constant, phase constant, velocity of propagation, sending end current and receiving end current for given frequency
f = 1000 HZ, Sending end voltage is 1 volt and transmission line length is 100 kilometres.
RSZ = 681.28 – j144.81Ω VW
SS 0 WW
SSα = 0.00764 Np/km WW
SS WW
SSβ = 0.0354 rad/km WW
SS WW
SSI S = 1.43+12° mA WW
SS WW
–4
SSI R = 6.65×10 +186.7°AWW
T X
Q5. Determine the input impedance of transmission line of length 28° with terminated load of ZR/R0 = 2.6 + j1. Use smith chart.
[1.58 – j1.4W]
Q6. A 50 W lossless feed line is matched to antenna with ZL = (75 – j20) W at 100 MHz using single short stub-Calculate stub length and distance
between antenna and stub using smith chart.
[0.1125 lm, 0.165 lm]

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