lOMoARcPSD|3546594

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Ex.
Date Name of the Experiment Staffe
No. Sign
1(a).
Implementing symmetric key algorithms -DES

1(b)
Implementing symmetric key algorithms - AES

2(a)
Implementing asymmetric key algorithms

2(b)
Implementing Key exchange algorithms

3.
Calculate the message digest of a text using the SHA-1 algorithm.

4.
Implement the SIGNATURE SCHEME - Digital Signature Standard.

5.
Installation of Wire shark, tcpdump and observe data transferred
in client-servercommunication using UDP/TCP and identify the
UDP/TCP datagram.

6.
Check message integrity and confidentiality using SSL

7
Experiment Eavesdropping, Dictionary attacks, MITM attacks

8
Experiment with Sniff Traffic using ARP Poisoning

9
Demonstrate intrusion detection system using any tool.

10
Explore network monitoring tools

11
Study to configure Firewall, VPN
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Ex No : 1(a) Data Encryption Standard (DES) Algorithm

Date : (User Message Encryption)

AIM:
To use Data Encryption Standard (DES) Algorithm for a practical application like User Message
Encryption.

ALGORITHM:
1. Create a DES Key.
2. Create a Cipher instance from Cipher class, specify the following information and separated by a
slash (/).
a. Algorithm name
b. Mode (optional)
c. Padding scheme (optional)
3. Convert String into Byte[] array format.
4. Make Cipher in encrypt mode, and encrypt it with Cipher.doFinal() method.
5. Make Cipher in decrypt mode, and decrypt it with Cipher.doFinal() method.

PROGRAM:

DES.java
import java.security.InvalidKeyException; import
java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;

import javax.crypto.BadPaddingException;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.IllegalBlockSizeException;
import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator;
import javax.crypto.NoSuchPaddingException;
import javax.crypto.SecretKey;

public class DES

{
public static void main(String[] argv) {

try{
System.out.println("Message Encryption Using DES Algorithm\n ");
KeyGenerator keygenerator = KeyGenerator.getInstance("DES");
SecretKey myDesKey = keygenerator.generateKey();
Cipher desCipher;
desCipher = Cipher.getInstance("DES/ECB/PKCS5Padding");
desCipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, myDesKey); byte[] text
= "Secret Information ".getBytes(); System.out.println("Message
[Byte Format] : " + text); System.out.println("Message : " + new
String(text));
byte[] textEncrypted = desCipher.doFinal(text);
System.out.println("Encrypted Message: " + textEncrypted);
desCipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, myDesKey); byte[]
textDecrypted = desCipher.doFinal(textEncrypted);
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

System.out.println("Decrypted Message: " + new String(textDecrypted));

}catch(NoSuchAlgorithmException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}catch(NoSuchPaddingException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}catch(InvalidKeyException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}catch(IllegalBlockSizeException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}catch(BadPaddingException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

OUTPUT:

Message Encryption Using DES Algorithm

Message [Byte Format] : [B@4dcbadb4
Message : Secret Information
Encrypted Message: [B@504bae78
Decrypted Message: Secret Information

RESULT:

Thus the java program for DES Algorithm has been implemented and the output verified successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Ex. No : 1(b)
Date: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm
( URL Encryption )

AIM:
To use Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm for a practical application like
URL Encryption.

ALGORITHM:

1. AES is based on a design principle known as a substitution–permutation.

2. AES does not use a Feistel network like DES, it uses variant of Rijndael.
3. It has a fixed block size of 128 bits, and a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits.
4. AES operates on a 4 × 4 column-major order array of bytes, termed the state

PROGRAM:

AES.java
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Base64;

import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;

public class AES {

private static SecretKeySpec secretKey;

private static byte[] key;

public static void setKey(String myKey) {

MessageDigest sha = null;
try {
key = myKey.getBytes("UTF-8");
sha = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-1");
key = sha.digest(key);
key = Arrays.copyOf(key, 16);
secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(key, "AES");
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
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public static String encrypt(String strToEncrypt, String secret) {

try {
setKey(secret);
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/ECB/PKCS5Padding");
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(cipher.doFinal(strToEncrypt.getBytes("UTF-8")));
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error while encrypting: " + e.toString());
}
return null;
}

public static String decrypt(String strToDecrypt, String secret) {

try {
setKey(secret);
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/ECB/PKCS5PADDING");
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
return new String(cipher.doFinal(Base64.getDecoder().decode(strToDecrypt)));
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error while decrypting: " + e.toString());
}
return null;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

final String secretKey = "annaUniversity";

String originalString = "www.annauniv.edu";

String encryptedString = AES.encrypt(originalString, secretKey);
String decryptedString = AES.decrypt(encryptedString, secretKey);

System.out.println("URL Encryption Using AES Algorithm\n ");

System.out.println("Original URL : " + originalString);
System.out.println("Encrypted URL : " + encryptedString);
System.out.println("Decrypted URL : " + decryptedString);
}
}
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

OUTPUT:

URL Encryption Using AES Algorithm

Original URL : www.annauniv.edu
Encrypted URL : vibpFJW6Cvs5Y+L7t4N6YWWe07+JzS1d3CU2h3mEvEg=
Decrypted URL : www.annauniv.edu

RESULT:

Thus the java program for AES Algorithm has been implemented for URL Encryption and the output
verified successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Ex. No : 2(a)

Date: RSA Algorithm

AIM:
To implement RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) algorithm by using HTML and Javascript.

ALGORITHM:
1. Choose two prime number p and q
2. Compute the value of n and p
3. Find the value of e (public key)
4. Compute the value of d (private key) using gcd()
5. Do the encryption and decryption
a. Encryption is given as,
c = te mod n
b. Decryption is given as,
t = cd mod n

PROGRAM:

rsa.html
<html>

<head>
<title>RSA Encryption</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
</head>

<body>
<center>
<h1>RSA Algorithm</h1>
<h2>Implemented Using HTML & Javascript</h2>
<hr>
<table>
<tr>
<td>Enter First Prime Number:</td>
<td><input type="number" value="53" id="p"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter Second Prime Number:</td>
<td><input type="number" value="59" id="q"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter the Message(cipher text):<br>[A=1, B=2,...]</td>
<td><input type="number" value="89" id="msg"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Public Key:</td>
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<td>
<p id="publickey"></p></td>

</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exponent:</td>
<td>
<p id="exponent"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Private Key:</td>
<td>
<p id="privatekey"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cipher Text:</td>
<td>
<p id="ciphertext"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><button onclick="RSA();">Apply RSA</button></td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</body>
<script type="text/javascript">
function RSA() {
var gcd, p, q, no, n, t, e, i, x;
gcd = function (a, b) { return (!b) ? a : gcd(b, a % b); };
p = document.getElementById('p').value;
q = document.getElementById('q').value;
no = document.getElementById('msg').value;
n = p * q;
t = (p - 1) * (q - 1);

for (e = 2; e < t; e++) {

if (gcd(e, t) == 1) {
break;
}
}

for (i = 0; i < 10;

i++) { x = 1 + i * t
if (x % e == 0) {
d = x / e;
break;
}
}
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ctt = Math.pow(no, e).toFixed(0);

ct = ctt % n;

dtt = Math.pow(ct, d).toFixed(0);

dt = dtt % n;

document.getElementById('publickey').innerHTML = n;
document.getElementById('exponent').innerHTML = e;
document.getElementById('privatekey').innerHTML = d;
document.getElementById('ciphertext').innerHTML = ct;
}
</script>
</html>

OUTPUT

RESULT:

Thus the RSA algorithm has been implemented using HTML & CSS and the output has been verified
successfully
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Ex. No : 2(b)
Date: Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm

AIM:
To implement the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange algorithm for a given problem .

ALGORITHM:

1. Alice and Bob publicly agree to use a modulus p = 23 and base g = 5

(which is a primitive root modulo 23).
2. Alice chooses a secret integer a = 4, then sends Bob A = ga mod p
o A = 54 mod 23 = 4
3. Bob chooses a secret integer b = 3, then sends Alice B = gb mod p
o B = 53 mod 23 = 10
4. Alice computes s = Ba mod p
o s = 104 mod 23 = 18
5. Bob computes s = Ab mod p
o s = 43 mod 23 = 18
6. Alice and Bob now share a secret (the number 18).

PROGRAM:

DiffieHellman.java
class DiffieHellman {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int p = 23; /* publicly known (prime number) */
int g = 5; /* publicly known (primitive root) */
int x = 4; /* only Alice knows this secret */
int y = 3; /* only Bob knows this secret */
double aliceSends = (Math.pow(g, x)) % p;
double bobComputes = (Math.pow(aliceSends, y)) % p;
double bobSends = (Math.pow(g, y)) % p;
double aliceComputes = (Math.pow(bobSends, x)) % p;
double sharedSecret = (Math.pow(g, (x * y))) % p;
System.out.println("simulation of Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm\n-------------------------
");
System.out.println("Alice Sends : " + aliceSends);
System.out.println("Bob Computes : " + bobComputes);
System.out.println("Bob Sends : " + bobSends);
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

System.out.println("Alice Computes : " + aliceComputes);

System.out.println("Shared Secret : " + sharedSecret);

/* shared secrets should match and equality is transitive */

if ((aliceComputes == sharedSecret) && (aliceComputes == bobComputes))
System.out.println("Success: Shared Secrets Matches! " + sharedSecret);
else
System.out.println("Error: Shared Secrets does not Match");
}
}

OUTPUT:

simulation of Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm

Alice Sends : 4.0
Bob Computes : 18.0
Bob Sends : 10.0
Alice Computes : 18.0
Shared Secret : 18.0
Success: Shared Secrets Matches! 18.0

RESULT:
Thus the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm has been implemented using Java Program and the
output has been verified successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Ex. No : 3
Date: SHA-1 Algorithm

AIM:
To Calculate the message digest of a text using the SHA-1 algorithm.

ALGORITHM:
1. Append Padding Bits
2. Append Length - 64 bits are appended to the end
3. Prepare Processing Functions
4. Prepare Processing Constants
5. Initialize Buffers
6. Processing Message in 512-bit blocks (L blocks in total message)

PROGRAM:

sha1.java
import java.security.*;
public class sha1 {
public static void main(String[] a) {
try {
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA1");
System.out.println("Message digest object info:\n");
System.out.println("Algorithm=" + md.getAlgorithm());
System.out.println("Provider=" + md.getProvider());
System.out.println("ToString=" + md.toString());
String input = "";
md.update(input.getBytes());
byte[] output = md.digest();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\"" + input + "\")=" +
bytesToHex(output)); input = "abc";
md.update(input.getBytes());
output = md.digest();

System.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\"" + input + "\")=" +
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

bytesToHex(output)); input = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";

md.update(input.getBytes());
output = md.digest();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\"" + input + "\")=" +bytesToHex(output));
System.out.println();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception:" + e);
}
}
private static String bytesToHex(byte[] b) {
char hexDigit[] = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F' };
StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();

for (byte aB : b) {
buf.append(hexDigit[(aB >> 4) & 0x0f]);
buf.append(hexDigit[aB & 0x0f]);
}

return buf.toString();
}
}
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

OUTPUT:

Message digest object info:

Algorithm=SHA1
Provider=SUN version 12
ToString=SHA1 Message Digest from SUN, <initialized>

SHA1("")=DA39A3EE5E6B4B0D3255BFEF95601890AFD80709

SHA1("abc")=A9993E364706816ABA3E25717850C26C9CD0D89D

SHA1("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")=32D10C7B8CF96570CA04CE37F2A19D84240D3A89

RESULT:
Thus the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-1) has been implemented and the output has been verified
successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Ex. No : 4
Date: Digital Signature Standard

AIM:
To implement the SIGNATURE SCHEME - Digital Signature Standard.

ALGORITHM:
1. Create a KeyPairGenerator object.
2. Initialize the KeyPairGenerator object.
3. Generate the KeyPairGenerator. ...
4. Get the private key from the pair.
5. Create a signature object.
6. Initialize the Signature object.
7. Add data to the Signature object
8. Calculate the Signature

PROGRAM:

import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class CreatingDigitalSignature {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter some text");
String msg = sc.nextLine();

KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DSA");

keyPairGen.initialize(2048);

KeyPair pair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();

PrivateKey privKey = pair.getPrivate();

Signature sign = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withDSA");

sign.initSign(privKey);
byte[] bytes = "msg".getBytes();

sign.update(bytes);
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

byte[] signature = sign.sign();

System.out.println("Digital signature for given text: "+new String(signature, "UTF8"));

}
}

OUTPUT:

Enter some text

Hi how are you
Digital signature for given text: 0=@gRD???-?.???? /yGL?i??a!?

RESULT:
Thus the Digital Signature Standard Signature Scheme has been implemented and the output has
been verified successfully.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Ex. No : 5 Installation of Wire shark, tcp dump and observe

Date: data transferred in client- server comm

AIM:
To installation of Wire shark, tcpdump and observe data transferred in client-server communication using
UDP/TCP and identify the UDP/TCP datagram.

INTRODUCTION:
The first part of the lab introduces packet sniffer, Wireshark. Wireshark is a free open- source
network protocol analyzer. It is used for network troubleshooting and communication protocol
analysis. Wireshark captures network packets in real time and display them in human-readable
format. It provides many advanced features including live capture and offline analysis, three-
pane packet browser, coloring rules for analysis. This document uses Wireshark for the
experiments, and it covers Wireshark installation, packet capturing, and protocol analysis.

Figure 1: Wireshark in Kali Linux

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BACKGROUND :

TCP/IP Network Stack

Figure 2: Encapsulation of Data in the TCP/IP Network Stack

In the CSC 4190 Introduction to Computer Networking (one of the perquisite courses), TCP/IP
network stack is introduced and studied. This background section briefly explains the concept of
TCP/IP network stack to help you better understand the experiments. TCP/IP is the most
commonly used network model for Internet services. Because its most important protocols, the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) were the first networking
protocols defined in this standard, it is named as TCP/IP. However, it contains multiple layers
including application layer, transport layer, network layer, and data link layer.

- Application Layer: The application layer includes the protocols used by most applications
for providing user services. Examples of application layer protocols are Hypertext
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Secure Shell (SSH), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Simple
Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).
- Transport Layer: The transport layer establishes process-to-process connectivity, and it
provides end-to-end services that are independent of underlying user data. To implement
the process-to-process communication, the protocol introduces a concept of port. The
examples of transport layer protocols are Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and User
Datagram Protocol (UDP). The TCP provides flow- control, connection establishment, and
reliable transmission of data, while the UDP is a connectionless transmission model.
- Internet Layer: The Internet layer is responsible for sending packets to across networks. It
has two functions: 1) Host identification by using IP addressing system (IPv4 and IPv6);
and 2) packets routing from source to destination. The examples of Internet layer protocols
are Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), and Address
Resolution Protocol (ARP).
- Link Layer: The link layer defines the networking methods within the scope of the local
network link. It is used to move the packets between two hosts on the same link. An
common example of link layer protocols is Ethernet.

Packet Sniffer

Packet sniffer is a basic tool for observing network packet exchanges in a computer. As the name
suggests, a packet sniffer captures (“sniffs”) packets being sent/received from/by your computer;
it will also typically store and/or display the contents of the various protocol fields in these captured
packets. A packet sniffer itself is passive. It observes messages being sent and received by
applications and protocolsrunning on your computer, but never sends packets itself.

Figure 3 shows the structure of a packet sniffer. At the right of Figure 3 are the protocols (in this
case, Internet protocols) and applications (such as a web browser or ftp client) that normally run
on your computer. The packet sniffer, shown within the dashed rectangle in Figure 3 is an addition
to the usual software in your computer, and consists of two parts. The packet capture library
receives a copy of every link-layer frame that is sent from or received by your computer. Messages
exchanged by higher layer protocols such as HTTP, FTP, TCP, UDP, DNS, or IP all are eventually
encapsulated in link-layer framesthat are transmitted over physical media such as an Ethernet
cable. In Figure 1, the assumed physical media is an Ethernet, and so all upper-layer protocols are
eventually encapsulated within an Ethernet frame. Capturing all link-layer frames

thus gives you access to all messages sent/received from/by all protocols and applications
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

executing in your computer.

The second component of a packet sniffer is the packet analyzer, which displays the contents of
all fields within a protocol message. In order to do so, the packet analyzer

Packet Sniffer Structure

must “understand” the structure of all messages exchanged by protocols. For example, suppose we
are interested in displaying the various fields in messages exchanged by the HTTP protocol in
Figure 3. The packet analyzer understands the format of Ethernet frames, and so can identify the
IP datagram within an Ethernet frame. It also understands the IP datagram format, so that it can
extract the TCP segment within the IP datagram. Finally, it understands the TCP segment structure,
so it can extract the HTTP message contained in the TCP segment. Finally, it understands the
HTTP protocol and so, for example, knows that the first bytes of an HTTP message will contain
the string “GET,” “POST,” or “HEAD”.

We will be using the Wireshark packet sniffer [http://www.wireshark.org/] for these labs, allowing
us to display the contents of messages being sent/received from/by protocols at different levels of
the protocol stack. (Technically speaking, Wireshark is a packet analyzer that uses a packet capture
library in your computer). Wireshark is a free network protocol analyzer that runs on Windows,
Linux/Unix, and Mac computers. Getting Wireshark

The Kai Linux has Wireshark installed. You can just launch the Kali Linux VM and open Wireshark
there.Wireshark can also be downloaded from here:

https://www.wireshark.org/download.html
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

(Download Page of Wireshark)

Starting Wireshark:
When you run the Wireshark program, the Wireshark graphic user interface will be shown as
Figure 5.Currently, the program is not capturing the packets.

Initial Graphic User Interface of Wireshark

 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Then, you need to choose an interface. If you are running the Wireshark on your laptop, you need
to select WiFi interface. If you are at a desktop, you need to select the Ethernet interface being
used. Note that there could be multiple interfaces. In general, you can select any interface but that
does not mean that traffic will flow through that interface. The network interfaces (i.e., the physical
connections) that your computer has to the network are shown. The attached Figure 6 was taken
from my computer.

After you select the interface, you can click start to capture the packets as shown in Figure 7.

Capture Interfaces in Wireshark

Capturing Packets in Wireshark

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(Wireshark Graphical User Interface on Microsoft Windows)

The Wireshark interface has five major components:

The command menus are standard pulldown menus located at the top of the window. Of interest
to us now is the File and Capture menus. The File menu allows you to save captured packet data
or open a file containing previously captured packet data, and exit the Wireshark application. The
Capture menu allows you to begin packet capture.

The packet-listing window displays a one-line summary for each packet captured, including the
packet number (assigned by Wireshark; this is not a packet number contained in any protocol’s
header), the time at which the packet was captured, the packet’s source and destination addresses,
the protocol type, and protocol-specific information contained in the packet. The packet listing can
be sorted according to any of these categories by clicking on a column name. The protocol type
field lists the highest- level protocol that sent or received this packet, i.e., the protocol that is the
source or ultimate sink for this packet.

The packet-header details window provides details about the packet selected (highlighted) in the
packet-listing window. (To select a packet in the packet-listing window, place the cursor over the
packet’s one- line summary in the packet-listing window and click with the left mouse button.).
These details include information about the Ethernet frame and IP datagram that
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

contains this packet. The amount of Ethernet and IP-layer detail displayed can be expanded or
minimized by clicking on the right- pointing or down- pointing arrowhead to the left of the Ethernet
frame or IP datagram line in the packet details window. If the packet has been carried over TCP or
UDP, TCP or UDP details will also be displayed, which can similarly be expanded or minimized.
Finally, details about the highest-level protocol that sent or received this packet are also provided.

The packet-contents window displays the entire contents of the captured frame, in both ASCII
and hexadecimal format.

Towards the top of the Wireshark graphical user interface, is the packet display filter field, into
which a protocol name or other information can be entered in order to filter the information
displayed in the packet-listing window (and hence the packet-header and packet-contents
windows). In the examplebelow, we’ll use the packet-display filter field to have Wireshark hide
(not display) packets except those that correspond to HTTP messages.

Capturing Packets
After downloading and installing Wireshark, you can launch it and click the name of an interface
under Interface List to start capturing packets on that interface. For example, if you want to capture
traffic on the wireless network, click your wireless interface.

Test Run

Do the following steps:

1. Start up the Wireshark program (select an interface and press start to capture packets).
2. Start up your favorite browser (ceweasel in Kali Linux).
3. In your browser, go to Wayne State homepage by typing www.wayne.edu.
4. After your browser has displayed the http://www.wayne.edu page, stop Wireshark packet
capture by selecting stop in the Wireshark capture window. This will cause the Wireshark
capture window to disappear and the main Wireshark window to display all

packets captured since you began packet capture see image below:
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5. Color Coding: You’ll probably see packets highlighted in green, blue, and black.
Wireshark uses colors to help you identify the types of traffic at a glance. By default, green
is TCP traffic, dark blue is DNS traffic, light blue is UDP traffic, and black identifies TCP
packets with problems — for example, they could have been delivered out-of-order.
6. You now have live packet data that contains all protocol messages exchanged between
your computer and other network entities! However, as you will notice the HTTP messages
are not clearly shown because there are many other packets included in the packet capture.
Even though the only action you took was to open your browser, there are many other
programs in your computer that communicate via the network in the
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

background. To filter the connections to the ones we want to focus on, we have to use the
filtering functionality of Wireshark by typing “http” in the filtering field as shown below:
Notice that we now view only the packets that are of protocol HTTP. However, we also still do
not have the exact communication we want to focus on because using HTTP as a filter is not
descriptive enough to allow us to find our connection to http://www.wayne.edu. We need to be
more precise if we want to capture the correct set of packets.

7. To further filter packets in Wireshark, we need to use a more precise filter. By setting the
http.host www.wayne.edu, we are restricting the view to packets that have as an http host the
www.wayne.edu website. Notice that we need two equal signs to perform the match not just
one. See the screenshot below:

8. Now, we can try another protocol. Let’s use Domain Name System (DNS) protocol as an
example here.
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9. Let’s try now to find out what are those packets contain by following of the
conversations (also called network flows), select one of the packets and press the right
mouse button (if you are on Mac use the command button and click), you should see

something similar to the screen below:

 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Click on Follow UDP Stresm and u will see the following screen

10. If we close this window and change the filter back to “http.hos ww.wayne.edu” and then follow

a packet from the list of packets that match that filter, we should get the something similar to the
following screens. Note that we click on Follow TCP Stream this time.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Result:

Installation of Wire shark, tcpdump and observe data transferred in client-server communication using
UDP/TCP and identify the UDP/TCP datagram.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Ex. No : 6
Date: Check message integrity and confidentiality using SSL

AIM:

SSL Session in Details

Handshaking - Ciphersuit Negotiation

Client sends a plaintext Client_Hello message and suggests some cryptographic parameters
(collectively called ciphersuit) to be used for their communication session. The Client_Hello message
also contains a 32-byte random number denoted as client_random. For example,

Client_Hello:
Protocol Version: TLSv1 if you can, else SSLv3.
Key Exchange: RSA if you can, else Diffe-Hellman.
Secret Key Cipher Method: 3DES if you can, else DES.
Message Digest: SHA-1 if you can, else MD5.
Data Compression Method: PKZip if you can, else gzip.
Client Random Number: 32 bytes.

The stronger method (in terms of security) shall precede the weaker one, e.g. RSA (1024-bit)
precedes DH, 3DES precedes DES, SHA-1 (160-bit) precedes MD5 (128-bit).

Server responds with a plaintext Server_Helllo to state the ciphersuit of choice (server decides on the
ciphersuit). The message also contains a 32-byte random number denoted as server_random. For
example,

Server_Hello:
Protocol Version: TLSv1.
Key Exchange: RSA.
Secret Key Cipher Method: DES.
Message Digest: SHA-1.
Data Compression Method: PKZip.
Server Random Number: 32 bytes.

Handshaking - Key Exchange

The server sends its digital certificate to the client, which is supposedly signed by a root CA. The
client uses the root CA's public key to verify the server's certificate (trusted root-CAs' public key are
pre-installed inside the browser). It then retrieves the server's public key from the server's certificate.
(If the server's certificate is signed by a sub-CA, the client has to build a digital certificate chain,
leading to a trusted root CA, to verify the server's certificate.)

The server can optionally request for the client's certificate to authenticate the client. In practice,
server usually does not authenticate the client. This is because:
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

• Server authenticates client by checking the credit card in an e-commerce transaction.

• Most clients do not have a digital certificate.
• Authentication via digital certificate takes time and the server may lose an impatient client.

The next step is to establish the Session Key:

i. The client generates a 48-byte (384-bit) random number called pre_master_secret, encrypts
it using the verified server's public key and sends it to the server.
ii. Server decrypts the pre_master_secret using its own private key. Eavesdroppers cannot
decrypt the pre_master_secret, as they do not possess the server's private key.
iii. Client and server then independently and simultaneously create the session key, based on the
pre_master_secret, client_random and server_random. Notice that both the server and client
contribute to the session key, through the inclusion of the random number exchange in the
hello messages. Eavesdroppers can intercept client_random and server_random as they are
sent in plaintext, but cannot decrypt the pre_master_secret.
iv. In a SSL/TLS session, the session key consists of 6 secret keys (to thwart crypto-analysis). 3
secret keys are used for client-to-server messages, and the other 3 secret keys are used for
server-to-client messages. Among the 3 secret keys, one is used for encryption (e.g., DES
secret key), one is used for message integrity (e.g., HMAC) and one is used for cipher
initialization. (Cipher initialization uses a random plaintext called Initial Vector (IV) to prime
the cipher pump.)
v. Client and server use the pre_master_secret (48-byte random number created by the client
and exchange securely), client_random, server_random, and a pseudo-random function (PRF)
to generate a master_secret. They can use the master_secret, client_random, server_random,
and the pseudo-random function (PRF) to generate all the 6 shared secret keys. Once the
secret keys are generated, the pre_master_secret is no longer needed and should be deleted.
vi. From this point onwards, all the exchanges are encrypted using the session key
vii. The client sends Finished handshake message using their newly created session key. Server
responds with a Finished handshake message.

Message Exchange

Client and server can use the agreed-upon session key (consists of 6 secret keys) for secure exchange of
messages.

Sending messages:

1. The sender compresses the message using the agreed-upon compression method (e.g.,
PKZip, gzip).
2. The sender hashes the compressed data and the secret HMAC key to make an HMAC, to
assure message integrity.
3. The sender encrypts the compressed data and HMAC using encryption/decryption secret key,
to assure message confidentiality.

Retrieve messages:

1. The receiver decrypts the ciphertext using the encryption/decryption secret key to retrieve
the compressed data and HMAC.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

2. The receiver hashes the compressed data to independently produce the HMAC. It then verifies
the generated HMAC with the HMAC contained in the message to assure message integrity.
3. The receiver un-compresses the data using the agreed-upon compression method to recover
the plaintext.

The following diagram shows the sequence of the SSL messages for a typical client/server session.

A SSL Session Trace

We could use OpenSSL's s_client (with debug option) to produce a SSL session trace.

> openssl s_client ?

(Display the available options)

The following command turns on the debug option and forces the protocol to be TLSv1:

> openssl s_client -connect localhost:443 -CAfile ca.crt -debug -tls1

Loading 'screen' into random state - done

CONNECTED(00000760)

write to 00988EB0 [009952C8] (102 bytes => 102 (0x66))

0000 - 16 03 01 00 61 01 00 00-5d 03 01 40 44 35 27 5c ....a...]..@D5'\
0010 - 5a e8 74 26 e9 49 37 e2-06 3b 1c 6d 77 37 d1 ae Z.t&.I7..;.mw7..
0020 - 44 07 86 47 98 fa 84 1a-8d f4 72 00 00 36 00 39 D..G r..6.9
0030 - 00 38 00 35 00 16 00 13-00 0a 00 33 00 32 00 2f .8.5.......3.2./
0040 - 00 07 00 66 00 05 00 04-00 63 00 62 00 61 00 15 ...f.....c.b.a..
0050 - 00 12 00 09 00 65 00 64-00 60 00 14 00 11 00 08 .....e.d.`......
0060 - 00 06 00 03 01 .....
0066 - <SPACES/NULS>

read from 00988EB0 [00990AB8] (5 bytes => 5 (0x5))

0000 - 16 03 01 00 2a *

read from 00988EB0 [00990ABD] (42 bytes => 42 (0x2A))

0000 - 02 00 00 26 03 01 40 44-35 27 cc ef 2b 51 e1 b0 ...&..@D5'..+Q..
0010 - 44 1f ef c4 83 72 df 37-4f 9b 2b dd 11 50 13 87 D....r.7O.+..P..
0020 - 91 0a a2 d2 28 b9 00 00-16 ....(....
002a - <SPACES/NULS>

read from 00988EB0 [00990AB8] (5 bytes => 5 (0x5))

0000 - 16 03 01 02 05 .....

read from 00988EB0 [00990ABD] (517 bytes => 517 (0x205))

0000 - 0b 00 02 01 00 01 fe 00-01 fb 30 82 01 f7 30 82 ..........0 0.
0010 - 01 60 02 01 01 30 0d 06-09 2a 86 48 86 f7 0d 01 .`...0...*.H....
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

0020 - 01 04 05 00 30 4d 31 0b-30 09 06 03 55 04 06 13 ....0M1.0...U...

0030 - 02 55 53 31 10 30 0e 06-03 55 04 0b 13 07 74 65 .US1.0...U. . .te
0040 - 73 74 31 30 31 31 0c 30-0a 06 03 55 04 03 13 03 st1011.0...U....
0050 - 63 68 63 31 1e 30 1c 06-09 2a 86 48 86 f7 0d 01 chc1.0...*.H....
0060 - 09 01 16 0f 63 68 63 40-74 65 73 74 31 30 31 2e chc@test101.
0070 - 63 6f 6d 30 1e 17 0d 30-34 30 32 32 36 30 36 35 com0 040226065
0080 - 36 35 34 5a 17 0d 30 35-30 32 32 35 30 36 35 36 654Z 0502250656
0090 - 35 34 5a 30 3b 31 0b 30-09 06 03 55 04 06 13 02 54Z0;1.0...U....
00a0 - 55 53 31 0c 30 0a 06 03-55 04 03 13 03 63 68 63 US1.0...U chc
00b0 - 31 1e 30 1c 06 09 2a 86-48 86 f7 0d 01 09 01 16 1.0...*.H.......
00c0 - 0f 63 68 63 40 74 65 73-74 31 30 31 2e 63 6f 6d [email protected]
00d0 - 30 81 9f 30 0d 06 09 2a-86 48 86 f7 0d 01 01 01 0..0...*.H......
00e0 - 05 00 03 81 8d 00 30 81-89 02 81 81 00 cd e4 9e ......0.........
00f0 - 7c b6 d2 34 4e d3 53 46-25 c7 53 88 25 60 e6 46 |..4N.SF%.S.%`.F
0100 - db 64 3a 73 61 92 ac 23-92 cd 2c 94 a9 8f c6 7f .d:sa..#..,.....
0110 - 47 73 c0 d9 8d 34 b7 2c-dd c9 86 bd 82 6f ce ac Gs...4.,.....o..
0120 - d8 e2 ba 0f e5 f5 3a 67-2c 89 1a 1b 03 eb 21 85 ......:g,. !.
0130 - 28 e3 29 98 84 ed 46 75-82 fa 0f 30 a3 a9 a5 71 (.)...Fu...0. .q
0140 - 46 4c d6 0d 17 c4 19 fd-44 fb e2 18 46 a6 9d ab FL......D...F...
0150 - 91 de 6b a1 7f fe 30 06-28 5d d8 d3 29 00 c3 1d ..k...0.(]..)...
0160 - 4c 13 00 61 8f f3 85 51-f5 68 d8 69 25 02 03 01 L..a...Q.h.i%...
0170 - 00 01 30 0d 06 09 2a 86-48 86 f7 0d 01 01 04 05 ..0...*.H.......
0180 - 00 03 81 81 00 29 fd bf-5a ed 70 8f 53 a4 e9 14 .....)..Z.p.S...
0190 - 4c 5e ba 84 c6 54 1b f2-c0 3c c4 30 0f 7f 12 80 L^...T...<.0....
01a0 - 4e 01 b7 fd 39 50 f1 41-0d d8 aa 77 d9 87 25 1a N...9P.A...w..%.
01b0 - 1e e2 97 88 4f 53 75 c8-70 22 6a 01 61 0f 51 3e OSu.p"j.a.Q>
01c0 - 13 19 9c 64 f2 76 14 e8-85 25 23 a2 11 c4 8c f8 ...d.v...%#.....
01d0 - 23 2c d1 c3 d3 71 3a e6-71 54 10 07 dc 72 ff ee #,...q:.qT...r..
01e0 - e8 3e cf 8e 77 73 e9 9f-f5 9a 90 60 4d a0 aa 03 .>..ws.....`M...
01f0 - 32 1f 11 6f 2e 9a 5f 3c-77 05 22 0c 81 bf 29 96 2..o.._ 5 (0x5))
0000 - 16 03 01 01 8d .....

read from 00988EB0 [00990ABD] (397 bytes => 397 (0x18D)) 0000
- 0c 00 01 89 00 80 e6 96-9d 3d 49 5b e3 2c 7c f1
=I[.,|
.
0010 - 80 c3 bd d4 79 8e 91 b7-81 82 51 bb 05 5e 2a 20 ....y.....Q..^*
0020 - 64 90 4a 79 a7 70 fa 15-a2 59 cb d5 23 a6 a6 ef d.Jy.p...Y..#...
0030 - 09 c4 30 48 d5 a2 2f 97-1f 3c 20 12 9b 48 00 0e ..0H../..< ..H..
0040 - 6e dd 06 1c bc 05 3e 37-1d 79 4e 53 27 df 61 1e n >7.yNS'.a.
0050 - bb be 1b ac 9b 5c 60 44-cf 02 3d 76 e0 5e ea 9b .....\`D..=v.^..
0060 - ad 99 1b 13 a6 3c 97 4e-9e f1 83 9e b5 db 12 51 .....<.N Q
0070 - 36 f7 26 2e 56 a8 87 15-38 df d8 23 c6 50 50 85 6.&.V...8..#.PP.
0080 - e2 1f 0d d5 c8 6b 00 01-02 00 80 11 3f 5f fa e4 .....k......?_..
0090 - 79 9a 0b d9 e0 67 37 c4-2a 88 22 b0 95 b7 a7 be y....g7.*.".....
00a0 - 93 79 9d 51 ae 31 47 99-df 47 dd 80 5e 3d 2a 4a .y.Q.1G..G..^=*J
00b0 - 29 8b fd c1 63 5e 48 e8-e3 fd ac 95 1b 3a 5f 75 )...c^H .:_u
00c0 - 98 2d 3c 9c ba 68 18 7b-be 38 2c 69 3d 41 b7 c3 .-<..h.{.8,i=A..
00d0 - 08 a1 da b0 a8 a4 fe 9a-d6 1e 56 ff 4c 8c 6e 6b V.L.nk
00e0 - 18 f1 ec 9d 22 a9 90 27-c1 c6 2c 0e bd 0e 13 d4 ...."..'..,.....
00f0 - fd b2 c9 8f 6f bb 8e 06-e0 b5 1f f7 87 03 5f a8 ....o _.
0100 - 12 4f bb ce ba f1 76 fb-80 08 37 00 80 30 99 ad .O....v...7..0..
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

0110 - 9b fc 3a 14 6b a8 2c c5-fe 7b bd 1c 92 ec 19 a6 ..:.k.,..{......

0120 - 75 2d 69 4e f4 9f 74 60-5d d4 3e 06 97 38 bc b5 u-iN..t`].>..8..
0130 - 0e 3c 1f f2 99 e6 55 4a-36 42 a8 f2 b7 32 2a 1e .<....UJ6B. .2*.
0140 - a3 87 b3 f3 79 43 28 d1-7a 0d db 7c 11 26 f3 68 ....yC(.z..|.&.h
0150 - b1 73 b6 78 4b f3 22 20-e4 f7 27 08 ab 74 92 92 .s.xK." ..'..t..
0160 - 79 26 61 40 1e e9 90 11-e8 b1 cf 99 d9 9f c7 68 y&a@ h
0170 - 48 e8 f2 a5 d5 d7 0e e1-88 9a bd 0f 40 85 af 2d H @..-
0180 - da 76 3a 10 6e b9 38 4d-37 9c 41 c8 9f .v:.n.8M7.A..

read from 00988EB0 [00990AB8] (5 bytes => 5 (0x5))

0000 - 16 03 01 00 04 .....

read from 00988EB0 [00990ABD] (4 bytes => 4 (0x4))

0000 - 0e .
0004 - <SPACES/NULS>

write to 00988EB0 [00999BE0] (139 bytes => 139 (0x8B))

0000 - 16 03 01 00 86 10 00 00-82 00 80 63 c2 3c 69 26 ...........c...dU.....]n..
0030 - 05 f1 db 44 f3 13 a8 24-3a 76 0e 3e 1a 6e 55 0c ...D. .$:v.>.nU.
0040 - 31 9b 04 99 30 ff 8f d2-8d 8e 0d b1 67 ac 43 ee 1...0 g.C.
0050 - b2 3f d3 c7 c5 33 81 e1-3f d2 47 6f 5d 8a fb 4c .?...3..?.Go]..L
0060 - 62 c7 23 b3 f7 ad 3c a9-0c 87 4a 08 07 55 ba 06 b.#...<...J..U..
0070 - 34 18 0c 5f d9 35 f0 2b-90 9a 9d 6b 87 62 41 0f 4.._.5.+. .k.bA.
0080 - b3 47 74 5f 5b b8 59 5a-b2 21 dd .Gt_[.YZ.!.

write to 00988EB0 [00999BE0] (6 bytes => 6 (0x6))

0000 - 14 03 01 00 01 01 ......

write to 00988EB0 [00999BE0] (45 bytes => 45 (0x2D))

0000 - 16 03 01 00 28 0f 31 83-e0 f8 91 fa 33 98 68 46 ....(.1 3.hF
0010 - c0 60 83 66 28 fe d3 a5-00 f0 98 d5 df 22 72 2d .`.f( "r-
0020 - e4 40 9b 96 3b 4c f9 02-13 a7 e7 77 74 .@..;L wt

read from 00988EB0 [00990AB8] (5 bytes => 5 (0x5))

0000 - 14 03 01 00 01 .....

read from 00988EB0 [00990ABD] (1 bytes => 1 (0x1))

0000 - 01 .

read from 00988EB0 [00990AB8] (5 bytes => 5 (0x5))

0000 - 16 03 01 00 28 (

read from 00988EB0 [00990ABD] (40 bytes => 40 (0x28))

0000 - d4 0b a6 b7 e8 91 09 1e-e4 1e fc 44 5f 80 cc a1 ...........D_...
0010 - 5d 51 55 3e 62 e8 0f 78-07 f6 2f cd f9 bc 49 8d ]QU>b..x../. .I.
0020 - 56 5b e8 b2 09 2c 18 52- V[. ,.R
---

Certificate chain
0 s:/C=US/CN=chc/[email protected]
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

i:/C=US/OU=test101/CN=chc/[email protected]
---

Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIB9zCCAWACAQEwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEEBQAwTTELMAkGA1UEBhMCVVMxEDAOB
gNV
BAsTB3Rlc3QxMDExDDAKBgNVBAMTA2NoYzEeMBwGCSqGSIb3DQEJARYPY2hjQHRl
c3QxMDEuY29tMB4XDTA0MDIyNjA2NTY1NFoXDTA1MDIyNTA2NTY1NFowOzELMAkG
A1UEBhMCVVMxDDAKBgNVBAMTA2NoYzEeMBwGCSqGSIb3DQEJARYPY2hjQHRlc3Q
x
MDEuY29tMIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDN5J58ttI0TtNTRiX
H
U4glYOZG22Q6c2GSrCOSzSyUqY/Gf0dzwNmNNLcs3cmGvYJvzqzY4roP5fU6ZyyJ
GhsD6yGFKOMpmITtRnWC+g8wo6mlcUZM1g0XxBn9RPviGEamnauR3muhf/4wBihd
2NMpAMMdTBMAYY/zhVH1aNhpJQIDAQABMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBBAUAA4GBACn9v1rt
cI9TpOkUTF66hMZUG/LAPMQwD38SgE4Bt/05UPFBDdiqd9mHJRoe4peIT1N1yHAi
agFhD1E+ExmcZPJ2FOiFJSOiEcSM+CMs0cPTcTrmcVQQB9xy/+7oPs+Od3Ppn/Wa
kGBNoKoDMh8Rby6aXzx3BSIMgb8plq3LOxiu
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

subject=/C=US/CN=chc/[email protected]
issuer=/C=US/OU=test101/CN=chc/[email protected]
---

No client certificate CA names sent

---

SSL handshake has read 1031 bytes and written 292 bytes
---

New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA

Server public key is 1024 bit
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1
Cipher : EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA
Session-ID:
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: 57FDDAF85C7D287F9F9A070E8784A29C75E788DA2757699B
20F3CA50E7EE01A66182A71753B78DA218916136D50861AE
Key-Arg : None
Start Time: 1078211879
Timeout : 7200 (sec)
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---

GET /test.html HTTP/1.0

write to 00988EB0 [009952C8] (82 bytes => 82 (0x52))

0000 - 17 03 01 00 18 74 fa 45-35 2d b1 24 59 cf ad 96 .....t.E5-.$Y...
0010 - 34 30 01 7d be 8e 70 f9-41 62 11 f1 36 17 03 01 40.}..p.Ab..6...
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

0020 - 00 30 56 61 ba 2d d3 58-5d e6 6a 83 78 07 87 7a .0Va.-.X].j.x..z

0030 - db b2 a7 40 c7 6d c1 4a-20 3b 82 7d aa 15 e8 65 [email protected] ;.}...e
0040 - 3b 92 bd c8 20 e9 9d 41-f1 77 51 d9 ae 31 c4 2c ;... ..A.wQ..1.,
0050 - 32 5a 2Z

write to 00988EB0 [009952C8] (58 bytes => 58 (0x3A))

0000 - 17 03 01 00 18 39 2f df-43 75 91 13 34 1b 12 04 .....9/.Cu..4...
0010 - 7d ef 8d e1 86 54 4f 67-c8 1d cd 07 a4 17 03 01 }....TOg........
0020 - 00 18 53 d9 22 9d eb 6e-8b 79 f8 e4 82 2f ba ea ..S."..n.y.../..
0030 - 03 a5 3f 12 85 2e 9f 64-ff dc ..?....d..

read from 00988EB0 [00990AB8] (5 bytes => 5 (0x5))

0000 - 17 03 01 01 48 H

read from 00988EB0 [00990ABD] (328 bytes => 328 (0x148))

0000 - bd eb 8b 9c 01 ac 73 30-8f ca a4 8b 2a 6f bd 02 ......s0....*o.. 0010
- d7 fc 71 18 61 47 f2 1d-70 8b 10 7d 98 28 a4 50 ..q.aG..p..}.(.P
0020 - f3 0f 42 e8 c5 e1 3e 53-34 bd c7 62 34 1b 5e 8c ..B...>S4..b4.^.
0030 - 99 2d 89 c6 b3 f0 19 96-22 97 43 b8 8f 9d 76 42 .-......".C. .vB
0040 - 95 a5 7c db 3b 22 dd 57-29 8d e8 d4 28 3e 89 d8 ..|.;".W)...(>..
0050 - 46 e5 dc 35 51 56 f8 44-d1 82 44 a0 65 b0 93 22 F..5QV.D..D.e.."
0060 - 4b 0a eb 07 26 c9 2a e2-45 4c de 07 0c bb 3e c6 K...&.*.EL >.
0070 - bc 37 94 cd ec 94 2f 35-76 37 13 4d 0f 88 9c b1 .7..../5v7.M....
0080 - d7 1c 58 8a 35 5b 32 bc-12 2b 9c e6 5b d4 86 bd ..X.5[2..+..[...
0090 - 39 fc 99 18 79 ec f7 53-db 59 74 49 da 07 69 54 9...y..S.YtI..iT
00a0 - f4 66 aa 36 34 39 f9 0b-87 50 9e 76 db 9f d0 44 .f.649...P.v. .D
00b0 - 0c 0d e7 65 80 9b b8 51-56 3d d0 db aa 55 ff ca ...e...QV=...U..
00c0 - 74 38 24 c1 8c d7 32 cf-ab 03 b3 59 29 0f 80 18 t8$...2....Y)...
00d0 - 6a d4 e0 7e fd 41 8c f7-1d 81 12 a7 00 b3 71 39 j..~.A q9
00e0 - 78 1e 3c 17 42 d4 99 22-69 7b 2d 09 ef d8 6e f4 x.<.B.."i{ n.
00f0 - 64 f6 61 34 72 8c 89 f5-a8 ea 1c b1 0d 08 ff 17 d.a4r...........
0100 - 51 3e 46 2b 38 75 61 6a-1e 34 f4 14 14 38 0d 5e Q>F+8uaj.4 8.^
0110 - 6e ba db ef 83 88 ee a5-2c 18 5a 0c 27 e3 d9 19 n.......,.Z.'...
0120 - 6c a3 12 c0 a1 3d e1 14-96 d3 1a f9 c9 f2 aa d6 l....=..........
0130 - 12 d5 36 ae 36 f2 18 f5-df c6 ef 34 d7 7d 2b 70 ..6.6 4.}+p
0140 - 99 88 47 93 91 09 56 b1- ..G V.

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Tue, 02 Mar 2004 07:18:08 GMT
Server: Apache/1.3.29 (Win32) mod_ssl/2.8.16 OpenSSL/0.9.7c
Last-Modified: Sat, 07 Feb 2004 10:53:25 GMT
ETag: "0-23-4024c3a5"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Content-Length: 35
Connection: close
Content-Type: text/html

<h1>Home page on main server</h1>

read from 00988EB0 [00990AB8] (5 bytes => 5 (0x5))

 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

0000 - 15 03 01 00 18 .....

read from 00988EB0 [00990ABD] (24 bytes => 24 (0x18))

0000 - a5 47 51 bd aa 0f 9b e4-ac d4 28 f2 d0 a0 c8 fa .GQ.......(.....
0010 - 2c d4 e5 e4 be c5 01 85- ,.......

closed

write to 00988EB0 [009952C8] (29 bytes => 29 (0x1D))

0000 - 15 03 01 00 18 d4 19 b9-59 88 88 c0 c9 38 ab 5c ........Y 8.\
0010 - 98 8c 43 fd b8 9e 14 3d-77 5e 4c 68 03 ..C =w^Lh.

Trace Analysis

The data to be transmitted is broken up into series of fragments. Each fragment is protected for
integrity using HMAC. (more)

Each SSL record begins with a 5-byte header:

• Byte 0: Record Content Type. Four Content Types are defined, as follows:

Content Type Hex Code Description

Handshake 0x16 The record carries a handshaking message
Application_Data 0x17 Encrypted Application Data
Change_Cipher_Spec 0x14 To indicate a change in encryption methods.
Alert 0x15 To signal various types of errors

• Byte 1 & 2: SSL version (0x0301 for TLSv1, 0x0300 for SSLv3).
• Byte 3 & 4: The record length, excluding the 5-byte header.

Let us begin looking into the handshake message contained within a SSL record (of Content Type
0x16). The handshake message has a 4-byte header:

• Byte 0: Handshake Type, as follows:

Handshake Type Hex Code

hello_request 0x00
client_hello 0x01
server_hello 0x02
certificate 0x0b
server_key_exchang 0x0c
e
certificate_reques 0x0d
t
server_hello_done 0x0e
certificate_verify 0x0f
client_key_exchang 0x10
e
finished 0x14

• Byte 1 - 3: The message length, excluding the 3-byte header.

 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Hence, a client_hello record will begin with a 5-byte record header, followed by a 4-byte
handshake message header. For example,

Client_Hello

The first handshake message is always sent by the client, called client_hello message. In this
message, the client tells the server its preferences in terms of protocol version, ciphersuit, and
compression method. The client also includes a 32-byte random number (client_random) in the
message, which is made up of a 4-byte GMT Unix time (seconds since 1970), plus another 28 random
bytes.

You must refer to RFC2246 for the structure of the Client_Hello message.

Bytes Len Value Description

00 1 16 Record Content Type - Handshake Message
01-02 2 03 01 SSL version - TLSv1
03-04 2 00 61 Record Length
05 1 01 Handshake Type - Client_Hello
06-08 3 00 00 5d Message Length (0x61-4 = 0x5d)
09-0A 2 03 01 Client preferred version (client_version) - TLSv1
0B-0E 4 40 44 35 27 GMT Time
0C-2A 28 5c ... 72 28 random bytes Client_Random

2B 1 00 Session ID Length 0 (for resuming the session)

2C-2D 2 00 36 Ciphersuit Length - 27 choices (2-byte each)
2E-63 54 .... The 27 Ciphersuits (See Table)
64 1 01 Compression Method Length - 1
65 1 00 Compression Method: NULL.

Ciphersuit Code used in Client_Hello and Server_Hello messages is tabulated as follows:

Cipher Suite Has Cod e
Key Exchange Encryption

h
Aut

MD
RSA_WITH_NULL_MD5 RSA RSA NULL
5
0001
RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA RSA RSA NULL SHA 0002
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

MD
RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5 RSA RSA_EXPORT RC4_40

5 0003
RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5
0004 5
R
SA RSA
R
C4_128
M

RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA RSA RSA RC4_128 SHA 0005

MD
RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC2_CBC_40_MD5 RSA RSA_EXPORT RC2_40_CBC
5 0006
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

RSA_WITH_IDEA_CBC_SHA RSA RSA IDEA_CBC SHA 0007

RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SHA RSA RSA_EXPORT DES40_CBC SHA 0008
RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA RSA RSA DES_CBC SHA 0009

RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA 000
R
SA RSA
3D

ES_EDE_CB

C SHA A
DH_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_ DH_DSS_EXP 000
DES_40_CBC SHA
DES40_CBC_SH

A RSA T B
000
DH_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA DSS DH DES_CBC SHA

C
DH_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA 000
D
SS DH
3D

ES_EDE_CB

C SHA D
DH_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SH RSA DH_EXPORT DES_40_CBC SHA 000
A E
DH_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA RSA DH DES_CBC SHA 000F
3DES_EDE_CB
DH_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DSS DH
C SHA 0010
DHE_DSS_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_S
HA DSS DH_EXPORT RC4_40 SHA 0011
DHE_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA DSS DHE RC4_128 SHA 0012
DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DSS DHE DES_40_CBC SHA 0013

DHE_RSA_EXPORT_WITH
_DES40_CBC_S HA RSA DHE_EXPOR DES_CBC SHA 0014
T
DHE_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA RSA DH DES_CBC SHA 0015
3DES_EDE_CB
DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA RSA DHE
C SHA 0016
MD
DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5 - DH_EXPORT RC4_40
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

0017 5
DH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 -
0018
D
H
R
C4_128
M

DH_anon_EXPORT_WITH_DES40_CBC_SH
A - DH_EXPORT DES_40_CBC SHA 0019
001
DH_anon_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA - DH DES_CBC SHA
A
DH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA - 001
D
H
3D

ES_EDE_CB

C SHA B

Server_Hello

In response to the client_hello message, the server returns a server_hello message to tell the
client its choice of protocol version, ciphersuit and compression method. The server also includes a
32-byte random number (server_random) in the message.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Bytes Len Value Description

00 1 16 Record Content Type - Handshake Message
01-02 2 03 01 SSL version - TLSv1
03-04 2 00 2a Record Length
05 1 02 Handshake Type - Server_Hello
06-08 3 00 00 26 Message Length
09-0A 2 03 01 Protocol Version Chosen - TLSv1
0B-0E 4 40 44 35 27 GMT Time (sec since
1970) 0C-2A 28 cc ... b9 28 random bytes Server_Random

2B 1 00 Session ID Length 0 (for resuming the session)

Ciphersuit Chosen:
2C-2D 2 00 16
DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
2E 1 00 Compression Method Chosen: NULL.

Certificate

The certificate message consists of a chain of X.509 certificates in the correct order. The first
certificate belongs to the server, and the next certificate contains the key that certifies the first
certificate (i.e., the server's certificate), and so on. The client uses the server's public key (contained
inside the server's certificate) to either encrypt the pre_master_secret or verify the
server_key_exchange, depending on which ciphersuit is used.

Bytes Len Value Description

00 1 16 Record Content Type - Handshake Message
01-02 2 03 01 SSL version - TLSv1
03-04 2 02 05 Record Length
05 1 0b Handshake Type - certificate
06-08 3 00 02 01 Message Length
09-0B 3 00 01 fe Certificate Length
Certificates (to be traced)

The X.509 certificate structure can be found from the ITU recommendation X.509 "The directory -
Authentication Framework".

Server_Key_Exchange

Server_Hello_Done

This is an empty message indicating that the server has sent all the handshaking messages. This is
needed because the server can send some optional messages after the certificate message.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Bytes Len Value Description

00 1 16 Record Content Type - Handshake Message
01-02 2 03 01 SSL version - TLSv1
03-04 2 00 04 Record Length
05 1 0e Handshake Type - Server_Hello_Done
(check the last 3 bytes)

Client_Key_Exchange

The client_key_exchange message contains the pre_master_secret when RSA key exchange
is used. The pre_master_secret is 48-byte, consists of protocol version (2 bytes) and 46 random
bytes.

Bytes Len Value Description

00 1 16 Record Content Type - Handshake Message
01-02 2 03 01 SSL version - TLSv1
03-04 2 00 86 Record Length
05 1 10 Handshake Type - Client_Key_Exchange
06-08 3 00 00 82 Message Length
pre_master_secret (130 bytes): encrypted using server's public key
extracted from the server's certificate

Change_Cipher_Spec

Bytes Len Value Description

00 1 14 Record Content Type - Change_Cipher_Spec
01-02 2 03 01 SSL version - TLSv1
03-04 2 00 01 Record Length
05 1 01 ??

Certificate_Verify

Change_Cipher_Spec
Unknown Handshaking Message (D4) - to check
Application_Data

Client-to-Server - the HTTP request message: GET /test.html HTTP/1.0

Server-to-Client - the HTTP response message

Alert

Comparison of TLS v1, SSL v3 and SSL v2

 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

The TLS v1 specification stated, "TLS v1 and SSL v3 are very similar". Some of minor differences
include minor changes in HMAC calculation, ciphersuit support, and pseudo-random number
generation. TLS v1 can be regarded as SSL v3.1.

SSL v2 has a big security hole in the negotiation of the ciphersuit (and should not be used). The attacker
can convince the client and server to use a weaker encryption than what they are capable of. This is
called "ciphersuit rollback" attack.

Result:

Thus the confidentiality and Integrity using SSL was verified.

 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Ex. No : 7 Experiment Eavesdropping, Dictionary attacks, MITM attacks

Date:

AIM :
To experiment eavesdropping, Dictionary attacks, MIMT attacks

Visual Objective:

Introduction

Password cracking is a term used to describe the penetration of a network, system, or resource
with or without the use of tools to unlock a resource that has been secured with a password.
Password cracking tools may seem like powerful decryptors, but in reality are little more than fast,
sophisticated guessing machines.

Types of password breaking

Dictionary attack
A simple dictionary attack is usually the fastest way to break into a machine. A dictionary file
(a text file full of dictionary words) is loaded into a cracking application, which is run against
user accounts located by the application.

Brute force attack

A brute force attack is a very powerful form of attack, though it may often take a long time to
work depending on the complexity of the password. The program will begin trying any and
every combination of numbers and letters and running them against the hashed passwords.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Passwords that are composed of random letters numbers and characters are most vulnerableto this
type of attack.

Hybrid attack
Another well-known form of attack is the hybrid attack. A hybrid attack will add numbers or
symbols to the search words to successfully crack a password. Many people change their
passwords by simply adding a number to the end of their current password. Therefore, this type
of attack is the most versatile, while it takes longer then a standard dictionary attack it does not
take as long as a brute force attack.

Cracking Process
Since a brute force attack is the most time consuming and is not likely to break any passwords that
are not composed of random characters, the best plan is to use techniques that are computationally
efficient compared to untargeted and unspecific techniques. By applying what is known about
how users select passwords, an intruder can tremendously increase the odds in their favor of
finding passwords. With the right techniques, some poor passwords can be cracked in under a
second.

The real power of dictionary attacks come from understanding the ways in which most people vary
names and dictionary words when attempting to create a password. By applying all the common
transformations to every word in the electronic list and encrypting each result the number tested
passwords multiplies rapidly. Cracking tools can often detect “clever” ways of manipulating words
to hide their origin. For example, such cracking programs often subject each word to a list of rules.
A rule could be anything, any manner in which a word might appear. Typical rules might include

Alternate upper- and lowercase lettering.

Spell the word forward and then backward, and then fuse the two results (for example: cannac).
Add the number 1 to the beginning and/or end of each word.

Naturally, the more rules one applies to the words, the longer the cracking process takes. However,
more rules also guarantee a higher likelihood of success.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Task 1 – Microsoft Office Password Recovery

Many applications require you to establish an ID and password that may be saved and
automatically substituted for future authentication. The password will usually appear on the screen
as a series of asterisks. This is fine as long as your system remembers the password for you but
what if it "forgets" or you need it for use on another system. Fortunately, many utilities have been
written to recover such passwords. In this task, you will use OfficeKey to recover the password
for a MS word document.

Step 1: Find the folder “Lab1” on your desktop, and open it.

You will find OfficeKey and a MS document in the folder.

Step 2: Open the Office Key – Password Recovery tool

Step 3: Press the “Recover” button in the upper left corner, or select File Recover

Step 4: Choose the password protected MS Office File you have saved to the Desktop.

Step 5: After running the first password auditing session, check to see if Office key has cracked
the password. If the password has not been cracked press the Settings button on the upper
tool bar.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Step 6: Once in the Settings menu you will be able to modify the search parameters and
customize a more targeted search

Step 7: Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the password has been cracked and opens the MS Office File.

Step 8:Write down the contents of the MS word document and the password into your lab report
and submit it to your TA.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Task 2 – Password Auditing (Windows platform):

The purpose of this task is to familiarize you with act of password cracking/recovery. Password
cracking software uses a variety of approaches, including intelligent guessing, dictionary attacks
and automation that tries every possible combination of characters. Given enough time the
automated method can crack any password, but more effective passwords will last months before
breaking.

When a password is entered and saved on a computer it is encrypted, the encrypted password
becomes a string of characters called a “hash” and is saved to a password file. A password cannot
be reverse-decrypted. So a cracking program encrypts words and characters given to it (wordlist
or randomly generated strings of characters) and compares the results with hashed passwords. If
the hashes match then the password has successfully been guessed or “cracked”. This process is
usually performed offline against a captured password file so that being locked out of the account
is not an issue, and guessing can go on continuously. Thus, revealing the passwords is simply a
mater of CPU time and dictionary size

1. You obtain a dictionary file, which is no more than a flat file (plain text) list of words
(commonly referred to as wordlists).
2. These words are fed through any number of programs that encrypt each word. Such
encryption conforms to the DES standard.
3. Each resulting encrypted word is compared with the target password. If a match
occurs, there is better than a 90 percent chance that the password was cracked.

Step 1: Go to Lab1 folder, and open LC4 to audit the passwords on your Windows system.

Select File New Session

Select Import Import from PWDUMP File (in the same folder)
Select the “Passwords” file that has been provided to you.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Objectives
This password file has been retrieved from a system that we must gain access to. To do this you
must crack as many passwords as possible as quickly as possible. We have captured the user names
and encrypted passwords for ten users. The user names follow a standard pattern of first initial and
last name, but the passwords have no set standards. We do know that users of this system are
encouraged to add numbers and other characters to the words they chose for passwords.

To aid you in cracking these passwords we have managed to collect some basic information about
the users. This personal information may help you target your searches as to what the user’s
password may be.

Kmiller Ken Miller is an avid fly fisher and his record number of catches is
just under 30
Smacman Steven MacMan has a fiancé who’s name is 4 letters long and starts
with a “K”
Gkoch Gina Koch grew up with her German grandmother, who used to call
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

her ‘Little Precious’ *

Mjones Matt Jones was born in 1979. He compares himself to a

Shakespearean character who was born via C section
Tgriffin Tim Griffin loves funky ‘70’s and ‘80s music. And songs about
‘Love’
Rklatt Ryan Klatt is a big Star Trek fan and has most likely chosen an
obscure reference for his password *
Nboyle Nancy Boyle is an a fan of the books of British writer Douglas Adams
Esmith Edward Smith was very close to his grandfather who died in 1968.
We know his grandfather’s name was a less common name starting
with ‘L’

Jcollins Jim Collins keeps a copy of the book “The Prince” *

Hharris Alan Harris has a wife named Sue and a daughter named Megan
Alan was married on May 3rd. His daughter was born on August 6th

Step 2: Select Session Session Options

Use this menu to customize your password search. Here you can add different word list for
Dictionary attacks, change Hybrid attack features. Keep in mind you are working with a
short dead line and more in depth searches will take longer then you have. You must use
the information given to you to target your search most specifically at more likely
passwords.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Step 3: Select Session Begin “Audit” or Press the blue play button on the upper toolbar to start the
password search.

Step 4: After the first search has run check your progress. Have some of the passwords been cracked
all the way though or have some only been partially cracked. Use what you’ve learned from
this first search to target your next few searches. You will need to search the internet and use
the information you have been given about each user to find words they may have used as their
password.

Note: The question marks in the partially cracked passwords do not necessarily represent the number
of remaining undiscovered characters.

Step 5: Add words to your wordlist

Session Session Options

Press the ‘Dictionary List’ button in the Dictionary crack section. Here you can edit your
current word list and add words by selecting the ‘EDIT’ button and entering each wordon a
new line. You can also add multiple dictionaries and wordlist.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Step 6: You may chose to conduct dictionary attacks with other wordlists. You can find
additional wordlist to use here: ftp://ftp.cerias.purdue.edu/pub/dict

Step 7: Continue searching for possible passwords during the remainder of the lab. Repeatingsteps 3
and 4 each time you modify your search.

Step 8: Once you have cracked all the passwords in the file, write them down in your lab reportor
once the lab time has ended, submit the passwords you were able to crack.

Result :
Thus the experiment for Eavesdropping, Dictionary attacks, MITM attacks was done succefully.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Ex. No : 8
Date: Perform an Experiment to Sniff Traffic using ARP Poisoning.

AIM:
Perform an Experiment to Sniff Traffic using ARP Poisoning.

Description:

ARP is the acronym for Address Resolution Protocol. It is used to convert IP address to physical

addresses [MAC address] on a switch. The host sends an ARP broadcast on the network, and the

recipient computer responds with its physical address [MAC Address]. The resolved IP/MACaddress

is then used to communicate. ARP poisoning is sending fake MAC addresses to the switch so that

it can associate the fake MAC addresses with the IP address of a genuine computer on a network

and hijack the traffic.

ARP Poisoning Countermeasures

Static ARP entries: these can be defined in the local ARP cache and the switch configured to

ignoreall auto ARP reply packets. The disadvantage of this method is, it’s difficult to maintain on

large networks. IP/MAC address mapping has to be distributed to all the computers on the network.

ARP poisoning detection software: these systems can be used to cross check the IP/MAC address

resolution and certify them if they are authenticated. Uncertified IP/MAC address resolutions can

then be blocked.

Operating System Security: this measure is dependent on the operating system been used. The

following are the basic techniques used by various operating systems.

• Linux based: these work by ignoring unsolicited ARP reply packets.

• Microsoft Windows: the ARP cache behavior can be configured via the registry. The

following list includes some of the software that can be used to protect networks against
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

sniffing;

• AntiARP– provides protection against both passive and active sniffing

• Agnitum Outpost Firewall–provides protection against passive sniffing

• XArp– provides protection against both passive and active sniffing

• Mac OS: ArpGuard can be used to provide protection. It protects against

both active andpassive sniffing.

• Computers communicate using networks. These networks could be on a local area network

LAN or exposed to the internet. Network Sniffers are programs that capture low-level

package data that is transmitted over a network. An attacker can analyze this

informationto discover valuable information such as user ids and passwords.

• In this article, we will introduce you to common network sniffing techniques and tools

used to sniff networks.

What is network sniffing?

Computers communicate by broadcasting messages on a network using IP addresses. Once a

message has been sent on a network, the recipient computer with the matching IP address

responds with its MAC address.

Network sniffing is the process of intercepting data packets sent over a network. This can be

done by the specialized software program or hardware equipment. Sniffing can be used to;

• Capture sensitive data such as login credentials

• Eavesdrop on chat messages

• Capture files have been transmitted over a networkThe following are protocols that

are vulnerable to sniffing

• Telnet
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

• Rlogin

• HTTP

• SMTP

• NNTP

• POP

• FTP

• IMAP

The above protocols are vulnerable if login details are sent in plain text

Passive and Active Sniffing

Before we look at passive and active sniffing, let’s look at two major devices used to network

computers; hubs and switches.

A hub works by sending broadcast messages to all output ports on it except the one that has

sent the broadcast. The recipient computer responds to the broadcast message if the IP address
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

matches. This means when using a hub, all the computers on a network can see the broadcast message. It

operates at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI Model.

The diagram below illustrates how the hub works.

A switch works differently; it maps IP/MAC addresses to physical ports on it. Broadcast

messages are sent to the physical ports that match the IP/MAC address configurations for the

recipient computer. This means broadcast messages are only seen by the recipient computer.

Switches operate at the data link layer (layer 2) and network layer (layer 3).

The diagram below illustrates how the switch works.

Passive sniffing is intercepting packages transmitted over a network that uses a hub. It is

called passive sniffing because it is difficult to detect. It is also easy to perform as the hub sends
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

broadcast messages to all the computers on the network.

Active sniffing is intercepting packages transmitted over a network that uses a switch. There

are two main methods used to sniff switch linked networks, ARP Poisoning, and MAC flooding.

Sniffing the network using Wireshark

The illustration below shows you the steps that you will carry out to complete this

exercise withoutconfusion

Download Wireshark from this link http://www.wireshark.org/download.html

• Open Wireshark

• You will get the following screen

• Select the network interface you want to sniff. Note for this demonstration, we are using a

wireless network connection. If you are on a local area network, then you should select the
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

local area network interface.

• Click on start button as shown above

• Open your web browser and type in http://www.techpanda.org/

• The login email is [email protected] and the password is Password2010

• Click on submit button

• A successful logon should give you the following dashboard

 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

• Go back to Wireshark and stop the live capture

• Filter for HTTP protocol results only using the filter textbox
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

• Locate the Info column and look for entries with the HTTP verb POST and click on it

• Just below the log entries, there is a panel with a summary of captured data. Look for

the summary that says Line-based text data: application/x-www-form-url encoded

• You should be able to view the plaintext values of all the POST variables submitted to

the server via HTTP protocol.

Result:

Thus the experiment to Sniff Traffic using ARP Poisoning was performed.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Ex. No : 9
Date: Demonstration of Intrusion Detection System(IDS)

AIM:
To demonstrate Intrusion Detection System (IDS) using Snort software tool.

STEPS ON CONFIGURING AND INTRUSION DETECTION:

1. Download Snort from the Snort.org website. (http://www.snort.org/snort-downloads)

2. Download Rules(https://www.snort.org/snort-rules). You must register to get the rules. (You should
download these often)
3. Double click on the .exe to install snort. This will install snort in the “C:\Snort” folder.It is
important to have WinPcap (https://www.winpcap.org/install/) installed
4. Extract the Rules file. You will need WinRAR for the .gz file.
5. Copy all files from the “rules” folder of the extracted folder. Now paste the rules into
“C:\Snort\rules” folder.
6. Copy “snort.conf” file from the “etc” folder of the extracted folder. You must paste it into “C:\
Snort\etc” folder. Overwrite any existing file. Remember if you modify your snort.conf file
and download a new file, you must modify it for Snort to work.
7. Open a command prompt (cmd.exe) and navigate to folder “C:\Snort\bin” folder. ( at the Prompt,
type cd\snort\bin)
8. To start (execute) snort in sniffer mode use following command:
snort -dev -i 3
-i indicates the interface number. You must pick the correct interface number. In my case, it is 3.
-dev is used to run snort to capture packets on your network.

To check the interface list, use following command:

snort -W
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Finding an interface

You can tell which interface to use by looking at the Index number and finding Microsoft. As you can
see in the above example, the other interfaces are for VMWare.
To run snort in IDS mode, you will need to configure the file “snort.conf” according to your network
environment.
To specify the network address that you want to protect in snort.conf file, look for the following line.
var HOME_NET 192.168.1.0/24 (You will normally see any here)
You may also want to set the addresses of DNS_SERVERS, if you have some on your network.

Example:

example snort
Change the RULE_PATH variable to the path of rules folder.
var RULE_PATH c:\snort\rules

path to rules
Change the path of all library files with the name and path on your system. and you must change the
path of snort_dynamicpreprocessorvariable.
C:\Snort\lib\snort_dynamiccpreprocessor
You need to do this to all library files in the “C:\Snort\lib” folder. The old path might be:
“/usr/local/lib/…”. you will need to replace that path with your system path. Using C:\Snort\lib
Change the path of the “dynamicengine” variable value in the “snort.conf” file..
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Example:
dynamicengine C:\Snort\lib\snort_dynamicengine\sf_engine.dll

Add the paths for “include classification.config” and “include reference.config” files.
include c:\snort\etc\classification.config
include c:\snort\etc\reference.config
Remove the comment (#) on the line to allow ICMP rules, if it is commented with a #.
include $RULE_PATH/icmp.rules
You can also remove the comment of ICMP-info rules comment, if it is
commented. include $RULE_PATH/icmp-info.rules
To add log files to store alerts generated by snort, search for the “output log” test in snort.conf and add
the following line:
output alert_fast: snort-alerts.ids
Comment (add a #) the whitelist $WHITE_LIST_PATH/white_list.rules and the blacklist

Change the nested_ip inner , \ to nested_ip inner #, \

Comment out (#) following lines:
#preprocessor normalize_ip4
#preprocessor normalize_tcp: ips ecn stream
#preprocessor normalize_icmp4
#preprocessor normalize_ip6
#preprocessor normalize_icmp6

Save the “snort.conf” file.

To start snort in IDS mode, run the following command:

snort -c c:\snort\etc\snort.conf -l c:\snort\log -i 3

(Note: 3 is used for my interface card)

If a log is created, select the appropriate program to open it. You can use WordPard or NotePad++ to
read the file.

To generate Log files in ASCII mode, you can use following command while running snort in IDS
mode:
snort -A console -i3 -c c:\Snort\etc\snort.conf -l c:\Snort\log -K ascii

Scan the computer that is running snort from another computer by using PING or NMap (ZenMap).

After scanning or during the scan you can check the snort-alerts.ids file in the log folder to insure it is
logging properly. You will see IP address folders appear.

Snort monitoring traffic –

 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

RESULT:
Thus the Intrusion Detection System(IDS) has been demonstrated by using the Open Source
Snort Intrusion Detection Tool.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Ex. No : 10 Network Monitoring Tools

Date:

Aim :

To explore about Network monitoring tools

Network monitoring is an essential part of network management. It involves using various tools to
monitor a system network and determine slowness and weak connections, among other issues. Knowing
more about these tools can help you understand them better and use the right ones that suit your
requirements. In this article, we define what network monitoring tools are, provide details about various
tools and discuss about some tips that can help you choose the right tool for your requirements.

What Are Network Monitoring Tools?

Network monitoring tools are software that you can use to evaluate network connections. These software
programs can help you monitor a network connection and identify network issues, which may include
failing network components, slow connection speed, network outage or unidentifiable connections.
Network management and monitoring tools can also help you resolve these issues or establish solutions
that prevent specific issues from occurring in the future.

Network Monitoring Tools

Here are eight monitoring tools along with their descriptions and features:

1. SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor

SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor is a multi-vendor monitoring tool. It allows users to monitor
multiple vendors' networks at the same time. It also provides network insights for thorough visibility
into the health of the networks. Some prominent features include network availability monitoring,
intelligent network mapping, critical path visualisation, performance analysis and advanced alerting.
SolarWinds also allows users to track VPN tunnel status. It prompts when a VPN
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

tunnel is available to help users ensure a stable connection between sites. SolarWinds provides a seven-
day free trial, after which users can choose a preferred subscription plan.

2. Auvik

Auvik is a network monitoring and management tool. It offers a quick implementation process that helps
users to set up the tool easily. It also has a clean user interface that makes it easy to navigate and use.
The tool provides in-depth network visibility that enables faster troubleshooting for network issues.
Users can automate network visibility using Auvik. It provides real-time updates on network issues and
configuration changes.

3. Datadog Network Monitoring

Datadog Network Monitoring offers services for on-premises devices and cloud networks. A
highlighting feature of this tool is the visualisations. It offers various graphical representations of all the
network connections on a system. It also allows users to track key metrics like network latency,
connection churn and transmission control protocol (TCP) retransmits. Users can monitor the health of
a network connection at different endpoints at the application, IP address, port or process ID layers.
Other prominent features include automated log collection and user interface monitoring.

4. Paessler PRTG Network Monitor

Paessler's network connection monitoring tool provides a clean user interface and network visibility on
multiple devices. Users can track the health of different connection types like local area networks (LAN),
wide area network (WAN), servers, websites, applications and services. The tools also integrate with
various technologies, which makes it easier to use it for different types of applications. It provides
distribute monitoring, allowing users to track network connections on devices in different locations. The
tool also provides apps for mobile platforms that can help users to track network health on mobile
phones.

5. ManageEngine OpManager

ManageEngine OpManager is a good network monitoring and managing tool for users that prefer in-
depth view of network health and issues. This tool provides over 2000 network performance monitors
that allow users to track and monitor their connections and perform detailed analyses on issues. It also
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

provides over 200 dashboard widgets that can help users customise their dashboard to their own
suitability. Other features include CPU, memory and disk utilisation monitoring on local and virtual
machines. It also allows setting network performance threshold and notifies the user in case of a
violation.

6. Domotz

Domotz is an expansive tool that provides a list of features for monitoring network connections. It allows
users to customise their network monitoring preferences. Users can write scripts the retrieve the data
they wish to evaluate. It also allows connection to open ports on remote devices while ensuring network
security. Users can also scan and monitor network connections globally. Domotz also allows to backup
and restore network configuration for switches, firewalls and access points and alerts when there is a
change in the configuration.

7. Checkmk

Checkmk is a tool that allows users to automate it completely. You can customise its operations and
enable it to perform tasks automatically. It also identifies network and security components without the
user requiring manual set up. For example, the tool can identify a firewall even if the user has not set it
up. Its Agent Bakery feature enables users to manage agents and automate agent updating. This reduces
manual effort to monitor network connections. The tool also includes over 2000 plug-ins for enhancing
network monitoring.

8. Progress Whatsup Gold

Progress Whatsup Gold is a basic network monitoring software. It provides a minimal user interface
with essential features like device monitoring, application monitoring, analysing network traffic and
managing configurations. The tool allows users to monitor cloud devices, inspect suspicious
connections, automate configuration backups and identify, and resolve bandwidth issues.

Other Tools For Network Monitoring

Here are three additional tools for network monitoring:

 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

• Fortra Intermapper: This tool enables users to monitor network connections using network maps,
allowing them to get a holistic view of all the connections. It also provides various colour codes
for different network status, along with real-time notifications through text, email and sound.
• Nagios Core: Nagios Core is a monitoring engine that works as the primary application for all
Nagios projects, including the Nagios Network Analyser. It integrates with other Nagios
applications and provides users with features like a visual dashboard, custom application
monitoring, automated alert system, advanced user management and network security
monitoring.
• Zabbix: Zabbix provides a thorough network monitoring solution with features like server
monitoring, cloud monitoring, application monitoring and service monitoring. The tool also
includes features like metric collection, business monitoring and root cause analyses of network
issues, and allows users to establish a threshold for connection anomalies.

Tips To Choose A Network Monitoring And Management Tool

Here are some useful tips that you can consider while selecting a tool for network monitoring:

Understand the requirements

Understanding why you require network monitoring software is important in the process. Define what
feature you want and for what purpose. This can help you identify the right tool for your use. It may also
help you choose the correct subscription plan on paid tools.

Browse multiple tools

Once you identify the requirements, consider browsing multiple tools. Visit the websites of the tools and
look for the features you require. Spend time studying the features and understand how they can be
useful to your requirements. You can also identify a few tools and compare their features to each other.

Consider the budget

Some tools may be free to use, while some may require you to purchase a subscription plan. Paid tools
typically offer a free trial period of up to 30 days. Once you identify which tool you may like to use,
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

see if it is free or requires payment. If it is a paid tool, try exploring its features and efficiency during the
trial period. Consider keeping a backup tool in case the tool that you choose does not fit your usage.

Result:

Thus the network monitoring tools was explored

 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Ex. No : 11
Date: Study to configure Firewall, VPN

AIM:

To study the features of firewall in providing network security and to set

Firewall Security in windows.

Firewall in Windows 7

Windows 7 comes with two firewalls that work together. One is the Windows Firewall, and the other
is Windows Firewall with Advanced Security (WFAS). The main difference between them is the
complexity ofthe rules configuration. Windows Firewall uses simple rules that directlyrelate to a
program or a service. The rules in WFAS can be configured based on protocols, ports, addresses and
authentication. By default, both firewalls come with predefined set of rules that allow us to utilize
network resources. This includes things like browsing the web, receiving e-mails, etc. Other standard
firewall exceptions are File and Printer Sharing, Network Discovery, Performance Logs and Alerts,
Remote Administration, Windows Remote Management, Remote Assistance, Remote Desktop,
Windows Media Player, Windows Media Player Network Sharing Service

With firewall in Windows 7 we can configure inbound and outbound rules. By default, all outbound
traffic is allowed, and inbound responses to that traffic are also allowed. Inbound traffic initiated from
external sources is automatically blocked.

When we first connect to some network, we are prompted to select a network location. This feature is
known as Network Location Awareness(NLA). This feature enables us to assign a network profile to
the connection based on the location. Different network profiles contain different collections of firewall
rules. In Windows 7, different network profiles can be configured on different interfaces. For example,
our wired interface can have different profile than our wireless interface. There are three different
network profiles available:

• Public
• Home/Work - private network
• Domain - used within a domain

Configuring Windows Firewall

 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

To open Windows Firewall we can go to Start > Control Panel > Windows

Firewall.
By default, Windows Firewall is enabled for both private (home or work)and public networks. It is also
configured to block all connections to programs that are not on the list of allowed programs. To
configure exceptions we can go to the menu on the left and select "Allow a program or feature trough
Windows Firewall" option.

Exceptions
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

To change settings in this window we have to click the "Change settings" button. As you can see, here
we have a list of predefined programs and features that can be allowed to communicate on private or
public networks. For example, notice that the Core Networking feature is allowed on both private and
public networks, while the File and Printer Sharing is only allowed on private networks. We can also
see the details of the items in the list by selecting it and then clicking the Details button.

Details

If we have a program on our computer that is not in this list, we can manually add it by clicking on
the "Allow another program" button.

Add a Program
Here we have to browse to the executable of our program and then click the Add button. Notice that
we can also choose location types on which this program will be allowed to communicate by clicking
on the "Network location types" button.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Network Locations
Many applications will automatically configure proper exceptions in Windows Firewall when we run
them. For example, if we enable streaming from Media Player, it will automatically configure firewall
settings to allow streaming. The same thing is if we enable Remote Desktop feature from the system
properties window. By enabling Remote Desktop feature we actually create an exception in Windows
Firewall.

Windows Firewall can be turned off completely. To do that we can select the "Turn Windows Firewall
on or off" option from the menu on the left.

Firewall Customization

Note that we can modify settings for each type of network location (private or public). Interesting thing
here is that we can block all incoming connections, including those in the list of allowed programs.

Windows Firewall is actually a Windows service. As you know, services can be stopped and started. If
the Windows Firewall service is stopped, the Windows Firewall will not work.

Firewall Service

In our case the service is running. If we stop it, we will get a warning thatwe should
turn on our Windows Firewall.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Warning

Remember that with Windows Firewall we can only configure basic firewall settings, and this is enough
for most day-to-day users. However, we can't configure exceptions based on ports in Windows Firewall
any more. For that we have to use Windows Firewall with Advanced Security.

How to Start & Use the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security
The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security is a tool which gives you detailed control over the rules
that are applied by the Windows Firewall. You can view all the rules that are used by the Windows
Firewall, change their properties, create new rules or disable existing ones. In this tutorial we will share
how to open the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, how to find your way around it and talk
about the types of rules that are available and what kind of traffic they filter.

How to Access the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

You have several alternatives to opening the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security:

One is to open the standard Windows Firewall window, by going to "Control Panel -> System and
Security -> Windows Firewall". Then, click or tap Advanced settings.

In Windows 7, another method is to search for the word firewall in the Start Menu search box and
click the "Windows Firewall with Advanced Security" result.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

In Windows 8.1, Windows Firewall with Advanced Security is not returned in search results
and you need to use the first method shared above foropening it.

The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security looks and works the same both in Windows
7 and Windows 8.1. To continue our tutorial, we will use screenshots that were made in
Windows 8.1.

What Are The Inbound & Outbound Rules?

In order to provide the security you need, the Windows Firewall has a standard set of
inbound and outbound rules, which are enabled depending on the location of the network
you are connected to.

Inbound rules are applied to the traffic that is coming from the network and the Internet to
your computer or device. Outbound rules apply to the traffic from your computer to the
network or the Internet.

These rules can be configured so that they are specific to: computers, users, programs,
services, ports or protocols. You can also specify to which type of network adapter (e.g.
wireless, cable, virtual private network) or user profileit is applied to.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

In the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, you can access all rulesand edit their
properties. All you have to do is click or tap the appropriate unit in the left-side panel.

The rules used by the Windows Firewall can be enabled or disabled. The ones which are
enabled or active are marked with a green check-box in the Name column. The ones that are
disabled are marked with a gray check-box.

If you want to know more about a specific rule and learn its properties, right click on it and
select Properties or select it and press Properties in thecolumn on right, which lists the
actions that are available for your selection.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

What Are The Connection Security Rules?

Connection security rules are used to secure traffic between two computers while it crosses
the network. One example would be a rule which defines that connections between two
specific computers must be encrypted.

Unlike the inbound or outbound rules, which are applied only to one computer, connection
security rules require that both computers have the same rules defined and enabled.

If you want to see if there are any such rules on your computer, click or tap "Connection
Security Rules" on the panel on the left. By default, there are no such rules defined on
Windows computers and devices. They are generally used in business environments and
such rules are set by the network administrator.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

What Does the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

Monitor?

The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security includes some monitoringfeatures as well.
In the Monitoring section you can find the following information: the firewall rules that are
active (both inbound and outbound),the connection security rules that are active and whether
there are any active security associations.

You should note that the Monitoring section shows only the active rules for the current
network location.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

used to determine the operating system running on the host machine. Another feature is
"boot-time filtering". This feature ensures that the firewall is working at the same time when
the network interface becomes active, which was not the case in previous versions of
Windows.

When we first connect to some network, we are prompted to select a network location. This
feature is known as Network Location Awareness (NLA). This feature enables us to assign
a network profile to the connection based on the location. Different network profiles contain
different collections of firewall rules. In Windows 7, different network profiles can be
configured on different interfaces. For example, our wired interface can have different profile
than our wireless interface. There are three different network profiles available:

• Public
• Home/Work - private network
• Domain - used within a domain
We choose those locations when we connect to a network. We can always change the location
in the Network and Sharing Center, in Control Panel. The Domain profile can be
automatically assigned by the NLA service when we log on to an Active Directory domain.
Note that we must have administrative rights in order to configure firewall in Windows 7.

2.1.1 Configuring Windows Firewall

To open Windows Firewall we can go to Start > Control Panel >

 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Windows Firewall.

By default, Windows Firewall is enabled for both private (home or work) and public
networks. It is also configured to block all connections to programs that are not on the list of
allowed programs. To configure exceptions we can go to the menu on the left and select
"Allow a program or feature trough Windows Firewall" option.

Exceptions

To change settings in this window we have to click the "Change settings" button. As you
can see, here we have a list of predefined programs and features that can be allowed to
communicate on private or public networks. For example, notice that the Core Networking
feature is allowed on both private and public networks, while the File and Printer Sharing
is only allowed on private networks. We can also see the details of the items in the list by
selecting it and then clicking the Details button.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Details
If we have a program on our computer that is not in this list, we can

manually add it by clicking on the "Allow another program" button.

Add a Program
Here we have to browse to the executable of our program and then click the Add button.
Notice that we can also choose location types on which this program will be allowed to
communicate by clicking on the "Network location types" button.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Network Locations
Many applications will automatically configure proper exceptions in Windows Firewall
when we run them. For example, if we enable streaming from Media Player, it will
automatically configure firewall settings to allow streaming. The same thing is if we enable
Remote Desktop feature from the system properties window. By enabling Remote Desktop
feature we actually create an exception in Windows Firewall.

Windows Firewall can be turned off completely. To do that we can select the "Turn Windows
Firewall on or off" option from the menu on the left.

Firewall Customization

Note that we can modify settings for each type of network location (private or public).
Interesting thing here is that we can block all incoming connections, including those in the
list of allowed programs.

Windows Firewall is actually a Windows service. As you know, services can be stopped
and started. If the Windows Firewall service is stopped, the Windows Firewall will not
work.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

Firewall Service

In our case the service is running. If we stop it, we will get a warning thatwe should turn on
our Windows Firewall.

Warning

Remember that with Windows Firewall we can only configure basic firewall settings, and
this is enough for most day-to-day users. However, we can't configure exceptions based on
ports in Windows Firewall any more. For that we have to use Windows Firewall with
Advanced Security.

How to Start & Use the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security
The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security is a tool which gives you detailed control
over the rules that are applied by the Windows Firewall.You can view all the rules that are
used by the Windows Firewall, change their properties, create new rules or disable existing
ones. In this tutorial we will share how to open the Windows Firewall with Advanced
Security, howto find your way around it and talk about the types of rules that are available
and what kind of traffic they filter. How to Access the Windows Firewall with Advanced
Security

You have several alternatives to opening the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security:
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

One is to open the standard Windows Firewall window, by going to "Control Panel ->
System and Security -> Windows Firewall". Then, click or tap Advanced settings.

In Windows 7, another method is to search for the word firewall in the Start Menu search box
and click the "Windows Firewall with Advanced Security" result.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

In Windows 8.1, Windows Firewall with Advanced Security is not returned in search results
and you need to use the first method shared above foropening it.

The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security looks and works the same both in Windows
7 and Windows 8.1. To continue our tutorial, we will use screenshots that were made in
Windows 8.1.

What Are The Inbound & Outbound Rules?

In order to provide the security you need, the Windows Firewall has a standard set of
inbound and outbound rules, which are enabled depending on the location of the network
you are connected to.
Inbound rules are applied to the traffic that is coming from the network and the Internet to
your computer or device. Outbound rules apply to the traffic from your computer to the
network or the Internet.
These rules can be configured so that they are specific to: computers, users, programs,
services, ports or protocols. You can also specify to which type of network adapter (e.g.
wireless, cable, virtual private network) or user profileit is applied to.
In the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security, you can access all rules and edit their
properties. All you have to do is click or tap the appropriate unit in the left-side panel.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

The rules used by the Windows Firewall can be enabled or disabled. The ones which are
enabled or active are marked with a green check-box in the Name column. The ones that are
disabled are marked with a gray check-box.If you want to know more about a specific rule
and learn its properties, right click on it and select Properties or select it and press Properties
in the column on right, which lists the actions that are available for your selection.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

2.1.1.1 What Are The Connection Security Rules?

Connection security rules are used to secure traffic between two computers while it crosses
the network. One example would be a rule which defines that connections between two
specific computers must be encrypted.
Unlike the inbound or outbound rules, which are applied only to one computer, connection
security rules require that both computers have thesame rules defined and enabled.
If you want to see if there are any such rules on your computer, click or tap "Connection
Security Rules" on the panel on the left. By default, there are no such rules defined on
Windows computers and devices. They are generally used in business environments and such
rules are set by the network administrator.
 lOMoARcPSD|35465940

2.1.1.2 What Does the Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

Monitor?

The Windows Firewall with Advanced Security includes some monitoring features as well. In the
Monitoring section you can find the following information: the firewall rules that are active (both
inbound and outbound), the connection security rules that are active and whether there are any
active security associations.

You should note that the Monitoring section shows only the active rules for the current network
location.

Result:
study of the features of firewall in providing network security and to set
Firewall Security in windows .