CE4432 - Design of Large Structures

Assignment on Tall
Buildings

INSRRUCTED BY:
Prof. M.T.R. Jayasinghe

NAME: Kanishka U.A.M

INDEX NO.: 180300U
DATE OF SUB.: 31/07/2023
 1 DESIGN DATA

Grid Spacings
Index number = 180300U
Difference of last two digits = 0 – 0 = 0
Span:
Car park = 8 + 0 x 0.1 = 8 m
Office floors = 6 + 0 x 0.2 = 6 m

Total number of floors = 30

Parking floors = 4
Office floors = 26
Set transfer plate at level 5.

Floor to floor height is selected by referring,

UDA regulations: Regulation 31 (2) section 3(b) (7) of schedule III of 1994 amendment
Car park = 3.2 m
Office floors = 3.6 m

Floor Arrangements

Figure 1: Typical car park floor arrangement

Figure 2: Typical office floor arrangement

Vertical Circulation

Assume this is Investment Downtown Office Building.

Population density = 10m2 person
Floor area = 24 x 36 = 864 m2
Usable floor area = 75% × 648 = 648 m2
Population per floor = 648 / 10 = 65 people
Total population = 65 x 26 = 1690 people
Population handle in 5 minutes = 0.12 x 1690 = 202.8 = 203 people
Select average interval = 32 seconds

Figure 3: Car size selection

Select 28 passengers car size

Select 4 m/s speed

Figure 4: Round trip time selection

Round trip time (from above) = 190 seconds

Number of lifts = 190 / 32 = 5.9
Select 6 lifts system.
Select shaft size of 3.00 m x 2.40 m

3 MODELLING USING SAP2000

Section sizing

Beam
From IStuctE Manual Table 5.13
Allowable span to effective depth = 14
8000
= 571 𝑚𝑚
14

Select an overall depth of 600 mm

Slab
From IStuctE Manual Table 5.8
Allowable span to effective depth = 40
8000
= 200 𝑚𝑚
40

Select an overall depth of 225 mm

Columns
The tributary area of a column is 8 m x 6 m. Because of the relatively higher slab thickness, loads on
the columns will be higher. At the higher levels the axial loads will be lower than that in the below
levels. Therefore, following column sizes were selected.
Table 1: Column sizes

Location Column size (mm)

Below transfer floor 1200 x 1200
From transfer floor to 10th floor 1000 x 1000
Above the 10th floor 600 x 600
Walls
Wall sizes were selected as 250 mm.
Shear walls were arranged in a way that the shear center coincides with the mass center of the building.
Therefore, twisting will not occur.

∑ 𝐼𝑦
𝑦=
∑𝐼
1 1
× 0.3 × 2.43 (2 × 24 + 2 × 21 + 2 × 18 + 15 + 12) + × 0.3 × 𝑥 3 × 12
12 12
1 1
= 18 × ( × 0.3 × 2.43 × 8 + × 0.3 × 𝑥 3 )
12 12
𝑥 = 2.747 ≈ 2.75 𝑚

Shaft size is 3.00 m x 2.40 m

x
Assign loads on beams

Figure 5 Loads on beams from unit load on lobby slab

Figure 6 Loads on beams from unit load on office slab

Building above the transfer plate

Figure 79 Building above the transfer plate

Transfer plate arrangement

Transfer plate thickness = 2000mm

Figure 10 The transfer plate

Assigning loading for parking floors

Assign loading on beams considering unit loading.

 Considered live load on parking floors: 5 kN/m

 Considered dead load on parking floor
 Finishes: 0.75 kN/m2
 Services: 0.5 kN/m2
 Self-weight of slab: 24 kN/m3
 Transfer plate was meshed for accurate results,

Figure 11 Compute Model

3 ALONG WIND ACCELERATION
𝑆𝐸𝑡
3𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑔𝑅 𝐼ℎ √ ℎ ℎ
𝜉
𝑥̈ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = {𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 ∑[𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠𝜃 (𝑧)]2 𝑏𝑧 𝑧Δ𝑧 − 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 [𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠𝜃 (ℎ)]2 ∑ 𝑏𝑧 𝑧Δ𝑧 }
𝑚𝑜 ℎ2 (1 + 2𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ )
𝑧=0 𝑧=0

 Assume that there is no significant effect on the acceleration due to the mass change
below the transfer plate. Therefore, the dimensions of the office floors have been
used for wind calculations
 Assume that the live load on a floor is 3.5 kN/m2 for the office floor and 5 kN/m2 for
the parking floor

25 × 103
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = {(0.15 × 37.5 × 32.5 ) + (0.82 × 2.95 × 32)
9.81
+ (0.5 × 0.3)((6.5 × 26) + (7.5 × 28) + (3.5 × 4)) + (0.25 × 3.6)((3.0 × 6)
+ (7.5 × 2))}

= 845765.80 𝑘𝑔

3.5 × 37.5 × 32.5 × 1000

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 = = 434828.16 𝑘𝑔
9.81
2.25 × 37.5 × 32.5 × 1000
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠, 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 =
9.81
= 279529.82 𝑘𝑔

845765.80 + 464828.16 + 279529.82

𝒎𝒐 = = 441701.05 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
3.6
88 m Mz,cat=1.14

28 m

60 m Mz,cat= 1.09
bz=32 m
30 m

30 m Mz,cat= 1
16 m
14 m Mz,cat= 0.88
14 m bz=40 m
0m Mz,cat= 0.83
 Height (m) 𝑴𝒛,𝒄𝒂𝒕 𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔,𝜽 (𝒛) 𝟐
[𝑽𝒅𝒆𝒔,𝜽 (𝒛)]
14 0.88 22 484
30 1 25 625
60 1.09 27.25 742.56
88 1.14 28.5 812.25

∑[𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠𝜃 (𝑧)]2 𝑏𝑧 𝑧Δ𝑧

𝑧=0
14 16
= (484 × 42.5 × 14 × ( )) + (625 × 32.5 × 16 × (14 + ))
2 2
30
+ (742.56 × 32.5 × 30 × (30 + )) + (812.25 × 32.5 × 28 × (60
2
28
+ ))
2
= 83154680
ℎ

[𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠𝜃 (ℎ)]2 ∑ 𝑏𝑧 𝑧Δ𝑧

𝑧=0
14 72
= (812.25 × 42.5 × 14 × ( )) + (812.25 × 32.5 × 72 × (16 + ))
2 2

= 88174611

 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.2 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑆𝐴𝑃 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙; 𝑛𝑎 = 0.381

𝑔𝑅 = √1.2 + 2 log 𝑒 (600𝑛𝑎 )

𝑔𝑅 = √1.2 + 2 log 𝑒 (600 × 0.381)

 𝑔𝑅 = 3.473
 𝐼ℎ = 0.1708
 𝑔𝑣 = 3.4
 ℎ = 88

𝑛𝑎 𝐿ℎ [1 + (𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ )]
𝑁=
𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠𝜃

ℎ 0.25 88 0.25
𝐿ℎ = 85 ( ) = 85 ( ) = 146.4
10 10

0.381 × 146.4 × (1 + (3.4 × 0.1708))

𝑁= = 3. .099
28.5
 𝜋𝑁 𝜋 × 3.099
𝐸𝑡 = 5 = 5
(1 + 70.8𝑁 2 ) 6
(1 + (70.8 × 3.0992 ))6

 𝐸𝑡 = 0.0424

1
𝑆=
3.5𝑛𝑎 ℎ(1+𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ ) 4𝑛𝑎 𝑏𝑜ℎ (1+𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ )
(1 + ) (1 + )
𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃

1
= 3.5×0.381×88(1+(3.4×0.1708)) 4×0.381×28(1+(3.4×0.1708))
(1 + ) (1 + )
28.5 28.5

 𝑆 = 0.0394
 𝜉 = 0.01
 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 = 0.8
 𝐶𝑓𝑖𝑔,𝑙𝑒𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 = −0.5

0.0394×0.0424
3 × 1.2 × 3.473 × 0.17√ 0.01
𝑥̈ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = {(0.8 × 83154680) − (−0.5
345690.34 × 882 (1
+ 2 × 3.4 × 0.17)
× 88174611)}

𝑥̈ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.017 𝑚/𝑠 2

4 ACROSS WIND ACCELERATION

From SAP model; nc = 0.621

𝑔𝑅 = √(1.2 + 2 ln(600𝑛𝑐 ))

𝑔𝑅 = √(1.2 + 2 ln(600 × 0.6211))

𝑔𝑅 =3.611

km = 0.76 + 0.24k

km = 0.76 + 0.24 (k = 1)

km = 1

𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 28.5
𝑉𝑛 = = = 0.880
𝑛𝑐 𝑏(1 + 𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ ) 0.6211 × 37.5 × (1 + 3.4 × 0.17)

Vn = (<2) due to the dimensions are chosen in the building.

⸫ Consider Vn = 2
ℎ⁄ = 88⁄
𝑏 37.5 = 2.35 ≈ 2
⸫ Use the 3:1:1 chart

Iz at 2ℎ⁄3 height;

2×88
Height = = 58.67𝑚
3

Iz = 0.1838 (By table 6.1)

For Iz = 0.1838;

log10 (𝐶𝑓𝑠 ) = (−2.8275) (By figure 6.2)

𝐶𝑓𝑠 = 0.001488

1.5𝑏𝑔𝑅 0.5𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 [𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑠,𝜃 ]2 𝜋𝐶𝑓𝑠

ÿ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ ]𝐾𝑚 √
𝑚0 (1 + 𝑔𝑣 𝐼ℎ )2 𝜁

1.5 × 37.5 × 3.611 0.5 × 1.2 × [28.5]2 𝜋 × 0.001488

ÿ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [ 2
]×1×√
345690.34 (1 + 3.4 × 0.17) 0.01

ÿ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.078𝑚𝑠 −2

ÿ𝑚𝑎𝑥 is within the acceptable range.

5 PILE FOUNDATION

Maximum serviceability reaction = 18942.32 kN

Assume the following bore hole log and relevant details,

A sample calculation is done for 1.0m diameter pile,

Water table depth is assumed as 1.8m.

 Depth of Ultimate unit
Depth (m) ϒsat Average cu Ultimate Skin Negative skin End bearing
Soil Type ϒ (kN/m3) 3
SPT N α skin friction β P(z) (kN/m2)
(From - To) (kN/m ) value (m) SPT N (kN/m2) friction (kN) friction (kN) (kN)
(fu) (kPa)

Yellowish brown medium to

0 0.2 coarse sand with gravel and 15 17 N/A N/A N/A 0.3 1.5 N/A 0.282857143 N/A
clay (filling)
White to brown very loose
0.2 2.7 fine medium silty sand with 14 16 1.5 3 N/A N/A N/A 0.3 20.5 N/A 48.32142857 N/A
gravel (filling)
Whitish gray very soft to 18.4 19 3 5 N/A N/A N/A 0.3 N/A N/A
2.7 4.6 39.7015 71.12240143
medium stiff clay
18.4 19 4.5 1 N/A N/A N/A 0.3 N/A N/A
Yellowish brown very stiff
4.6 6.8 18.4 19 6 22 100 0.4 40 N/A N/A 276.5714286 N/A N/A
clay with traces of fine sand
7.5 17 75 0.4 30 N/A N/A 136.7142857 N/A N/A
6.8 11.1 Whitish gray very stiff clay 18.5 19.4 9 21 100 0.4 40 N/A N/A 188.5714286 N/A N/A
10.5 19 75 0.4 30 N/A N/A 127.2857143 N/A N/A
Yellowish brown medium
18.5 21.2 12 21 N/A N/A 27.3 N/A N/A 141.57 N/A N/A
11.1 13.5 dense fine to medium sand
with clay
18.5 21.2 13.5 22 N/A N/A 28.6 N/A N/A 67.41428571 N/A N/A
Completely weathered rock
disintegrated into yellowish
13.5 15.4 18.5 21.2 15 50 N/A N/A 100 N/A N/A 597.1428571 N/A N/A
brown to gray very dense fine
to medium sand
Light gray, fresh, medium
15.4 17.2 N/A N/A N/A > 50 N/A N/A 440.384375 N/A N/A 2491.317321 N/A 3928.571429
strong Biotite Gneiss

The following results are generated from the calculation,

767.635
Skin friction from soil layers (kN)
1245.658661
Skin friction from rock layers (kN)
Total skin friction (kN) 2013.293661
End bearing (kN) 3928.571429
5941.9
Allowable geotechnical capacity of the pile (kN)
6875
Allowable structural capacity of the pile (for Grade 35) (kN)

Allowable carrying capacity of the pile (kN) 5941.9

Likewise, for all pile diameters, the following capacities are calculated,

Pile size (mm) End bearing capacity Socket skin friction Total pile bearing
(kN) (kN) capacity (kN)
1000 2013.29 3928.57 5941.86
1200 2415.95 5657.14 8073.09
1500 3019.94 8839.28 11859.22
1800 3623.92 12728.57 16352.50

Considering the bearing capacities along with the reactions from the previous analysis, piles
of 1.0m are selected. To withstand the load of 18942.32 kN, 4 pile group is used.

⸫ Pile Cap thickness = 1.25 ɸ + 0.6 = 1.25 (1.0) +0.6 = 1.85m

Figure 12 Modelling Foundation