Network transform representation and analysis

2.0. Introduction
2.1. The transformed circuit: Sources, R, C, L,
2.2 System function
 Impedance & Admittance
 Voltage ratio transfer function
 Current ratio transfer function
2.3. Poles and Zeros of an LTI System
2.4. Amplitude & Phase response from Pole-Zero Diagram
2.5. Bode or logarithmic plots
 The log. magnitude & unit of a transfer function
 Units to express frequency bands
 Bode plots of the 4 basic factors of a transfer function
First and second order networks
 First and second order networks

 The general solution of the DE has two parts

i) Homogenous solution, also called
 Zero Input Response (ZIR)
 Zero Input Solution
 Natural or free response
 Transient response or
First and second order networks
First order network
First order network …
Impulse response of the 1st order LTI
network
First order network Example:
First order network Example: …
Step response of the first order LTI network
Step response ….
 First order network Exercises
Obtain a) the unit impulse response b) the step response c) the time constant in
terms of R, L and/or C d) The steady state responses of the networks stated
below:
i) a series RC circuit where the excitation is a voltage v(t) and the response is the
voltage across the capacitor vc(t) having an initial value of vc(0).

ii) a parallel RC circuit with a current source excitation i(t) and the response is the
voltage across the capacitor vc(t) having an initial value of vc(0).

iii) a parallel RL circuit with a current source excitation i(t) and the response is the
current in the inductor having an initial value of iL(0).
A second order network…..Read
 Network transform representation
and analysis
 Network analysis deals with formulating network equations
(using KVL, KCL and VI characteristics of devices) and
 determining the response for a given excitation.
 The network equations may be solved either in the time domain or in
complex frequency domain.
The transformed circuit
 When analyzing a network in the time domain, differential
equations are used to represent the relationship between
excitation and response.
 For a linear time-invariant system, when transformed to
complex frequency domain these differential equations become
algebraic equation.
 This makes it easier to analyze a network in complex frequency
domain than in the time domain.
The transformed circuit …
 The v-i relationships of most ideal sources and passive network
elements in time and complex frequency domain are discussed
below.
i. Ideal sources

a) Voltage source b) Current source

The transformed circuit …
The transformed circuit …
iii. Capacitor
 The time domain relationship b/n the voltage across the terminals of a
capacitor and the current through it is given as t
1
v(t )   i ( )d  v(0  )
C 0
dv(t )
i (t )  C
dt
 From the integral relationship, the voltage across the capacitor cannot change
abruptly unless an impulsive current is applied to it at t = 0.
 Using Laplace transform this relationship is transformed to the complex
frequency domain as
I ( s ) v (0  )
V ( s)  
sC s
I ( s)  sCV ( s)  Cv(0  )
where v(0 ) is the initial voltage across the terminals of the capacitor
The transformed circuit …
iii. Capacitor .. .
 Analyzing the above two equations leads to two different circuit form
representations of a capacitor in the complex frequency domain.

1. I ( s ) v (0  )
V ( s)  
sC s
 This shows the voltage across the terminals of the capacitor is the sum of two
terms, indicating a series connection of two elements:
I ( s )a series impedance of value 1 and
sC sC
v (0 ) a series VCVS whose polarity is such that it tends to create the
s same voltage polarity as the initial capacitor voltage.
The transformed circuit …
iii. Capacitor .. .
2. I ( s)  sCV ( s)  Cv(0  )
 This shows the current through the capacitor is the sum of two terms,
indicating a parallel connection of two elements.
sCV (s) a shunt admittance of value sC and
, a shunt VCCS whose direction of current is such that it tends to
Cv(0 )
create the same current as the initial capacitor voltage.
 In circuit form the two forms are represented as

– Figure 2-2, Circuit form representation of a capacitor in the complex frequency domain
The transformed circuit …
The transformed circuit …
iv. Inductor
• The time domain relationship b/n the voltage across an inductor & current in it
is given as follows assuming the inductor has a stored initial EM energy.
di (t )
v (t )  L
dt
t
1
i (t )   v ( )d  i (0  )
L 0
• From the integral relationship, the current through the inductor cannot
change abruptly unless an impulsive voltage is applied to it at t = 0.
• Using LT, this relationship is transformed to the complex frequency domain:
V ( s )  sLI ( s )  Li(0  )
V ( s ) i (0  )
I ( s)  
sL s

where i (0 ) is the initial current through the inductor.

The transformed circuit …
iv. Inductor . . .
 Analyzing the above two equations leads to 2 circuit form
representations of an inductor in the complex frequency domain.
• V (s)  sLI(s)  Li(0 ) shows the voltage across the inductor is the


sum of 2 terms, indicating series connection of two elements.

– sLI (s), a series impedance of value sL and

– Li( 0 ) , a series CCVS whose polarity is such that it tends to create the
same current as the initial inductor current.
The transformed circuit …
iv. Inductor . . .

 I ( s)  V ( s ) i ( 0 ) shows the current in the inductor is the sum of 2 terms,

sL s
i.e. parallel connection of two elements.
V ( s) 1
– sL , a shunt admittance of value sL and
– i (0  )
, a shunt CCCS whose direction of current is such that it tends
s to create the same current as the initial inductor current.
• In circuit form it is represented as shown in Figure 2-1.

• Figure 2-1, Circuit form representation of an inductor in the complex frequency domain
The transformed circuit …
The transformed circuit …
Example 1
 In the figure below, the switch is switched from position 1 to 2 at t=0.
 Draw its transformed ckt & write the transformed eqn using mesh analysis.

• Solution: The transformed circuit is

The transformed circuit …
 The transformed circuit …
Example 2
• The switch is thrown to position 2 at t=0. Draw its transformed ckt & write the
transformed eqn using mesh analysis. Find i(t) where 
iL (0 )  2amp
vC (0  )  2V

Solution:
• The transformed circuit is
•
The transformed circuit …
Example 2 …
• Writing the transformed equation using KVL
5 2  2
 2    3  s   I ( s)
s s  s
• Solving for I(s)
2s  3
I ( s) 
( s  2)( s  1)
1 1
I ( s)  
s  2 s 1
• Inverse transforming, the current in time domain becomes:
2t t
i(t )  e e
The transformed circuit …

1
L H C  1F
2
G  1 mho V  1V
The transformed circuit …
System function

R( s)  H ( s) E ( s)
System function …
• The system function may be:
– Driving point admittance
– Transfer impedance
– Voltage or current ratio transfer function and other names.
• This is because the excitation and response
– may be taken from the same port or different ports and
– can be either voltage or current.
• The system function
– is a function of the system elements only.
– is obtained from the network using standard circuit laws and
analysis techniques such as:
• Kirchhoff’s law
• Nodal analysis
• Mesh analysis
System function …
V0 ( s)
H ( s) 
I g ( s)

1
sL
Z ( s)  H ( s)  R  sC
1
 sL
sC
System function …

I 0 ( s)
H ( s) 
Vg ( s )

1
Y ( s)  H ( s) 
1
sL  R
sC
System function …
Voltage ratio transfer function
• When excitation is a voltage source and the response is a voltage, the system
function will have a form of voltage ratio transfer function.
• Such a ratio is unit-less.
• Thus, V0 ( s)
H ( s) 
Vg ( s )
 In the ckt shown, the excitation is the
voltage source V (s) and the response is
g

the voltage across the terminals of Z 2 ( s)

• The system function is given as

Z 2 ( s)
H ( s) 
Z1 ( s)  Z 2 ( s)
System function …

I 0 ( s)
H ( s) 
I g ( s)

I g (s )

I o (s )
System function …

Assume that the network is initially inert when the switch is closed at t = 0
System function …

1 s
H ( s)  Z ( s)  
sC   G C  s 2   G  s  1 
1
sL   C  CL 
System function …

i g (t )  u(t )  u(t  a )
1 1 as
I g ( s)   e
s s

t t a 1 1 e  as
ig (t )  u (t )  u (t )  u (t  a) I g ( s)   2  2
a a s as as
 System function …
• In the circuit shown and amps.
Find
 System function …
• The switch is thrown from position 1 to 2 at t =0
after having been at 1 for a long time. The source
voltage is .
• (a) Find the transform of the output voltage vo.
• (b) Find the initial and final values of vo-
 System function …
• Using transform methods find v(t) when

• Assume zero initial energy.

System function …
System function …
System function …
Exercise
• Find the free response and the forced response for the circuit
below. The system is inert before applying the source.

1
vg (t )  (cos t )u (t )
2
The system function is
Poles and Zeros of an LTI System: steady state
sinusoidal response
Poles and Zeros of System . . .
• The amplitude and phase response of a system provide valuable
information in the analysis and design of circuits.
• Consider the following frequency response of a low pass filter
Poles and Zeros of System . . .
We observe that the LPF
 passes signals with frequency component below ωc without
significant attenuation.
 the cutoff frequency ωc is selected to be the point where the
power is half of the power that would be transmitted at ω = 0
and hence called the half power point.
 The phase response is almost linear up to ωc

 Hence, if all the significant harmonic terms are less than ωc,
then the system will produce minimum phase distortion.
 In the ideal case, the magnitude and phase of the response will
be identical to that of the excitation.
Poles and Zeros of System . . .
The R-C network
• Consider the series R-C LPF circuit.
• If response is voltage across C,
the voltage ratio transfer function is
1 1
V ( s)
H (s)  2  sC  RC
V1 ( s) R  1 s
1
sC RC 1

• For steady state sinusoidal response , H ( j )  RC

1
j 
1 RC
RC  j tan 1 RC 
• In polar form, H ( j )  1
e
 2 1  2
  2 2 
 RC 
Poles and Zeros of System . . .
 Amplitude & Phase response from Pole-Zero
Diagram
• Assume the system function:
A0 ( s  z0 )(s  z1 )
H ( s) 
( s  p0 )( s  p1 )( s  p2 )

• The steady state response H(jω) becomes

A0 ( j  z0 )( j  z1 )
H ( j ) 
( j  p0 )( j  p1 )( j  p2 )
• Each of ( j  zi ) & ( j  p ) represent a vector from zi or pj to the
j

jω axis at ω.
• If the vectors are represented in polar form as follows
j i j j
j  zi  Ni e , j  p j  M j e
Amplitude & Phase from Pole-Zero …

A0 N1 N 2 j  0  1  2 0 1 2 

H ( j )  e
M 0 M 1M 2
Amplitude & Phase from Pole-Zero …
 In general,
Amplitude & Phase response from Pole-Zero …
4s
F ( s) 
s 2  2s  2
4s
F ( s) 
( s  1  j )( s  1  j )
(s  1  j ) and (s  1  j )

2 4
M ( j 2)  4    ( j 2)  900  71.80  450  26.80
2  10 5
Amplitude & Phase response from Pole-Zero …
Exercise
• Find the steady state response for the circuit below. The system is
inert before applying the source.

1
vg (t )  (cos t )u (t )
2
The system function is
Amplitude & Phase response from Pole-Zero …

General observation
• If we have a zero at , where a α is very small as
compared to , then we will have a dip in the amplitude
characteristic and a rapid change of phase near , as seen in
Fig.
Amplitude & Phase response from Pole-Zero …

General observation
• Similarly, if there is a pole at , with a very small ,
then the amplitude will be peaked and the phase will decrease
rapidly near , as seen in Fig.
 Minimum and Non minimum phase function
• Consider the pole-zero diagrams in Figs.
• Both pole-zero configurations have the same
poles; the only difference is that the zeros in
• (a) are in the left-half plane at s = — 1 ±j1, while
the zeros in
• (b) are the mirror images of the zeros in (a), and
are located at s = +1 ±jl.
 Minimum and Non minimum phase function
• Observe that the amplitude responses of the two
configurations are the same because the lengths of
the vectors correspond for both situations.
• We see that the absolute magnitude of the phase of
(b) is greater than, the phase of (a) for all frequencies.
• This is because the zeros in the right-half plane
contribute more phase shift (on an absolute
magnitude basis) than their counterparts in the left-
half plane.
Minimum and Non minimum phase function
• From this reasoning, we have the following
definitions.
– A system function with zeros in the left-half plane, or on
the jw axis only, is called a minimum phase function
– If the function has one or more zeros in the right-half
plane, it is a non minimum phase function
 All-pass function

• Let us consider the pole-zero diagram in Fig below.

• Observe that the zeros in the right-half plane are mirror
images of the poles in the left-half plane.
• Consequently, the vector drawn from a pole to any
point on the jw axis is identical in magnitude with
the vector drawn from its mirror image to .
 All-pass function
• It is apparent that the amplitude response must be
constant for all frequencies.
• The phase response, however, is anything, as seen from
the amplitude and phase response curves given in Fig.
 All-pass function
• A system function whose poles are only in the left-half
plane and whose zeros are mirror images of the poles
about the jw axis is called an all-pass function.
• The networks which have all-pass response characteristics
are often used to correct for phase distortion in a
transmission system.