The complete guide

to IoT smart sensors

Discover how IoT smart sensors can streamline
your business operations, security measures and
more with our comprehensive guide.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed the way many industries
operate, enabling professionals within key sectors like education,
healthcare, manufacturing and agriculture to seamlessly collect, analyze
and share real-time data across numerous connected devices.

At the center of modern installations are IoT From motion and occupancy sensors used to
smart sensors, specialized devices capable of help ensure safe work conditions to moisture
gathering information about the physical world and temperature sensors deployed to protect
and converting it into accessible digital data. perishable goods, the potential benefits of IoT
These sensors come in many different forms, installations are theoretically limitless. For
each manufactured to detect specific actions business owners and professionals interested
and events that affect essential operations, in harnessing the power of the IoT, below is
allowing IoT installations to meet diverse a complete guide to the capabilities of IoT
needs. sensors.

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What are The key components of a smart sensor
Smart sensors ultimately help enhance the capabilities

IoT smart of human teams, aiding staff in detecting and addressing

key events even when they’re not physically present. To
do this, smart sensors leverage three main components

sensors? that effectively mimic our observational abilities, providing

professionals with an additional platform to identify and
analyze useful data.
IoT smart sensors are physical
Below are the three key components of an IoT smart sensor:
electronic devices designed to
detect actions in the physical world • Sensor element: Used to identify whichever stimuli the
sensor is designed to detect, be that smoke, moisture,
and convert them into actionable
pressure, temperature or any other physical/environmental
digital data. IoT sensors can be factors. Different technologies are used in different sensors,
affixed to machinery and equipment like laser-scattering and ionization technologies, which are
to collect data about their mostly designed to search continuously for target stimuli.
operation or installed in physical • Processing unit: Microcontrollers inside the device process
environments to gather data about and analyze raw data collected by the sensor element, then
how spaces are used, offering filter and optimize information for transmission.
insights to help inform business • Communication interface: Transmits processed data
decisions. to wider systems like laptops, smartphones and cloud
management platforms connected to the IoT installation
The main draw to IoT sensors is that they
via wireless network services (WiFi/Bluetooth/satellite) or a
collect data continuously, sending live updates
wired Ethernet connection.
to connected devices and management
systems over the internet. This allows The information collected and processed by IoT sensors
business owners and professionals to develop can be viewed by administrators at any time from a central
automated responses to specific events, with management system, providing human staff with a holistic
data collected by IoT sensors used as a trigger view of critical infrastructure and technological systems.
to activate wider systems and send remote Cloud-based management systems will often be utilized,
alerts to operators. allowing teams to analyze live data remotely from any secure
smart device.

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What makes a sensor smart?
Unlike lone sensor elements that simply detect target stimuli, smart
IoT sensors have extra features that enable them to understand and
respond to positive triggers. IoT sensors are considered smart as they
can autonomously collect and process data and instruct wider connected
devices to take action. Below are some defining features of smart sensors.

Data collection Connectivity

Smart sensors can continuously collect IoT smart sensors can connect to the internet
high-quality data about real-world activities, via wired and wireless connections, enabling
enabling operators to keep an eye on critical them to continuously transmit live data to
equipment/infrastructure at all times. management systems and other devices.
Multiple types of sensors can be connected This allows sensors to influence the operation
to the same overarching system, allowing of physical equipment autonomously and
human teams to monitor multiple datasets provides operators with actionable data
simultaneously, in real-time and from any insights that can help improve decision-
location. making.

Artificial intelligence Self-sufficiency

Many modern smart sensors are equipped Smart sensors also possess varying degrees
with built-in AI tools, allowing them to leverage of self-sufficiency, with many devices able to
machine learning algorithms to gain deeper maintain themselves and perform corrective
insights from collected data. AI tools can actions without human interference. Units
detect patterns in datasets that human teams can often self-calibrate, correct errors and
may have missed, helping staff predict future conserve power autonomously, reducing
events like machine failures so they can apply the amount of physical effort required to
proactive solutions to minimize negative maintain infrastructure and limiting workloads
impacts. shouldered by staff.

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The benefits of IoT
smart sensors
The number of installed IoT-connected devices worldwide
has increased by over 770% in the last decade, with
almost 16 billion devices believed to be in operation as of
2023. This rapid and continuing growth of the IoT can be
attributed to the many benefits that live data and bespoke
automations can bring to businesses, examples of which
are provided below.

Increased efficiency and productivity access control, intrusion detection and

Automating and optimizing daily tasks with alarm systems, helping to improve incident
support from IoT smart sensors can help response times and provide staff with quick
workers reduce the occurrence of errors and access to security data.
make more efficient use of finite resources.
Information collected and analyzed by IoT Cost reduction and resource optimization
sensors can predict events like equipment Using IoT sensors to collect live data about
failures and packing errors, helping teams equipment and resource use can help
apply proactive solutions to issues before workers improve operational efficiencies
impacts are felt. and make more intelligent use of
limited resources. Reports published
Sensor triggers can be used to inform by McKinsey suggest implementing
automated responses to various issues. IoT-based predictive maintenance
For example, temperature sensors affixed can reduce maintenance costs by
to machinery may instruct systems to shut up to 25% and decrease equipment
down in response to equipment overheating. downtime by up to 50%.
Using smart sensors in professional settings
can help staff spot emerging trends and Businesses can reduce costs over
anticipate future events to support efficient time and improve sustainability
and productive workflows. metrics by optimizing resource
usage and automating
Enhanced safety and security essential processes in
IoT sensors can continuously monitor response to emerging
environments, infrastructure and machines for trends. The more efficient
signs of potential hazards, enabling staff to operations become, the
enact live and automated incident responses. less avoidable waste
For example, pressure sensors can be used to is produced, helping
shut down malfunctioning equipment and air business owners limit
quality sensors may be used to engage HVAC costs and ensure
solutions in response to rising pollutant levels. operations make as
little an environmental
IoT sensors are also often used to enhance impact as possible.
existing security technologies. Sensor
triggers can inform the operation of CCTV,

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Types of IoT smart sensors
One of the major draws to IoT-connected installations is the potential
versatility of bespoke smart sensor combinations. Many different sensor
types are available to modern businesses, each of which is designed to
detect specific stimuli in the real world. Below are some examples of
popular sensors, alongside brief descriptions of how they work.

Air quality sensors Temperature sensors

Air quality sensors detect and analyze the Temperature sensors measure the heat in their
chemical and physical properties of the air immediate environment, converting this data
in any given environment, helping operators into electrical signals that can be sent to wider
maintain safe indoor air quality (IAQ) for systems for analysis and processing. These
staff and guests. IAQ monitors often contain types of IoT sensors can be used to automate
multiple sensors capable of detecting various heating and cooling solutions, such
numerous airborne stimuli, enabling staff to set as climate control systems in buildings and
automated responses to build-ups of harmful industrial cooling tools for manufacturing
pollutants. equipment.

Smoke and vape sensors Pressure sensors

Smoke and vape sensors work similarly to Pressure sensors can discern the amount
IAQ monitors but are designed to detect of force applied to a surface, often used to
specific stimuli associated with smoke from measure pressure levels associated with
fires, cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapor. contained gasses. These smart sensors can
These types of sensors are used to inform continuously track pressure levels inside
the operation of fire suppression and alarm industrial equipment like hydraulic and
systems and warn admins of smoking/vaping pneumatic machines and engage responsive
to help improve safety and meet regulatory solutions if levels exceed safe thresholds.
compliance.

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Motion sensors Light sensors
Motion sensors can detect the movement Light sensors, or photocells, measure
of objects within a set radius without any illumination levels in their immediate
physical contact, making them a great tool for environment. These types of IoT sensors can
various commercial building management and improve the efficiency of lighting systems
security applications. IoT motion sensors can by automatically adjusting electrical lights in
control lights, HVAC devices, alarm systems response to natural conditions and automating
and smart locks, with remote alerts sent other tools based on light levels, like activating
to operators in response to positive sensor business equipment at sunrise.
triggers.

Infrared (IR) sensors

Proximity sensors IR sensors can detect changes in infrared
Proximity sensors can detect the presence of radiation emitted from nearby objects. The
objects within a set distance, enabling admins hotter the object, the more IR radiation it emits,
to create automations based on motion in the enabling IR sensors to detect specific objects
physical world. These sensors can be used to based on thresholds set by operators. IR
control automatic doors, lighting and HVAC sensors are often used in industrial settings to
systems to improve energy efficiency, as well monitor machines for signs of overheating and
as set triggers for alarms, smart locks and in residential/commercial buildings to support
similar security devices to optimize threat CCTV cameras in low-light conditions where
responses. visually identifying threats is difficult.

Sound sensors Radio Frequency Identification

Sound sensors have multiple use cases (RFID) sensors
in shared residential and commercial RFID sensors use radio waves to communicate
environments, helping operators address with special tags affixed to objects. The two
noise pollution issues and maintain safe most common uses of RFID technology
work conditions. These types of sensors can are access control, where tags in ID cards
be used in urban planning to help manage are used to verify the identity of people
environmental noise levels, in apartments requesting access to a location, and inventory
and hotels to deter anti-social behavior and in management, where tags affixed to goods are
business environments to enhance security monitored as they travel through facilities and
systems by identifying unusual activities like transit routes.
break-ins and altercations.

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HALO Smart Sensor:
An all-in-one intelligent
security device
Foster a safer and cleaner environment with
the HALO Smart Sensor – a multifunctional
security device that detects and observes
vaping, air quality and safety. This solution
is ideal for observing health and safety in
privacy-concern areas, such as restrooms
and changing facilities, where video and audio
recording is not permitted.
When integrated with your Video Management System (VMS),
operators receive real-time alerts to potential threats. These
automated, site-specific notifications enable security teams
at schools, hospitals, retail stores and more to respond to
potentially critical events faster, helping to establish a safer
environment.

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What exactly can the HALO Smart Sensor
detect and observe?

Vape, smoke and THC

The sensor uses a Dynamic Vape Detection
algorithm to learn the environment and alert
operators when vaping is detected. The HALO
Smart Sensor will detect and alert security if an
individual vapes or uses nicotine or THC. The
device can also detect when vaping is masked with
aerosols.

Air quality
Observe air quality health with the HALO Smart
Sensor. From temperature and humidity to the
presence of dangerous gasses, such as carbon
monoxide, this intelligent device can provide real-
time alerts of potentially harmful conditions that
could affect people and perishable items. These
instant alerts enable security teams to respond to
the situation, rectify it and establish a cleaner, safer
environment.

Aggression and gunshot

In addition to detecting vaping and health-related
risks, the all-in-one HALO Smart Sensor can alert
security teams to motion after hours, occupancy
levels and potential safety-related threats.
These include panic alarm triggers, aggression,
discharging of weapons and device tampering
detected through abnormal noise disturbances and
vibrations.

Spoken keyword feature

The HALO Smart Sensor can detect specific
spoken keywords that immediately alert security
to a potential issue. Pre-defined keywords like
“help” are particularly valuable in environments
such as schools, where bullying is a concern, or for
teachers in need of assistance, as well as nurses
and hospital patients.

SEE THE SENSOR

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Industries that benefit from IoT
smart sensors
Unique applications and combinations of smart sensors can benefit
different industries in various ways. One reason the IoT has proved so
attractive to business owners is the versatility of bespoke installations, with
data collected by installed sensors able to be used as a trigger for various
electrical and mechanical systems and in analytics programs.
Below are just a few real-world examples of how business owners and professionals across major
industries can benefit from the development of bespoke IoT sensor installations.

Manufacturing Education
Maintaining safe IAQ is a constant concern in Smart sensors provide educators with a
manufacturing plants, as many manufacturing holistic view of school facilities to help
processes emit harmful pollutants and maintain safe and secure environments. IAQ
particulate matter into the air. IoT air quality, sensors can be used to identify and respond
humidity and heat sensors connected to HVAC to harmful build-ups of pollutants, sound and
and alarm systems are used to automatically motion sensors can be configured to detect
address IAQ and climate control issues, suspicious activities consistent with acts of
helping operators maintain safe and compliant aggression and vape sensors can help enforce
workspaces. smoking/vaping bans.

IoT sensors are also used to optimize IoT sensors can also inform building
inventory management operations. Proximity, management systems to help improve
RFID and pressure sensors can be deployed energy efficiency and address hazards.
to track materials and goods as they move Motion sensors can control lights and HVAC
through facilities, with live inventory data sent infrastructure. In contrast, temperature and
to cloud management platforms where staff humidity sensors can be deployed to monitor
can view insights and set integrations with equipment like servers, boilers and air-con
ordering software to automatically restock units to combat overheating issues and
depleted items. schedule predictive maintenance.

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Healthcare Property management
Maintaining the safety and environment of Owners and operators of multiple commercial
patients in healthcare facilities is a top priority or multi-tenant residential properties can
for all staff members. IoT sensors can be use integrated IoT sensors to gain a more
used to monitor patient health remotely, with holistic view of site usage. Data collected by
wearable health devices used to monitor installed motion, sound, occupancy and IAQ
vitals like the heart rate and blood pressure sensors can be compiled and displayed in a
of vulnerable patients, sending instant alerts cloud-based management platform, enabling
to medical staff if concerning metrics are operators to review real-time and historic
detected. insights remotely.

Smart sensors like IAQ, humidity, temperature From a centralized platform, property owners
and vape detectors can also be deployed to can create building management automations
monitor environmental conditions in healthcare to help ensure HVAC and lighting systems
facilities, helping to ensure wards remain function efficiently, as well as monitor air
free from harmful contaminants. Maintaining quality metrics to maintain compliance with
good IAQ is a regulatory requirement in relevant regulations. IoT sensor data can also
healthcare facilities, so IoT sensors can aid be used to trigger on-site security systems and
staff in avoiding breaches of relevant laws and warn property owners of potential incidents
regulations. remotely.

Retail Hospitality
Implementing bespoke combinations of Air quality monitors and vape/smoke sensors
IoT sensors in retail environments can help can be deployed in hospitality environments
business owners to maximize the efficiency to improve the customer experience. Staff
of their operations. RFID, proximity and can use these devices to maintain a clean and
motion sensors can be used to enhance safe environment for customers to enjoy, with
inventory management systems and manage visible smoking/vaping sensors installed in
building access, with insights and occupancy high-risk areas like bathrooms and covered
monitoring data helping to inform scheduling entrances helping to deter loitering and
and ordering decisions. antisocial activity.

Smart sensors can also be used for security IoT sensors can also be used to enhance
purposes, for example, sound sensors may existing security systems. Sound sensors
be programmed to detect stimuli consistent installed in high-risk locations can be used
with a break-in or active harmer event, with to detect signs of aggression and stimuli
positive triggers used to automatically engage consistent with break-in attempts, positive
lockdown security solutions. Motion and sensor readings can then be used to
noise sensors can also trigger cameras to automatically trigger alarms, smart locks and
help ensure incidents are logged in video CCTV cameras to mitigate risks and secure
management systems. evidence of suspicious activity.

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 Smart city management
The IoT is central to the operation of smart cities, technologically
advanced urban areas that are expected to house almost 70% of the
world’s population by 2050. IoT sensors in smart cities are used to semi-
autonomously control essential infrastructure like street lights, traffic
signs and waste management systems, allowing for more efficient and
sustainable practices.

Modern examples of smart cities include London, UK, where city officials
use IoT sensors and cameras to ease traffic congestion and pollution, as
well as Nitra, Slovakia, where IoT sensors are deployed to monitor waste
receptacles, helping waste management teams plan efficient routes for
collection that have the least impact on traffic flow and the environment.

Agriculture
IoT sensors provide farmers with accurate and highly-detailed
information that can be used to measurably improve the efficiency of
agricultural operations. Smart moisture and heat sensors are used to
analyze the quality of soil, helping farmers apply water and fertilizers at
the most opportune times to increase crop yields while using the least
amount of resources.

RFID tags and sensors are used to track livestock in real-time, providing
live updates about health vitals and vaccination statuses to help ensure
their safety. Smart air quality and heat sensors can also be installed in
greenhouses and indoor crop growing facilities to monitor the immediate
environment and support microclimate technologies in increasing crop
yields.

Energy
Smart sensors help workers in the energy sector monitor critical
infrastructure and highlight areas for improvement. Smart electric
meters can be used to help ensure commercial and residential
equipment operates as efficiently as possible, with data analytics tools
configured to highlight wasteful practices that could be addressed to
make better use of finite resources.

IoT sensors are deployed to monitor machines in power generation

facilities, helping prevent hazards and aiding workers in scheduling
preventative maintenance. Smart sensors are also central to the
functionality of smart grid technologies, solutions that leverage live
data to react to changes in power demand, reducing network strain and
improving energy-efficiency.

Find out how organizations utilized Motorola Solutions’ HALO Smart

Sensor to help prevent vaping and capture comprehensive health and
safety awareness.

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 “The HALO detection
system is serving its
purpose as a deterrent to
our students to discourage
vaping. Prior to their
Reducing emergency installation, we had over 20

incidents in schools EMS calls for students who

we believed were suffering
With vaping a major concern for schools nationwide, North Scott High
School and Junior High were proactive in combating this issue by
from the effects of vaping.
installing the HALO Smart Sensor in areas where video security cameras Since the devices have
would not be appropriate, such as restrooms. With this solution, the
schools can detect vaping in privacy concern areas in real-time and be been in place, we haven’t
alerted to events such as smoking, bullying or aggression. As a result,
the school district has improved student safety and proved to parents
had to make any.”
that they are taking the issue of student vaping seriously.
Aaron Schwartz
Associate Principal & 504 coordinator,
North Scott High School
READ CASE STUDY

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Safer homes for
“Our focus at Concern
Housing is keeping

independent living people safe, and catching

individuals who were
Concern Housing, a New York-based non-profit housing agency,
implemented HALO IoT Smart Sensors to enforce its smoke-free policy non-compliant to our non-
and prevent fire hazards caused by smoking and vaping in apartments. smoking policy was critical”
After a successful pilot in 2020, the agency installed over 260 sensors
across multiple sites. The HALO system provided real-time alerts
to management, helping them identify rule violators and reduce fire Erika Green
risks. The sensors also offer additional safety features like air quality Direct of Property Management,
Concern Housing
monitoring, keyword detection and gunshot alerts. This deployment has
significantly improved resident safety and compliance.

READ CASE STUDY

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Safeguarding Stony “The HALO Smart Sensor
Brook University is a truly cost-effective

Hospital
solution that is easily
implemented and helps
In response to the increase in violent injury rates among healthcare us do our jobs more
workers, Stony Brook University Hospital (SBUH) has pioneered the use
of HALO IoT Smart Sensors to enhance security. These sensors have efficiently.”
been successfully implemented in SBUH’s emergency rooms. To not
only improve immediate threat detection but also address other safety David Scarzella
concerns, such as air quality issues. By integrating HALO’s technology, Chief of Police and Assistant VP
SBUH sets a precedent for using advanced security solutions to protect of Healthcare Safety for Stony
healthcare workers and patients, with future plans to expand its use Brook Medicine
across the hospital network.

READ CASE STUDY

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 “The HALO IoT Smart
Sensor is a real game
changer for the public
The Saratoga Springs housing industry. This has

Housing Authority now given the industry

an easy way to enforce
The Saratoga Springs Housing Authority (SSHA) installed HALO IoT
Smart Sensors to enforce the HUD smoke-free mandate and prevent
non-smoking policies and
fire risks in its public housing units. After experiencing a fire caused by provide proof of who is
smoking, SSHA sought a solution to ensure compliance and improve
resident safety. In early 2023, SSHA deployed 12 HALO sensors in key not following the rules and
apartments, receiving alerts that enabled management to address
violations directly. The sensors helped SSHA reduce risks, enforce non- smoking on premises.”
smoking rules, and protect vulnerable residents, with plans for further
installations across the housing authority. Paul Feldman
Chief of Police and Assistant VP
of Healthcare Safety for Stony
Brook Medicine
READ CASE STUDY

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What to look for when choosing
an IoT smart sensor
For IoT smart sensor installations to be effective, business and property
owners must ensure that proposed devices are able to meet the unique
needs of their facilities. Alongside selecting appropriate types of sensors
and analytics tools, it’s important to check that chosen devices can perform
key functions efficiently, effectively and at a reasonable cost over time.
Below are some critical factors to consider when choosing IoT smart sensor hardware.

Multi-functionality Occupancy/motion sensors: Can be used

One of the major benefits of IoT installations to trigger security systems if motion is
is their potential versatility, with modern detected at unusual times and improve
devices able to monitor and produce live the efficiency of HVAC/lighting systems.
information about multiple important metrics
simultaneously.
Detection range
Business and property owners looking to While the desirable detection range
develop IoT installations should prioritize for an IoT smart sensor will vary
devices with multiple built-in sensors, as this depending on how it’s used,
will support the creation of adaptive analytical generally, those with a larger radius
solutions. will be most effective. A greater
detection range usually allows for
Sensor types that can influence security, safety more accurate readings, aiding
and efficiency improvements include: operators in detecting target
stimuli and enabling business
Air quality monitors: Unique thresholds for
owners to reliably monitor
specific pollutants can be programmed to
spacious environments with
help business and property owners maintain
minimal hardware.
compliance with air quality standards.
For environmental smart
Vape/smoke/THC detectors: Effective in
sensors like air quality,
hospitality, retail and educational settings, and
sound and motion
any areas in which smoking bans are active, to
sensors intended to
help deter and address incidents.
be installed indoors, a
Humidity/temperature sensors: These help minimum detection
maintain comfortable environments in work range of around 13
and educational settings and combat mold square meters is
and bacteria growth. recommended.

Sound detectors: Advanced sound sensors

can detect stimuli consistent with active
harmer events/break-ins and understand
keywords used to trigger emergency alerts.

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Anti-vandal features Prioritizing IoT sensors that offer open API
Visible IoT sensors, especially those used integrations means the device’s software has
for security purposes or to detect smoking/ been made publicly available to developers
vaping, can be vulnerable to vandalism. Look and should be compatible with other systems.
for devices with hard-wearing, impact-resistant Exploring custom integrations can bring extra
cases and built-in anti-tamper sensors to value to IoT installations, enabling operators
mitigate vandalism risks, and make sure to to use live data as triggers for CCTV cameras,
install sensors in locations that are difficult smart locks, on-site alarms and HVAC
to reach from the ground yet accessible to solutions.
maintenance workers.
Wireless connectivity
Real-time alerts and remote IoT sensors that can wirelessly communicate
monitoring data via a secure internet connection allow
operators to receive continuous updates and
Operators must be able to review potential
insights. To help ensure automations work as
hazards promptly, so choosing systems
intended, and to provide administrators with
capable of sending custom real-time alerts
reliable real-time insights, it’s important to
is imperative. Advanced IoT sensors come
look for IoT sensors that can reliably connect
with software tools that allow operators to
to existing wireless networks and internet
set thresholds for custom alerts, with real-
services.
time notifications sent straight to authorized
admins’ computers and smart devices to help
ensure quick responses. Price and recurring costs
Before developing any new IoT installations,
Prioritize solutions with cloud-based remote-
business and property owners must settle
monitoring capabilities, enabling staff to
on a suitable budget for the project. When
access live and historical data remotely from
discussing costs, remember that the initial
any secure smart device. For these tools to
purchase price of the hardware represents
be effective, software programs must have
only a portion of the project’s total cost, with
user-friendly dashboards and customization
recurring costs like installation, maintenance,
options, so make an effort to test proposed
software, and connection fees contributing to
solutions to ensure interfaces are simple
the final figure.
enough.
To alleviate costs, look for smart sensor
Integration capabilities manufacturers that don’t require a minimum
amount of sensors for purchase and those
IoT sensors can effectively control the
that don’t require ongoing subscription fees for
operation of wider security and building
using their software. Look for providers that
management devices, enabling operators to
offer free downloadable software and firmware
develop automated responses to common
updates, as this can help reduce costs while
risks and events. To benefit from this
offering protection against novel cyber threats.
functionality, business and property owners
must make sure that proposed IoT sensors
are compatible with existing hardware and
software technologies.

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Conclusion
As the Internet of Things continues
transforming how business and property
owners view security and building
management, the global adoption of IoT
technologies is expected to increase. By 2025,
almost 31 billion IoT-connected devices will
operate, helping professionals across most
major industries optimize essential business
operations.
To develop bespoke and effective IoT installations,
stakeholders must select suitable types of IoT sensors, with
different sensors able to address different needs. Effective
smart sensors will be capable of continuously collecting
data, leveraging AI tools, connecting with wider systems
and self-configuring, helping users develop bespoke
automated solutions.

To get the most out of IoT installations, stakeholders

should look for devices with multiple types of sensors, large
detection ranges, open API configurations and wireless
connectivity, manufactured by providers that don’t require
recurring subscriptions. Provided these needs are met, the
potential applications of IoT smart sensor installations are
theoretically endless.

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