Calculus for Engineers

Contents
Chap I Real valued turetion
n Definition
2 Domain and Range
4 Limits and continuity
5 Derivatives and applications
6 Integrals and applications

chap it complex numbers

1 Definition
numbers
Algebra of complex
2
Argand diagram
complex exponential form
3

4 trigonometric turns
5 Hyperbolic functions
6 Pol or coordinates
7 De Moi v e's theorem

chap ill Vectors

1
Vector Scalar
Algebra
and vector produc
3 Matrices
4 System of linear
equations
 5 Lines and
planes
char Iv
Function of several
variables
Definition
a
partial derivatives
 Chapo Recall of Set theory

1 Definition set collection of

Appg's
Ille denote a set by capital
Itm letters such as X Y A B

Example let A 4 1 2,3 4 54

The numbers 7,213 4,5 are elements of
set A

Elbe ship The membership of element

a to a set A is denoted
as a E A

Example For previous example

It A ZEA 6 A 104A
Subset A set B is subset of set A
Tf all elecents of B are elements
A denoted as B EA

Example Consider the sets

A I n 3,4 7 8,94 13 4112,3 4.54
11,31 THI f c C
EA
B I A
theorem let A B C be any sets
then
1 A E A
2 If AE B and B E A then
A ERS
3 I 7 A E B and B E C then
A E C
Remar All sets under investigation
in any application of set theory
assumed to to set U
are
belong
called universal set

Venn diagram I represent a

can
set dragon called Venn diagram
using
Note Two sets A and B are said
to be they have
disjoint if no

common elements

Example set A Y 1
4,5 67 and

B I 10 11 124 an
disjoint
 LY Ey D

Iii
AE B

A and B are
not disjoint

elements there
Specifying of sets are

two ways to
specify elements of set A
1 If possible list all clouts of A
22 state the properties of elements of
A if it is not possible to list
all streets
Example Let A be a set of real
numbers between o and lie
that is we can write A as

follows
A 4 x1 ok 11

sets
some
special
 IE The set of numbers
1,2 3 is set of
natural numbers denoted
as N
N 1,2 I a
3 2
21 Set of numbers 4
1 O 1
7,3
set of integers denoted Z
N E 2
32 The set numbers 21
of 93
b to y d be 21 is set of
rational numbers if terminating or
is
but is called
non terminating repeated
set of irrational members denoted
M 2
Q h of f si a b

ZEQ
42 Set of irrational numbers
denoted by Q
59 If you take together set of
rational in bars and Let of irate
numbers you obtain set of
 real numbers denoted by 112
Real line

Iatse
1 Intersection The intersection between
two set A and B is set denoted by
A 013 4 7C 1 ice A and Kf B G
A B

2 Union
E
The union
a

of two sets A
and B is set denoted by
A UB Y x I X E A or Xf B G
 3 Ai Arma two sets
of A and B is
the set denoted by
A 1B Xt it but
f ie I
C BY
BIA 4 X a 4A but u BY

AIB Bit

4 Symmetric difference of
two sets A and B is the set

denoted by
A AB AIB V1 BIA
5 Complement of set A

IS denoted AC or I

A x situ but x Al
Exam p k Suppose that the set
U 41,2 3 4 is the unit
sal set Lef A 1,2 3,47
B I 3,415,6171 C 2,3 8,94
and E I 2 4 6 4 be
the set of even
positive integers
Then Find
a A b B C An B
d A 1B e A IC

F BAC u AIB
 Chap I Real Functions

Def let Aand 13 be sets Atruction

from A to B denoted by
f A B is a rule that
assigns to each element of A exactly
element of
By
one

Example let fi 112 s 712

defiled by ten x

f in 1 fix 22 4 137 9

16
7147 f

A domain and 13
range

Effie
Examples consider the function
f 112 IR ran by
g
lol x2 321 7
Find the following
a
trio
b tenth

IFM
c
heir

Axl f lol 10 3 10 7 100 3077 77

b
tenth xthl 3124 47 7
1 2 4742 301 3h77
x2 3 12 3 4 4 7

Ija XthhtX
WIELKIE
2 4 74
31 2 3
4
Domain and Range
Def i suppose that a function f is
described by a tor w la Then the

I
 denoted't dont f
972in Fatty's se
sot Ifneyber
Example For each of the following
find its natural domain

tea teal
a 273 b
I
c tix FIX d
Fast
e
this
Into
2
Ans a
fix 3
dour 171 112
b fish Vix 2

dom 171 1 x 1 x to stir

1121421 45
1
7
fois MI
dom If 4K It god
X 1 HEIR

L Ys D
d to YET
dom 17 1 X I 175
Yefim
f 45 N

1
e
f my x txt 6

down 171 421 x2 5 6 to 1 12

D b 49C 25 4 6 1

I If 3

EBT
1
2
5

Dom f 112 2,34

Det Atf A B be a function
The range of 7 denoted by ran 17
is the image of A under F
that is
f
ran 71A
steps to find Tange off
Gillen described by formula
f
14 let y fix
zo folk x in terms of y

30 The range of f is the set of

all real webers y such that
I can be solved

Example Find the range of each

of the following
3
a
foes 2 b a 2 5
g
c as
Yay z d his Atx
Aus
a firs Its
let y
X 2 I XZ y z

x IF
Ran 71 47 4 230,781124
I 2 D

b 2 3 5
go't 3
Ut y 2 3 5 3 2 475
 ran
x3
17 112
IE X
FEI
c to's 3 1
2 3
Ut Y
Is I
2X
I 3

IS
11113
ran 171 112 10h
Inverse of function
let 7 X s
Y be a function
Def
and let Y EY be the rinse off
The inverse of f is the function
7 from Y to X such that

717 1121 j Y
 steps to find inverse
Given the function f described be
formula
12 let y tea
22 foie x in terms of X in
terms of F
30 The
required formula fley is
the expression obtained four steps
Examples Find the inverse of each of
the following
3
9 toes 2 9
Des 3 2
b
t
as I 2 x

d
gull IT

All ht 2 3 1
a 4
solve of in terms of y
2 3 y I

Et
3550
1 1141
 Floes FI
C 4121 7 7
I
Let 1 2 7137
y
2 77 y
y
17 T 1712

at s 1 17
I x C 17
7th I lt
 COMMON FUNCTIONS

i Constant function The constant

function has torn i

t 1211 c c it any custu

Example x 2

Graph of the function

axis
if
IEEE
n
s x axis
in

2 Linear function has the term

fees ants a
bag
Eakin toss 2x 4

2 12 37 5
3 7104 4271 6
 174 2 4
8
go
G

o X
I n z I

Quadratic functions The

3 quadrate
traction has torn
ax that
toy a beer
9 to
Example Make of each
grain
of the following
9 f 1715 X2 a

2 2
b till 2 1

Is i
 1 x 2
fin

THE
12

10

8 tix x 2

q
iii
4 Polynomial The polyomia tuneti
order has the form
of n

pit any t du X t tax too

where an An 1 an 2 190
no coefficients
Note i If no we
hafngistent
 If men
to's tetafunctin
If 2 2
tax dz x'ta x
go
quadratic function
Example Maia the graph of the
function
this bone
24,35

8
this 2
6 x3 2 4
400 over 2,37
2

tI 2
t

8
TO
I 2
 Rational functions A rational
function is

tins Pal quotient

191211
where ppl and poly
mia's
gray are
but m to a
g
Example Maia the graph of the
following functions

1 171 over 4 4

z
fits 1 2 of 4,4
3
tens 244 974.47
4
2
4 1 5 8 3
16 3 272
bouncy 1121104 i e fix is
not defiled if x o

fins 1121
4 3 2 1 o 1234
Y 7
4 73 42 7
7727374
I
 I firaap h of
n i
tins
o5 In
f
0.25

1
is

4
 Algebraic functions Any traction

castrati tsin testa.at aYsa9

Efim multiplication taking roots is

algebraic functions

Example 3 101
q Y x 4

2 2
1743
Y 3 1
2
3
y 2 3 1401 373

Ins
Exponential functions
Def ht We define
ol b It

exp to be exponential function from

112 into 112 given by

EXP P X EIR

Note the graph b has

of exp
one of the two general form
1 If b 1

y 3 pl

yay St ax

Example Make the graph of the trench

1 2 and 7 1
Y 2

in the same graph

 29 1
y 2

Y 3 2 I 0 I 2 3 4
J 16 8 4 42 1 7 42 4841

2 1 1

q 16

1 14 I 1 24

Definition The natural

expon
traction is ntial
exp eat e
is constant
when e a

7 71
D
Exponential equations
Exercise Find the solution set

Tf path of the following

9 32 f4
x

b 8712 421
C 2221 2712 3

d X2 2pct
e
get 1

Recall Rules of exponents

For every X and Y in IR
10
play a
tt
je a 1
Y
2 19 ally
6
3 19 a
b
a state
4 at a't
Ty
 Ans 15 211
1
324 3

221 I 572C

71 tn
821 47174
712 01 4
23
122
8
2
3 2201
23
2 221 8 0
I
2 2 8 3 3
3

341 8 100
D 4 4
2

473
I 413,24
Logarithimic functions

set let ocb 41 We define

log to be the inverse of exponential
tin in it is
tune exp and Logan
this function with base b

Remain log is the function ton 10,2

into 112 Such that the following condition
an satisfied
12 logglb sc for stir
E
blog L for ye in

Ite By definition of inverse we have

the following

Katmai logarithms
Properties of
1 log so
22
logb 1
1 g
30 Log 71 log
4
log log 1083
 50 log r log
s
logs e r

f log 1,941g change at

bat oh

Iff
Example Find 1023

Remark The logarithms in base e

is natural logarithm denoted by In

Properties of In
10 Ine I 4 In ex se

laxy thx tiny

n 5
plus x
In this 1h2
3
Ily e
log
lil
Exercise
Find the solution set for each of
the following
a
fog 3 b In 12 11 4
49 2 H 54
C 102 e